Effect of Field Bean and Soybean Cultivation on Soil Compaction Amelioration and its Influence on Wheat and Barley as subsequent Crops

Effect of field bean and soybean cultivation on soil compaction amelioration and its influence on wheat and barley as subsequent crops
Amelioration effect of field bean and soybean growth on compacted soil and its influence on the following crops of wheat and barley was tested. The performance of both field bean and soybean was affected by compaction. A reduction of 5–16 % in total dry matter, 10–22 % in seed yield, 5–12 % in no. of pods per plant, 4–14 % in plant height, 8–19 % in total accumulated N in plant and 11–22 % in accumulated N in seed of the both crops was registered. The crops were grown at 30 and 60 plants/m² densities. The negative effects of compaction were compensated to some extent by high plant density. Both crops loosened the compacted field, the effect increased with an increase in plant density. Field beans decreased the soil bulk density up to 8 %, increased total porosity up to 8 % and air filled pores up to 19 % till 30 cm soil depth, the effects being higher than produced by soybeans.
The increases in yields of wheat and barley and in their accumulated N were 9–57 % and 11–56 %, respectively after field bean and soybean as preceeding crops than after barley.     

Impact on soil physical properties of using large-grain legumes for catch crop cultivation under different tillage conditions

In Central Europe, various plant species including large-grain legumes and their mixtures are grown as catch crops, particularly between grains harvested early and subsequent summer crops. This article investigates the question of how soil structure in the topsoil is influenced when catch cropping with large-grain legumes (experimental factor A: without catch crop, with catch crop) under different ploughless tillage conditions during catch crop seeding (experimental factor B: deep tillage/25–30 cm, shallow tillage/8–10 cm). Five one-year trials were performed using standard machinery at various sites in Germany. Soil core samples extracted from the topsoil in the spring after catch crop cultivation served to identify air capacity, saturated hydraulic conductivity and precompression stress. The above-ground and below-ground biomass yields of the catch crops were also determined at most of the sites. In addition, the soil compaction risk for the working steps in the experiments was calculated using the REPRO model.The dry matter yield of the catch crops varied considerably between the individual trial sites and years. In particular, high levels of dry matter were able to form in the case of early seeding and a sufficient supply of precipitation. The soil structure was only rarely affected positively by catch crop cultivation, and catch crops did not contribute in the short term to loosening already compacted topsoils. In contrast, mechanical soil stresses caused by driving over the ground and additional working steps used in cultivating catch crops often led to lower air capacity in these treatments. This is consistent with the soil compaction risks calculated using the REPRO model, which were higher in the treatments with catch cropping. Catch crop cultivation also only resulted in improved mechanical stability at one location. The positive effect of deep ploughless tillage on air capacity and saturated hydraulic conductivity, however, became more clearly evident regardless of catch crop cultivation. In order for catch crop cultivation with large-grain legumes to be able to have a favourable impact on soil structure, it is therefore important that cultivating them does not result in any new soil compaction. In the conditions evaluated, deep tillage was more effective at loosening compacted topsoil than growing catch crops.     

Short time effects of biological and inter-row subsoiling on yield of potatoes grown on a loamy sand,and on soil penetration resistance,root growth and nitrogen uptake

Soil compaction, especially subsoil compaction, in agricultural fields has increased due to widespread use of heavy machines and intensification of vehicular traffic. Subsoil compaction changes the relative distribution of roots between soil layers and may restrict root development to the upper part of the soil profile, limiting water and mineral availability. This study investigated the direct effects of inter-row subsoiling, biological subsoiling and a combination of these two methods on soil penetration resistance, root length density, nitrogen uptake and yield. In field experiments with potatoes in 2013 and 2014, inter-row subsoiling (subsoiler) and biological subsoiling (preceding crops) were studied as two potential methods to reduce soil penetration resistance. Inter-row subsoiling was carried out post planting and the preceding crops were established one year, or in one case two years, prior to planting. Soil resistance was determined with a penetrometer three weeks after the potatoes were planted and root length density was measured after soil core sampling 2 months after emergence. Nitrogen uptake was determined in haulm (at haulm killing) and tubers (at harvest). Inter-row subsoiling had the greatest effect on soil penetration resistance, whereas biological subsoiling showed no effects. Root length density (RDL) in the combined treatment was higher than in the separate inter-row and biological subsoiling treatments and the control, whereas for the separate inter-row and biological subsoiling treatments, RLD was higher than in the control. Nitrogen uptake increased with inter-row subsoiling and was significantly higher than in the biological subsoiling and control treatments. However, in these experiments with a good supply of nutrients and water, no yield differences between any treatments were observed.     

秸秆还田对土壤培肥与水稻产量和米质的影响

作物秸秆还田是有效利用秸秆资源的重要途径。作物秸秆还田对土壤结构和养分状况、温室气体排放和作物产量等会产生明显影响。为了充分利用作物秸秆资源,并探讨其还田效用,综述了作物秸秆还田相关技术、秸秆还田对稻田土壤性状、水稻产量和米质以及温室气体排放的影响,并从秸秆还田轻简栽培技术、不同稻作方式下秸秆还田的环境效应及不同作物类型秸秆还田效应等方面提出了未来深入开展秸秆还田研究的建议,以期为合理利用作物秸秆、提高水稻产量和改善稻米品质以及保护环境提供理论依据。     

土壤机械压实及其对作物生长的影响

在生产中农业机械替代人畜力从事农业生产劳动是必然的趋势。随着农业机械化水平的快速提高,土壤机械压实问题越来越突出。通过分析土壤机械压应力传递模型,以及土壤压实后土壤容重、坚实度增加,孔隙度、含水量降低,土壤的渗透性变差等土壤质量恶化现象,发现土壤压实可导致土壤质量下降,抑制作物的根系生长发育,对作物吸收土壤中的水分、养分产生不利影响。可造成玉米减产9.5%～14.4%,小麦减产4.0%～20.0%,大豆减产3.8%～13.4%,甜菜根产量降低5.81%～24.13%,含糖率降低0.49～0.81oZ。因此,在农业生产中必须要重视土壤压实问题,采取切实可行的技术措施,减轻农业机械化作业对土壤造成的负面影响,促进作物生长,提高农艺综合效益。     

兴安盟扎赉特旗主栽作物垄膜沟种集水效果分析

内蒙古兴安盟扎赉特旗主栽作物（玉米、高粱、谷子、大豆和花生）采用垄膜沟种田间微集水栽培方式,使自然降雨向沟内富集,能够改善作物根区土壤水分环境,提高农田降水资源利用率。垄膜具有产流和控制农田土壤水分蒸发的双重作用,既可增加土壤贮水量,又能减少作物棵间蒸发,有效抑制了农田水分的非目标性输出。通过2018—2019年垄膜沟种田间微集水栽培方式,春玉米增产19.36%、高粱增产38.24%、大豆增产30.44%、谷子增产19.33%、花生增产3.46%。垄膜沟种田间微集水栽培方式对玉米、高粱、大豆、谷子增产显著,具有一定的推广价值,且田间微集水栽培省工省时,一年挖沟可多年利用,该项技术还有减少地表土壤风蚀和水土流失、增加地温、减少田间杂草等作用。     

水稻作物对重金属镉的积累、耐性机理以及栽培调控措施进展

为了更加深入研究水稻作物对土壤中镉的积累与毒害耐性机理、了解栽培调控措施对稻米安全生产的意义,本文归纳了水稻作物对镉的转运和积累,分析了水稻镉积累差异及其特征;总结了水稻作物耐镉胁迫的机制,从抗氧化系统,限制吸收和运输,螯合作用等方面分析了水稻对镉胁迫的耐性机制;从肥料、水分等方面分析了栽培措施对水稻镉吸收和积累的调控效应。提出了应加强污染预防品种的选育和栽培调控措施研究等工作的意见和建议。     

土壤机械压实与甜菜生长研究进展

土壤机械压实是由于机械化作业引起的土壤结构破坏,导致土壤质量下降,已经成为制约农业可持续发展障碍因子之一。笔者阐述了国内外有关土壤机械压实对土壤容重、坚实度、孔隙度、地表水分渗透、土壤含水率等特性的影响,分析了土壤压实后引起的农业机械机组作业阻力增加、油耗上升,以及对甜菜生长的不利影响,造成甜菜产质量下降。提出了在大力发展甜菜生产机械化发展的同时,应切实考虑其负面影响,采取固定到作业、联合作业等技术措施,改善土壤压实情况,确保甜菜可持续生产。     

轮作模式下土壤微生物与线虫群落的互作研究现状

作物轮作种植在中国应用历史悠久,而针对不同地区不同栽培目的的轮作模式研究一直处于探索中。笔者以轮作在土壤生态学方面对土壤的改良作用着手,分析国内外学者关于多种轮作模式下土壤线虫与微生物群落的相关研究,讨论轮作模式下土壤理化性状对两者的影响以及在团聚体中微生物和线虫群落的关系。从宏观及微观空间尺度下分析两者在土壤生态系统食物网中的相互作用,根据其互作效应探究微生物、线虫对土壤环境的指示作用,以此来达到合理轮作、培肥土壤、作物可持续稳产高产的目的,使得农田土壤状况向着更有利于作物生长发育的方向发展。     

土壤紧实度对花生根系生长和活性变化的影响

为探究不同土壤紧实度对花生根系生长和活性变化的影响,确定花生生长所需的适宜紧实度,为花生高产新品种的选育和栽培提供理论依据。以高产花生品种青花7号为试材,采用桶栽的方法,设置土壤容重分别为1.1,1.2,1.3,1.4,1.5 g/cm35个处理,研究了土壤紧实度对花生根系生长和活性的影响。结果表明,在花生根系发展期土壤容重过大不利于根系伸长和表面积扩大,且随着生育进程的推进影响越大,在花生根系衰退期土壤容重过小根系长度和表面积衰退过快,而适宜的土壤容重(1.2 g/cm3)则既能保证根系发展期根系的伸长和表面积扩大,又能延缓根系衰退期根系长度和和表面积的衰退。土壤容重过大或过小均不利于花生根系干物重积累、根系体积增加和根系活力提高,根系直径随着土壤容重的增大而增大。认为容重为1.2~1.3 g/cm3有利于花生根系生长和活性提高。     

不同作物种植垦作对水土流失影响研究

为探讨不同大田作物对水土流失的影响,对甘蔗、木薯、玉米3种作物种植的水土流失状况进行了研究。结果表明：不同作物的水土流失量及土壤养分流失量均有显著差异。3种不同作物种植的水土流失量及土壤养分流失量大小均表现为：玉米>木薯>甘蔗。其中,玉米水分、土壤、土壤速效氮、磷、钾及土壤有机质的流失量分别比木薯增加了15.00%、30.44%、35.53%、34.73%、31.84%、34.80%;木薯分别比甘蔗增加了41.60%、39.66%、46.86%、41.57%、54.75%、41.89%。由此可见,不同的作物垦种和栽培管理过程对耕地水土流失的影响有明显差异。玉米种植垦种和栽培管理过程耕地水土流失量最大,其次是木薯,再次是甘蔗。旱地尤其是旱坡地不同作物适当轮作,不仅有利于调节土壤肥力,而且有利于保持水土。     

Sunflower allelopathy for weed control in agriculture systems

Recent developments in weed science and allied aspects have involved several interdisciplinary approaches. In this context, indiscriminate use of herbicides for weed control has become a questionable subject, which besides controlling the weeds, the chemical herbicides are harmful in many ways to soil, crops, other plants and the environment as a whole. Taking into consideration ecologically sound weed management, in modern days the reliance on chemical herbicides has decreased and a shift towards naturally occurring biological herbicides has received great attention throughout the world. Sunflower is an annual dicotyledonous plant, herbaceous, erect, and a native of North America. It is thermo and photo-insensitive, hence it can be grown year round in sub-tropical and tropical countries. Only two spp. Helianthus annuus L. and Helianthus tuberosum are cultivated for food, the remaining spp., are ornamentals weeds and wild plants. However, H. annuus is allelopathic and inhibits the growth and development of other plants thus reducing their productivity. Sunflower is a major oil-yielding crop in India and its cultivation in northwest India started 25 to 30 years ago in areas located in the plains. In this region, rice-wheat rotation became very popular owing to its high yields; however, these crops are highly infested by weeds, thus farmers use herbicides for their control. Hence, this rotation consumes a maximum quantity of herbicides in this region, which has resulted in several problems viz., environmental pollution, human health hazards, and development of herbicide resistance in weeds. Thus, serious ecological questions about the reliance on herbicides for weed control in this rotation have been raised. One of the alternatives to overcome these problems is with the use of allelopathic strategies, including the use of weed-smothering crops for weed management and for the sustainability of agriculture. The field, pot culture, and laboratory studies have shown that inclusion of sunflower crops in rotation and intercropping considerably reduced the weed population in the current and succeeding crops. Rhizosphere soil of sunflower drastically smothered the weed germination, population, and biomass. The residual suppression effect of sunflower also persisted in the next crop up to 75 days. Thus, it is conceptualized that the inclusion of such oilseed crops before the rice crop in the rice-wheat rotation may provide satisfactory weed control in the succeeding rice crops and may minimize the use of herbicides. Likewise, the replacement of sorghum by summer sunflower oilseed crops may also help in the control of summer as well as winter weeds. More studies in this direction may provide avenues for satisfactory weed management in agro-ecosystems and may help to minimize the use of herbicides and thereby pave the way to develop sustainable agricultural practices for biodiversity conservation and enhancing biological integrity.     

从机械、土壤、作物体系看农田机械化发展途径

本文从机械—土壤—作物的系统关系探讨了由于机械化而带来的土壤压实及对农作物产量的影响,探讨了目前拖拉机能耗较高的原因和农机农艺脱节问题.根据调查研究结果提出了大跨度田间作业机的设想与设计,力图从根本上解决机械对壤的压实破坏及大幅度地降低燃油消耗,并能适应于中国精耕细作多种种植制度的农业生产特点.     

麦秸直接还田对作物产量及培肥土壤效应分析

为了进一步研究麦秸直接还田对作物产量的影响及培肥土壤效应,寻求适合本区特点的培肥增产模式,进行单施化肥、麦秸还田不施化肥和麦秸还田加施一定量化肥与对照（无麦秸还田、不施肥）进行对比试验。结果表明：麦秸直接还田对后茬作物产量增产效果显著（P＜0.05）,麦秸还田加施化肥比单一进行麦秸还田对后茬作物产量增产效果极显著（P＜0.01）,施化肥配施麦秸还田比单施化肥对后茬作物产量增产效果也显著（P＜0.05）;麦秸直接还田对土壤有机质、全氮、全磷及土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾有不同程度地增加。同时,麦秸直接还田有利于降低土壤容重,增加土壤孔隙度和透水速率,提高土壤微生物和土壤酶活性。麦秸还田加施一定量化肥应大力推广。     

不同机械中耕处理对人工栽培甘草生长特性的影响研究

为有效改善多年生人工栽培甘草地表生长环境,降低成本投入,提高甘草产量和经济效益,分别以播种机地表耖土、推土机地表耖土、刀具地表耖土等机械中耕为试验处理,以大田未挠动处理为对照,对比分析不同处理对甘草农田土壤水分、紧实度、地表根系呼吸、植株光合能力,以及机械中耕后对甘草株高、产量等主要特征的影响。结果表明,播种机地表耖土和刀具地表耖土均可适度改善甘草农田土壤环境、增加产量,特别是播种机地表耖土处理增产7.43%,应结合早春田间追肥、机械除草等在5月中下旬进行,推土机地表松土作业对田间甘草苗破坏严重,不提倡应用。     

覆盖作物及其作用的研究进展

在农作物种植系统中,田间杂草、土壤因素对作物的生长发育、产量和品质的影响一直都是农业领域关注的热点。大量使用化肥和除草剂可以达到作物增产、除草的目的,但其对土壤和环境造成的负面影响,严重制约了农业生产的可持续发展。种植覆盖作物是一种实现农业可持续发展的新策略,可以达到控制杂草、减少氮肥施用、改善土壤质量等目的。本文主要从覆盖作物的起源与发展过程、主要种类和作用及其种植制度等方面,总结了目前覆盖作物的研究进展及其在作物种植中的应用,以期为覆盖作物在我国农业生产中的研究与应用提供理论基础。     

The impact of soil structure on the establishment of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Soil physical properties affect the establishment of crops; these properties are influenced by cultivation employed during seedbed preparation and vary greatly depending upon the intensity of cultivations. However, there is little quantified data concerning the influence of cultivation on the precise soil structural arrangement of the seedbed and the effects of this on crop establishment. The dynamics of soil structure at the meso-scale (10–1000 μm), on a range of seedbeds and how they relate to crop establishment are considered in this paper. Significant interactions between cultivation techniques including soil structural properties and the interaction with crop establishment were identified. The relationship between soil structure and crop establishment was highly significant, with increased pore space reducing final establishment numbers. An improvement to a previous model (soil quality of establishment (SQE)) was developed following the addition of soil structural properties, accounting for an improved predictability of 14% of the variation across soil texture (sandy loam and clay loam) from ca. 56% to ca. 70%.     

The impact of cash cropping on shifting cultivation in Sabah,Malaysia

Pressure from the state government to abandon shifting cultivation and of the market to increase the production of cash crops are causing not simply a reduction in the practice of shifting cultivation in Sabah, Malaysia but marked alterations in the way many remote communities grow hill rice. Many traditional practices have been abandoned including the substitution of cash payments for community labour co-operation (gotong-royong), the use of traditional methods to monitor soil fertility such as maintaining fallow periods and the selection of appropriate hill rice varieties. The result has been a reduction in labour input, a shortage of land, continuous production, increased used of weedicides and a general failure to continue sustainable agricultural practices. Despite state incentives to abandon the practice the pressure to maintain real incomes among the rural communities has meant a continuation of the practice of shifting cultivation but under conditions which are now resulting in land degradation, slope instability and soil infertility.     

黄土区土地整理压实土壤物理性状的初步研究

【研究目的】拟了解黄土丘陵土地整理区的土壤压实情况,从而制定相应的改良措施,促进土地资源的优化配置和有效利用。【研究方法】以闻喜县后宫乡的土地整理项目为研究对象,调查了压实地土壤的容重、紧实度、含水量以及渗水速率。【研究结果】结果表明：（1）与一般农田土壤相比,整理区土壤容重平均增高1.34倍、紧实度平均高484倍。（2）压实土壤的初始渗透速率为1.21mm/10min,稳渗速率为0.7 mm/10min,约相当于一般农田土壤的16%和28%。【研究结论】这些物理性状表明土地整理区内土壤压实程度非常严重,必须采取相应措施改良压实的土壤,迅速提高土地的生产力。     

德州市土壤肥力变化及分析

摘 要： 【研究目的】调查分析德州市土壤肥力变化规律,为黄淮海平原地区中低产土壤科学施肥提供依据; 【方法】20年进行三次大规模土壤肥力分布状况调查,按照高中低和不同土壤类型分类布点,共采取土样63564个,监测化验8万多项次; 【结果】表明我市土壤养分结构发生了变化,有机质有所增加但含量偏低,氮素不足,含磷量虽然增加幅度较大,但施用磷肥仍然具有显著的增产效果。速效钾含量由1982年以来的逐渐减少变为1998年以后的逐渐增加。部分土壤微量元素缺乏呈上升趋势。土壤肥力分布不均,范围较广,虽然经过人们的耕作、施肥和灌溉,土壤肥力有所提高,但高产土壤分布面积较少,中低产土壤仍然占有相当大的比例,改良利用和培肥的潜力还很大; 【结论】根据各种农作物的需肥规律及肥料特性,实行测土配方施肥技术,在增施有机肥料的基础上,本着稳氮、稳磷、补施钾及微肥和农作物缺什么肥料补什么,缺多少肥料补多少的原则,达到土壤供肥与农作物需肥的基本平衡。