薏苡农艺性状与SRAP标记的关联分析

为寻找与薏苡农艺性状相关联的分子标记,在分析遗传多样性和群体结构的基础上,本研究通过对浏阳、耘园、桃源等试验基地82份薏苡种质资源的7个农艺性状数据和SRAP分子标记进行关联分析,发现有15对引物与薏苡7个农艺性状显著关联,它们的变异解释率范围在6.75%～18.64%之间。其中引物me8/em8与3个试验基地的薏苡千粒重极显著相关联;引物me2/em6与2个试验基地的薏苡性状粒宽和主茎茎粗显著相关联;引物me1/em7与2个试验基地的薏苡性状千粒重显著相关联。研究结果为薏苡分子标记辅助育种提供理论依据。     

花生SSR标记与农艺性状的相关性

以农家品种四粒红和冀农黑3号构建的包含有251个家系的重组自交系(RIL)群体为材料, 在保定市和邯郸大名县两地进行表型鉴定, 利用Pearson’s相关和逐步多元回归分析了花生农艺性状之间及其与标记的相关性。结果表明, 多数农艺性状间存在显著或极显著相关, 其中相关性最高的为单株生产力和单株仁重(r=0.970), 其次是主茎高和第一侧枝长(r=0.918); 77对SSR标记与18个农艺性状显著相关, 每个性状相关标记数在2~16之间; 14个SSR标记与13个农艺性状关联, 解释的表型变异为5.2%~11.5%。以上结果为今后花生的常规育种和分子标记辅助选择奠定了基础。     

马铃薯主要农艺性状的SSR标记关联分析

本研究利用51对SSR标记对148份马铃薯种质材料进行多态性扫描,群体遗传结构分析,在此基础上采用Tassel 2.1的MLM(mixed linear model)分析策略进行标记与马铃薯6个主要农艺性状的关联分析。分析检测到11个标记与6个农艺性状相关联且达到极显著水平(p0.01),各标记对表型变异的解释率范围为0.082 9~0.498 8,部分标记与两个性状相关联。检测到与商品薯率相关联的标记共7个,分别为:Sti13、Ac58、Sti01、Stm1041、Sti19、Stm2012、Sti51;Sti06和Stm2007标记与株高相关联;与开花时间、分枝、单株薯重和单株茎叶鲜重相关的标记各1个,分别为:Ac58、Stm5136、Sti53、Sti53。研究进一步解析了各等位变异的表型效应,并对相应的载体材料进行挖掘。研究分析所得到的与农艺性状显著关联的SSR标记位点及其表型效应分析可在等位基因发掘、亲本组配、以及分子标记辅助选择等方面为育种工作提供参考。     

野生二粒小麦主要农艺特性融入普通小麦的全基因组关联分析

野生二粒小麦(Triticum turgidum ssp.dicoccoides)是普通小麦的四倍体祖先种,具有广泛的基因型变异,是改良普通小麦的重要种质资源。本研究对不同年份和地点四个环境下的161份野生二粒小麦渗入系材料的株高、分蘖数、小穗数、抽穗期、开花期和千粒重进行表型鉴定,并利用覆盖全基因组的13,116个DArT标记对各农艺性状进行全基因组关联分析,以期发掘性状显著关联标记及相关候选基因。本研究共检测到147个与6个农艺性状相关的稳定标记。其中,一些关联标记与抽穗期和开花期同时相关,并且在2B染色体上聚集成簇。在野生二粒小麦渗入系群体中共推定了21个与农艺性状相关的候选基因,其中位于7A染色体与千粒重显著相关的候选基因与细胞周期蛋白有关。这些标记和候选基因可为克隆优异农艺性状相关基因提供重要信息,从而为野生二粒小麦在普通小麦背景中的遗传改良综合利用提供依据与指导。     

利用EST-SSR标记和形态性状检测31个芍药品种的遗传多样性

采用EST-SSR分子标记技术和2年田间试验方法对31个芍药品种的遗传多样性进行研究。用80对来源于牡丹的EST-SSR标记,以芍药品种雪山金辉、针刺莲、遍地红和紫檀生烟DNA为模板,对引物进行筛选,共筛选到52对多态性引物,多态率为65%。进一步利用筛选的52对多态性EST-SSR引物对31个芍药品种的亲缘关系进行分析。结果表明:52对EST-SSR引物在31份材料中共扩增出了265.2个多态性基因型,平均每对引物5.1个,采用Nei和Li的方法,计算品种间的遗传距离;同时,以2年田间试验获得的31个品种花色、花型、株高、株幅、花径、叶长、叶宽、株型和叶型等农艺性状表型平均数正态标准化后,利用欧氏距离计算品种间遗传距离。基于EST-SSR分子标记的聚类分析与系谱分析结果基本一致。若以整个遗传距离的总平均数作尺度对聚类图的结果进行分类,可分为6类。Mantel检测表明,EST-SSR分子标记数据计算的遗传距离矩阵和9个农艺性状计算的遗传距离矩阵具有极显著的相关性(r=0.802 3,t=10.324),可为芍药新品种培育及产业化奠定基础。     

玉米雄穗长的全基因组关联分析

为了阐明雄穗长的遗传基础并定位相关的数量性状位点,利用289份常用玉米自交系为试验材料,在自然条件下测量并分析玉米的株高、穗位高、雄穗柄长与雄穗长的相关性,并利用全基因组关联分析对雄穗长进行初步定位。结果表明,玉米雄穗长与3个农艺性状呈显著相关或极显著相关,其中与雄穗柄长关联最密切,相关系数最高达到0.717。同时共定位出13个与玉米雄穗长相关的标记位点,分别位于Bin1.05、Bin7.02、Bin8.03、Bin10.05处。采用全基因组关联分析的方法发掘雄穗长基因位点及候选基因,对揭示雄穗的遗传机理,加速玉米育种进程具有重要的意义。     

高原地区不同青蒜品种农艺性状与营养品质的差异分析

为探究高原青蒜品种的农艺性状及营养品质的差异,本研究利用差异显著性、相关性及主成分分析对5份大蒜品种的9个农艺性状和11个营养品质指标进行了比较。结果表明,不同青蒜品种的农艺与品质性状差异显著,其中农艺性状的变异范围为11.03%～60.54%,品质性状的变异范围为10.33%～56.81%。相关性分析发现,假茎粗与6个品质性状呈显著或极显著关系,假茎粗是与青蒜营养关联最多的农艺性状。主成分分析共提取了4个主成分,其中主成分1和主成分2的方差贡献率分别为46.19%和26.85%,主成分1中"叶片颜色因子"(叶绿素a,叶绿素b,类胡萝卜素和总叶绿素的含量)和主成分2中"株形因子"(株幅,假茎长,假茎长/株高)为青蒜品种评价中的主要指标。青蒜品种的农艺与品质性状综合得分为QS3QS1QS5QS4QS2。综上说明,QS3的农艺与品质性状最佳,可作为优良高原青蒜资源在青海高原地区栽培推广;同时,叶绿素相关指标的含量、株幅、假茎长、假茎长/株高是高原青蒜商品性的重要评价指标,这将为高原青蒜品种的筛选鉴定提供重要参考。     

小麦骨干亲本繁6产量相关性状关键基因组区段的遗传效应

繁6是中国小麦育种最重要的骨干亲本之一, 明确其优良特性的遗传机制对小麦育种具有重要意义。本研究鉴定了39个繁6衍生品种的7个产量相关性状, 并利用全基因组SSR标记分析了繁6中控制这些性状重要遗传区段和基因位点在子代中的遗传效应。表型鉴定结果表明, 繁6产量相关性状在不同世代衍生品种中表现无显著差异, 表明这些性状在衍生品种选育过程中受到选择并稳定遗传。利用已获得的控制小麦产量相关“一致性” QTL区段的417个SSR标记进行分子扫描, 发现11个繁6特异SSR标记在其衍生后代中被高频率遗传。性状-标记关联分析表明, 21个来自繁6的特异SSR标记与产量相关性状极显著关联(P < 0.01)。同时鉴定出分别位于2A和5A染色体的Xgdm93.3-Xgwm526.2和Xbarc100-Xgwm156.1区段, 前者控制株高和小穗数, 后者控制千粒重。本研究证实, 上述两个与小麦产量相关性状关联的位点或区段在小麦产量育种进程中受到强烈的人为定向连续选择, 并在四川乃至西南麦区小麦产量育种中发挥了重要作用。     

国内外烤烟品种农艺性状的遗传多样性及与SRAP标记的关联分析

选取258份国内外烤烟品种,在2个试验点调查13个农艺性状,利用16对引物组合获得的597个SRAP标记进行分子遗传多样性和群体结构分析,选取适宜的模型进行农艺性状与SRAP标记间关联分析。结果表明,参试品种表型和基因型变异丰富,国内品种的遗传多样性低于国外品种。总材料可分为7个亚群,分类结果与材料的地理来源和遗传背景显著相关,国外材料遗传结构相对复杂。通过比较发现MIM_Q+K和MIM_PCA+K为该群体最优的关联分析模型,共检测到18个SRAP标记与6个农艺性状显著关联(–Log P>2, P<0.01),其中me1/em9-16,me1/em9-36,me4/em9-1与株高、me1/em2-14,me7/em5-34与叶片数、me6/em2-6与脚叶宽、me2/em6-15与腰叶长在不同环境下均显著关联。     

柱花草重要性状与SSR、SRAP分子标记的关联分析

为了寻找与柱花草重要性状相关联的分子标记,本研究以20份柱花草品种(系)为对象,进行了株高等5个农艺性状和粗蛋白等8个品质性状的观测分析。在分析遗传多样性和群体结构的基础上,将品种间差异显著的11个性状与SSR、SRAP标记进行关联分析。结果表明,共有14个SSR标记与5个性状相关联,有16个SRAP标记与4个性状相关联。其中,1个SSR标记、15个SRAP标记与鲜重相关联;12个SSR标记和1个SRAP标记与株高相关联;12个SSR标记、1个SRAP标记与茎粗相关联;11个SRAP标记与粗蛋白含量相关联,分别只有1个SSR标记与叶宽、粗灰分含量相关联。关联分析能够有效地找到与部分性状相关联的标记,为柱花草种质鉴定、杂交育种及分子育种实践提供依据。     

In-vitro Fertilization of Ovules of Some Species of Brassicaceae*

The method of in-vitro fertilization of ovules can be successfully applied to various species of Brassincaceae. Mature embryos and plants were obtained after in-vitro pollinating the ovules of Arabis caucasica, Brassica napus, B. oleracea var. sabellica (kale), B. oleracea var. italica (broccoli), Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Moricandia arvensis and Sisymbrium Loeselli. In the case of Sinapis alba fertilization and embryo development did not occur. The same method has been successfully used for obtaining hybrid immature embryos at different stages of development from crosses between B. napus X D. tenuifolia, B. napus X M. arvensis, B. oleracea var. italica X D. tenuifolia, D. tenuifolia x B. napus, D. tenuifolia. X M. arvensis and D. tenuifolia X S. Loeselli. The present findings show that in-vitro pollination of ovules of various species of Brassicaceae makes it possible to (a) perform the whole process of fertilization and embryogenesis; and (b) obtain intergeneric hybrid embryos.     

The potential role of PR-8 gene of apple fruit in the mode of action of the yeast antagonist,Candida oleophila,in postharvest biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea

Several pathogenesis-related (PR) genes of apple have been cloned and their response to different pathogens has been studied. Different PR genes, however, may have a variable response depending on the specific organ or tissue as well as microbe. The objective of the current study was to characterize the expression of specific apple PR genes in fruit tissues in response to the antagonistic yeast, Candida oleophila (a common postharvest biocontrol agent), and the fungal pathogen, Botrytis cinerea (a major postharvest pathogen). Apple PR-5 and PR-8 gene expression was characterized in fruit in response to C. oleophila and B. cinerea. Results indicated that PR-8 expression was significantly elevated in response to both fungi. In contrast, neither C. oleophila nor B. cinerea treatment markedly affected PR-5 expression. The PR-8 gene was then synthesized and cloned into a Pichia pastoris expression system to study the antifungal activity of the PR-8 protein against B. cinerea both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, the PR-8 gene of apple is associated with the response to B. cinerea infection, and may play a role in the mechanism by which C. oleophila effectively inhibits B. cinerea disease in apple fruit, namely by the induction of this specific host PR gene.     

灰分对煤自燃特性影响的实验研究

为了研究灰分对煤自燃能力的影响作用,利用绝热氧化实验装置对不同灰分含量煤样进行升温氧化实验,采用R₇₀、T_CPT、B 3种指标表征灰分含量对煤样自发氧化过程的影响。结果表明：1）灰分含量越大,煤样低温氧化阶段温升速率越小,温升加速点温度越高,煤样的自发氧化过程越慢,煤越不易自燃;灰分含量大于40%后,煤自燃倾向性快速减弱。温升加速点是反应微观信息的零活化能温度的宏观累计结果,具有直观且滞后的特点。灰分越大,滞后越明显,温差越大。2）R₇₀、T_CPT、B 3种指标与灰分关系表现为二次函数。R₇₀和T_CPT两种指标显示灰分越大,自燃倾向性越弱,与实践经验相符。受水分权重影响,B指标显示煤样在灰分小于40%时,灰分越大,煤样自燃倾向性越强,这与实践经验相悖。因此,B在判定灰分对煤样自燃倾向性的影响时具有一定的局限性。     

Yield Performance of Wheat Isolines with Different Dosages of the Short Arm of Rye Chromosome 1

Translocations of the short arm of rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome 1 (1RS) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Pavon 76) are known to increase root biomass. Such an increase enhances water and nutrient uptake and may improve grain yield. Two greenhouse experiments and a field experiment were carried out at the University of California, Riverside, in 2012 and 2013 under well‐watered and terminal drought treatments to evaluate phenotypic characters associated with varying dosages of 1RS, including grain yield. The genotypes used were cultivar Pavon 76 (R₀), Pavon 76/Pavon1RS.1AL (F₁ hybrid) with a single dosage of 1RS (R₁A), Pavon 1RS.1AL with two dosages of 1RS (R₂A), Pavon 1RS.1DL (R₂D) also with two dosages of 1RS and Pavon 1RS.1AL‐1RS.1DL (R₄AD) with four dosages of 1RS. There was a significant positive correlation between number of dosages of 1RS and root biomass. However, no correlation was found between root biomass and grain yield per plant. Drought in the field experiment reduced grain yield significantly. Under well‐watered field conditions, grain yield of R₂A (215.9 g plant^?1) was significantly greater than those of R₂D (191.8 g plant^?1) and R₄AD (161.7 g plant^?1). Also, grain yield of R₄AD was significantly less than those of F₁, Pavon 76 and R₂D under well‐watered conditions. Under drought field conditions, no significant differences were found among the genotypes for grain yield was found between F₁ (14.7 g plant^?1) and R₄AD (12.4 g plant^?1). Harvest index was significantly greater in well‐watered (44.2 %) than in drought (34.6 %) field conditions. On average, genotypes F₁ (42.3 %) and R₂A (40.6 %) had higher harvest index than R₂D (38.3 %) and R₄AD (35.5 %) in the field. Also, Pavon 76 (40.2) and R₂D (38.3) had higher harvest index than R₄AD. Drought tolerance was lowest for R₄AD due to its relatively lower grain yield potential. In general, Pavon 1RS.1AL carrying two dosages of 1RS showed higher grain yield under wet treatments. Pavon 1RS.1AL‐1RS.1DL carrying four dosages of 1RS produced the largest shoot and root biomasses, but the least grain yield.     

Evolutionary studies of the soybean: the frequency and distribution of alleles among collections of Glycine Max and G. Soja of various origin

Summary Allelic frequencies at 10 loci common throughout the genus Glycine subgenus Soja were determined for 27 geographical area-species samples. The samples included 366 accessions of Glycine soja, the wild soybean, and 193 accessions of G. max, the domesticated soybean, from the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection. The data indicate that the alleles for grey pubescence (t ₁), low seed coat peroxidase level (ep), and blunt pubescence tip (pb) probably arose as mutations during the domestication of G. max. The remaining seven loci studied(Fr, Pa ₁, Pa ₂, Fg ₁, Fg ₂, Fg ₃and Fg ₄)are polymorphic throughout the subgenus Soja; differences among collections of G. max and G. soja seem to be the result of differing selection pressures. A cluster analysis of allelic frequencies reveals two distinct groups within the subgenus corresponding to G. soja and G. max, Semi-wild accessions of G. max, while morphologically more similar to cultivated plants, clustered with samples of G. soja. The semi-wild accessions examined are thought to have arisen via hybridization between G. soja and G. max.Joint contribution: North Central Region, Agricultural Research, Science and Education Administration, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Journal Paper No. J-9868 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa 50011; Project 2107.     

Associations and genetics of three components of slow rusting in leaf rust of wheat

Summary Forty F₆ lines, the two parental lines, and a susceptible check cultivar of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were inoculated in the young flag leaf stage with leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici) and evaluated for latent period, receptivity, and uredinium size in a greenhouse experiment. Genotypic (r_g) and phenotypic (r_p) correlations between latent period and uredinium size were –0.81 and –0.62, respectively. A negative correlation (r_g=–0.50, r_p=–0.41) was found between latent period and receptivity and a positive correlation (r_g=0.28, r_p=0.26) between uredinium size and receptivity was found. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and final rust severity (FRS) obtained from a subsequent field study with common entries were negatively correlated with latent period and positively correlated with uredinium size. Correlations of receptivity with both AUDPC and FRS were not significant. The distributions of F₆ family mean uredinia size and latent period were continuous between slow rusting and fast rusting parents: however, the distribution for receptivity was discrete. Narrow-sense heritability estimates were 63%, 57%, and 47% for uredinium size, latent period, and receptivity, respectively. Estimates of the minimum number of effective factors were three for latent period and three or four for the uredinium size and receptivity. The components are controlled by closely linked genes or due to pleotropic effects of the same gene.Abbeviations AUDPC - Area under the disease progress curve - FRS - Final rust severity     

Inheritance of resistance to race F of broomrape in sunflower lines of different origins

A new race F of broomrape overcomes all known resistance genes in cultivated sunflower, but recently, sources of resistance against race F have been developed. The objective of the present research was to study the inheritance of resistance to race F in crosses between 12 resistant sunflower breeding lines, derived from three different sources of resistance, and the susceptible male‐sterile line P‐21. Parental lines and F₁, F₂, F₃ and BC₁ generations were evaluated for broomrape resistance. Segregations in the F₂ and BC₁ to resistant parent approached resistant to susceptible ratios of 1: 15 and 1: 3, respectively, in most of the crosses, suggesting a double dominant epistasis. However, segregations of 3: 13 and 1: 1 for F₂ and BC₁, respectively, indicating a dominant‐recessive epistasis, were also found. The F₃ data confirmed these results. Owing to the recessive nature of this resistance, it must be incorporated into both parental lines for developing resistant hybrid cultivars.     

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of S-RNase fragments for identification of S-genotypes of Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia)

Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) exhibits gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) controlled by a complex and multiallelic S locus. The pistil-part product of the S locus is the polymorphic ribonuclease, S-RNase. Information on S-genotypes is important for the production and breeding of Japanese pears. Molecular analyses of S-genotypes of Japanese pear have been conducted with the CAPS (cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence) system; PCR amplification of S-RNase fragments by a common primer pair followed by digestion with restriction enzymes each of which cleaves a specific S haplotype. Here, we show that the separation of S-RNase fragments by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) distinguishes four out of nine S haplotypes of Japanese pear without restriction digestion. S³-, S⁵-, S⁶- and S⁸-RNases were identified as distinct bands by PAGE. S³- and S⁵-RNases were separated by PAGE despite their identical fragment sizes. Using this system, three Japanese pear lines with unknown S-genotypes were analyzed. The newly determined S-genotypes of the lines were confirmed by CAPS analysis.     

Analysis of mode of inheritance of Fusarium wilt resistance in castor (Ricinus communis L.)

Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is an important industrial oilseed crop grown worldwide. Wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ricini is a devastating disease in castor. The inheritance mode of wilt resistance was investigated. The F₁, F₂ and backcross generations of four crosses involving four resistant and three susceptible parents were developed. The role of digenic (R¹ and R²) epistatic interactions on wilt resistance was confirmed. The 15 : 1, 9 : 7 and 13 : 3 ratios indicated duplicate dominant, duplicate recessive and dominant and recessive epistatic interactions, respectively. Castor parents used in the crosses exhibited varied inheritance modes. All generations of a cross exhibited similar inheritance mode when parents were comparable. However, generations varied in inheritance mode when parents were not comparable in inheritance mode. These results would have practical interest when decisions are required regarding the choice of parents and methodology in resistance and hybrid breeding. The results also provided a basis for investigating molecular genetics of wilt resistance mechanisms.     

Importance of storage temperatures in maintaining flavor and quality of mandarins

Mandarins suffer from short ‘flavor-life’ compared with other citrus species. The recommended minimum safe temperature for mandarin storage is 5-8 °C. However, because of continuing reductions in permitted chemical residues and increasing concern regarding decay development, mandarins are often shipped at much lower temperatures of 3-4 °C. In the last few years we noticed wide differences in responsiveness of mandarin varieties to chilling, and that the earliest indication of damage was a decrease in flavor acceptability. In the present study, we evaluated changes in flavor and quality of chilling-tolerant ‘Or’ and chilling-sensitive ‘Odem’ mandarins after 4 weeks of storage at 2, 5, or 8 °C followed by 3 days at 20 °C. Low storage temperatures resulted in loss of orange peel color in fruit of both varieties, which became paler and yellowish. The flavor of ‘Or’ mandarins was not affected by different storage temperatures, whereas ‘Odem’ showed severe flavor loss at low storage temperatures. GC-MS analysis of aroma volatiles revealed that changes of storage temperatures had no major effects on aroma volatile contents in ‘Or’ mandarins. However, in ‘Odem’ mandarins, storage at 2 °C caused accumulation of 13 volatiles, mainly terpenes and their derivates, whereas storage at 8 °C resulted in decreases of six volatiles, comprising five terpenes and one terpene derivative. Overall, we conclude that storage temperature is a fundamental factor affecting color and flavor of mandarins, and therefore it is crucial to define the optimal minimum safe temperature for each mandarin variety. Furthermore, massive accumulation of terpenes is most likely the cause for the decrease in flavor acceptability of ‘Odem’ mandarins after storage at low chilling temperatures.