牛环形泰勒虫enolase基因的原核表达及生物信息学分析

【目的】获得牛环形泰勒虫(Theileria annulata)新疆株enolase基因,并分析其生物学特性及反应原性。【方法】对牛环形泰勒虫enolase基因进行扩增和克隆,构建原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1-enolase,诱导表达enolase重组蛋白并进行蛋白纯化,通过Western blotting验证enolase重组蛋白反应原性。利用生物信息学方法对enolase基因编码蛋白的理化性质、亲疏水性、跨膜区、信号肽、磷酸化、亚细胞定位及蛋白互作网络进行预测分析。【结果】PCR扩增出大小为1 248 bp的牛环形泰勒虫enolase基因片段,enolase重组蛋白大小约70 ku; Western blotting结果表明,该重组蛋白与牛环形泰勒虫阳性血清发生反应。enolase基因编码416个氨基酸,理论等电点为5.91,有38个磷酸化位点;二级结构主要由α-螺旋(43.03%)和无规则卷曲(33.17%)组成;具有17个B细胞抗原表位,亚细胞定位主要位于细胞质中;enolase蛋白与磷酸甘油酸变位酶(PGAM)、二磷酸核苷激酶(NDK)、磷酸甘油酸激酶(PGK)、热休克蛋白...     

Prokaryotic Expression,Polyclonal Antibody Preparation and Subcellular Localization of Theileria annulata GAPDH

In order to study the function of the Theileria annulata (T.annulata) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH),the T.annulata GAPDH (TaGAPDH) gene was amplified by PCR from the cDNA of T.annulata,and cloned into the pET-30a(+) vector and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3).After purification,the fusion protein was injected into rabbits to produce polyclonal antibodies.Specificity and titers of the polyclonal antibodies were determined by ELISA and Western blotting,and subcellular localization of TaGAPDH protein was observed by confocal fluorescence microscope.The results showed that TaGAPDH gene was approximately 1 020 bp;SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the fusion protein was expressed in BL21(DE3) with 44 ku in molecular mass,and highest expressed level was detected in the inclusion.The titer of the polyclonal antibodies was more than 1:12 800.The results of western blotting indicated that the polyclonal antibodies possessed good specificity,and TaGAPDH protein was predominantly present on the cytoplasm of T.annulata schizont by subcellular localization.This study laid the foundation for screening and identifying candidate antigens of vaccination and drug targets as well as studying the energy metabolism of T.annulata.     

环形泰勒虫3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶的原核表达、多克隆抗体制备及亚细胞定位

为了研究环形泰勒虫3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase,GAPDH)的功能,本试验利用PCR技术从环形泰勒虫裂殖体cDNA中扩增环形泰勒虫GAPDH (TaGAPDH)基因,将扩增产物克隆到原核表达载体pET-30a(+)中,并转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中进行融合蛋白诱导表达,融合蛋白纯化后免疫家兔,制备多克隆抗体,分别用间接ELISA和Western blotting检测抗体的效价和特异性;利用激光共聚焦荧光显微镜观察TaGAPDH蛋白在环形泰勒虫裂殖体中的亚细胞定位.结果显示,克隆得到了TaGAPDH全长基因,大小为1 020 bp;SDS-PAGE分析结果显示,融合蛋白大小约44 ku,且以包涵体形式存在.制备的多克隆抗体效价高达1:12 800,具有很高的特异性;亚细胞定位显示TaGAPDH蛋白主要分布于环形泰勒虫裂殖体细胞质内.以上结果表明本试验成功克隆表达了TaGAPDH基因,并制备了针对TaGAPDH蛋白的兔多克隆抗体,为筛选环形泰勒虫病疫苗、药物靶点及研究环形泰勒虫能量代谢奠定了基础.     

Comparisons among two serological tests and microscopic examination for the detection of Theileria annulata in cattle in northern Sudan

We tested the agreement between microscopic examination (ME), a surface protein-detecting enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TaSP ELISA) and an indirect fluorescent assay (IFA) for detection of Theileria annulata in 2661 naturally infected cattle from northern Sudan (samples collected between June 2001 and July 2002). In the ME, we detected piroplasms in 364/2661 cattle (14%), and the kappas between the ME and the serological tests were poor (TaSP ELISA 10%; IFA 8%). The TaSP ELISA detected 885/2661 cattle as positive, and the Rogan-and-Gladen corrected true prevalence of this sample was estimated to be 30%. The relative sensitivity and specificity of the IFA (compared to the previously validated TaSP ELISA) were 70.7% and 81.8%, respectively.     

Cell-mediated immune responses to sporozoites and macroschizonts of Theileria annulata.

The nature of cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses was studied in cross-bred bovine calves, immunised by attenuated and allogeneic macroschizonts of Theileria annulata. The CMI responses were also investigated in calves, destined to survive or die of tropical theileriosis (Theileria annulata) induced by a virulent dose of sporozoites or macroschizont-infected lymphoblasts. Calves suffering fatal theileriosis showed poor CMI response. Microcytotoxicity assay revealed an enhanced population of specific cytotoxic cells amongst the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of calves resolving the infection successfully. The E rosette assay showed proliferation of T cells and the assay for macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) demonstrated antigen sensitised cells in the PBL. Calves, immunised by allogeneic and attenuated macroschizont-infected lymphoblasts or those recovering from virulent macroschizont-induced infection, showed protective CMI responses with patterns similar to those appearing after non-fatal sporozoite infection.     

牛含环形泰勒焦虫血源细胞的生物反应器培养条件的探索

利用生物反应器对牛含环形泰勒焦虫的血源细胞进行了培养条件的探索。结果证明,采用２５Ｌ培养罐、６片叶轮搅伴、转速１２０ｒ／ｍｉｎ、装量１２００ｍｌ、罐顶留一通气孔用沙布棉花封口与外界进行气体交换为最优培养条件。在此状态下,我们对原工艺要求的２０％新生牛血清用量减少至７％,水解乳蛋白也由国产产品替代了部分进口的ＤＩＦＣＯ公司产品,细胞接种密度４５×１０５ｃｅｌ／ｍｌ经３６小时培养后平均达２４×１０６ｃｅｌ／ｍｌ,收获细胞数与原工艺基本相同,但成本费用大幅下降。     

Nitric oxide in bovine corpus luteum: Possible mechanisms of action in luteolysis

Although prostaglandin (PG) F_2α is considered as the principal luteolytic factor, its action on the bovine corpus luteum (CL) is mediated by other intraovarian factors. Among them, nitric oxide (NO) seems to play a mandatory role in luteolysis. In this article we review the background and current status of work on possible roles of NO in the CL function, based on available information and our own experimental data. NO is produced in all three main types of bovine CL cells: steroidogenic, endothelial and immune cells. PGF_2α and some luteolytic cytokines (tumor necrosis factor, interferon) increase NO production and stimulate NO synthase expression in the bovine CL. NO inhibits progesterone production, stimulates the secretion of PGF_2α and leukotriene C4, reduces the number of viable luteal cells and, finally, participates in functional luteolysis. NO induces the apoptotic death of CL cells by the modulation of bcl‐2 family gene expression and the stimulation of caspase‐3 gene expression and activity. However, this simple molecule shows both luteolytic and luteotropic actions during the estrous cycle in ruminants. The aim of this overview is to present and discuss the recent findings crucial for understanding NO role in the process of CL regression in cattle.     

二乙基己烯雌酚对成年仓鼠睾丸一氧化氮生成和生精细胞凋亡的影响

探讨了在二乙基己烯雌酚（DES）诱发成年动物生精细胞凋亡过程中睾丸一氧化氮（NO）生成和生精细胞一氧化氮合酶（eNOS和iNOs）表达的变化，以期为阐明DES诱发生精细胞凋亡机理的研究提供基础资料。成年雄性仓鼠皮下注射不同剂量DES（分别为0．01、0．1和1mg／kg体重），连续注射7d后取其睾丸，进行NO含量的测定和eNOS、iNOS免疫组化染色。电镜观察生精细胞超微结构的变化，并用TUNEL法检测睾丸中生精细胞凋亡的变化，苏丹Ⅲ染色法检测睾丸生精小管内脂滴分布的变化。结果显示：NO的生成与DES呈剂量依赖性。DES处理后，在1mg／kg体重剂量组，大量生精细胞表达eNOS和iNOS，并出现大量凋亡，退化的生精细胞胞浆内有大量髓样结构，并有大量脂滴分布于生精细胞内和细胞间。eNOS和iNOS阳性生精细胞与凋亡的生精细胞数量和类型基本一致，主要为精母细胞和圆形精子细胞。     

内毒素诱导肝细胞凋亡的机制及阳离子A的保护效应

为研究内毒素（ET）诱导肝细胞凋亡的作用机制及阳离子A（CA）对肝细胞的保护效应，采用ET所致家兔内毒素休克的模型，分别在3、4、8、12h检测肝脏组织中一氧化氮（NO）水平的动态变化、肝细胞凋亡指数和肝细胞凋亡的形态学变化，并观察CA注射液对上述指标的影响。ET组中各时间段的肝组织中NO水平均显著升高（P〈0．01），随着NO水平的增加，肝细胞凋亡指数先上升，然后下降，最后又上升到最高值；肝细胞及肝脏组织的损害程度也与此类似。CA组的NO水平则明显降低（P〈0．05），肝细胞凋亡及病理组织学改变亦轻。提示NO参与内毒素休克的发病机制，介导了肝细胞的凋亡，同时，在一定范围内又有保肝作用。而CA可有效地中和血循环中的ET，减少肝脏中过量NO的产生，减轻炎症反应及其对肝脏的损害，对内毒素休克有一定的防治作用。     

马泰勒虫病PCR检测方法的建立和应用

为寻求一种快速、有效的马泰勒虫 (Theileria equi,T.equi) PCR检测方法。基于马泰勒虫18S rRNA基因序列,在其V4高变区设计特异性引物Te-18F、Te-18R,通过PCR技术获得了531 bp的核酸片段。用该引物对马泰勒虫、马泰勒虫和驽巴贝斯虫混合样本、驽巴贝斯虫、尤氏泰勒虫、中华泰勒虫、环形泰勒虫、绵羊泰勒虫、吕氏泰勒虫和瑟氏泰勒虫基因组模板进行特异性试验。同时对马泰勒虫基因组模板进行不同浓度稀释后扩增,以便于确定试验的敏感性。用本试验建立的方法与常规显微镜镜检方法对45份马属动物血样进行检测。特异性试验显示,在被检测的9个样本中,只有马泰勒虫及马泰勒虫和驽巴贝斯虫混合模板中扩增出了符合大小的特异核酸片段。驽巴贝斯虫、尤氏泰勒虫、中华泰勒虫、环形泰勒虫、绵羊泰勒虫、吕氏泰勒虫和瑟氏泰勒虫的扩增结果均为阴性。灵敏度试验结果表明,PCR对马泰勒虫的扩增效率可达到10^-13。对本试验建立的PCR检测马泰勒虫方法评估结果显示,PCR对马泰勒虫的检出率为17.78%(8/45),显微镜镜检结果只有8.89%(4/45)两者的符合率为100%。本试验建立的马泰勒虫PCR检测方法不失,为一种好的检测方法。     

一氧化氮介导内毒素所致的外周血淋巴细胞凋亡及阳离子A的保护作用

采用内毒素（ET）所致家兔ET休克模型，分别在相应处理后3、4、8、12h检测血浆中NO含量的动态变化；用荧光显微镜观察外周血淋巴细胞（PBL）的凋亡情况并计算凋亡指数；用琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测PBL凋亡的特征性DNA降解，并观察阳离子A（CA）注射液对上述指标的影响。结果显示，模型组中各时间段的血浆中NO含量均显著高于对照组（P〈0．01），随着NO含量的增加，PBL凋亡指数明显上升（P〈0．01），其基因组DNA在处理后3、4、8h均发生180-200bp及其整数倍的“阶梯状”断裂，12h出现“弥散状”条带；CA保护组中NO水平和PBL凋亡指数均出现不同程度的降低（P〈0．01，P〈0．05），并且在电泳结果中无明显的“梯状”条带。提示ET可使血液中NO含量升高。NO参与了ET休克的发病机制，介导PBL凋亡，在晚期介导PBL坏死；而CA可有效地中和血液循环中的ET，明显降低机体内NO的含量，抑制PBL凋亡和坏死，对ET休克有一定的保护作用。     

一氧化氮与卵母细胞发育

一氧化氮(NO)是一种在生物体内具有多种生物学效应的气体自由基。论文根据国内外研究资料,介绍了NO的发现、生物学特性、作用途径,着重阐述了NO在卵巢组织中的分布以及NO与卵母细胞的发生、成熟、排卵和卵泡细胞凋亡与卵泡闭锁的关系。     

内毒素休克山羊NO代谢的变化及山莨菪碱对其影响

为了探讨一氧化氮（ＮＯ）在内毒素休克病理发生中的作用,将３６头杂交山羊随机分成３组,每组１２只,第Ⅰ组作为对照,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组颈静脉注射大肠杆菌内毒素２次,间隔２４ｈ,第Ⅲ组于第２次注射内毒素前１０ｍｉｎ静脉注射山莨菪碱（６５４－２）,检测血浆、肝、肾、肺组织中的ＮＯ水平和组织中一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）活性。结果表明,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组山羊第２次注射内毒素后,血浆ＮＯ水平明显高于第Ⅰ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）,其中第Ⅱ组呈持续性升高,７ｈ后第Ⅲ组显著低于第Ⅱ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）;第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组肝、肾、肺组织中的ＮＯ含量和ＮＯＳ活性均明显高于第Ⅰ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）,１２ｈ后第Ⅲ组组织中的ＮＯ含量和ＮＯＳ活性显著低于第Ⅱ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示ＮＯ过量为内毒素休克时病理发生中关键的中介机制,预先给予６５４－２则能缓解休克时ＮＯ引起的毒性作用。     

Influence of nitric oxide on in vitro growth, survival, steroidogenesis, and apoptosis of follicle stimulating hormone stimulated buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) preantral follicles

Effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, on in vitro survival, growth, steroidogenesis, and apoptosis of buffalo preantral follicles (PFs) was investigated. PFs (200~250 µm) were isolated by micro-dissection and cultured in 0 (control), 10^-3, 10^-5, 10^-7, and 10^-9 M SNP. To examine the reversible effect of SNP, PFs were cultured with 10^-5 M SNP + 1 mM N^ω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or 1.0 µg hemoglobin (Hb). The results showed that greater concentrations of SNP (10^-3, 10^-5, 10^-7 M) inhibited (p < 0.05) FSH-induced survival, growth, antrum formation, estradiol production, and oocyte apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. However, a lower dose of SNP (10^-9 M) significantly stimulated (p < 0.05) the survival, growth, antrum formation, follicular oocyte maturation, and stimulated progesterone secretion compared to the control. A combination of SNP + L-NAME promoted the inhibitor effect of SNP while a SNP + Hb combination reversed this effect. Nitrate and nitrite concentrations in the culture medium increased (p < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner according to SNP concentration in the culture medium. At higher concentrations, SNP had a cytotoxic effect leading to follicular oocyte apoptosis whereas lower concentrations have stimulatory effects. In conclusion, NO exerts a dual effect on its development of buffalo PFs depending on the concentration in the culture medium.     

Regulation of Renal Hemodynamics and the Nitric Oxide-Arginine Pathway

Over the past ten years, nitric oxide has been shown to be important in a number of biological systems. This article is a review of the literature on nitric oxide and its affects on hemodynamics in the kidney. Nitric oxide is a major contributor to basal vasodilatory tone in the renal vasculature and systemic vasculature. It also has effects on the mechanisms which comprise the tubuloglomerular feedback loop. (Vet Emerg & Crit Care, 1998; 8: 7–18)     

维生素A调节动物一氧化氮的生成及其相关机制

动物机体由于旺盛的新陈代谢或在受到外界有害因素刺激的情况下会产生大量一氧化氮(NO),进而损伤细胞中的蛋白质、类脂膜和DNA,引发细胞炎症并阻断细胞信号通路,使机体产生氧化应激。维生素A可以有效地调控NO的生成,提高机体抗氧化水平并清除自由基,预防细胞炎症及氧化应激的发生。本文主要综述了维生素A对动物NO生成的调节作用及其相关机理的研究进展,对今后深入研究其调节机理、科学补充维生素A及提高机体的抗氧化功能具有一定参考价值。     

Endometrial nitric oxide synthase activity in mares susceptible or resistant to persistent breeding‐induced endometritis and the effect of a specific iNOS inhibitor in vitro

Emerging research suggests that the nitric oxide system may play a role in persistent breeding‐induced endometritis (PBIE) in the mare. Differences in uterine nitric oxide (NO) levels between mares susceptible or resistant to PBIE and a dose‐dependent inhibitory effect of NO on uterine contractility have been demonstrated. The objectives of this study were to investigate the difference in total nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity of the endometrium between susceptible and resistant mares and the effect of a specific inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor on the endometrial NOS activity in vitro. Six susceptible and six resistant mares were selected based on preset criteria and the results of an intrauterine challenge with killed spermatozoa during oestrus. Endometrial biopsy samples were collected 24 hr post‐challenge and cultured at 37°C for 24 hr in L‐arginine supplemented minimum essential medium with or without a specific iNOS inhibitor (1,400 W dihydrochloride, 1 mM). The medium and the cultured endometrial tissue were collected after 24 hr of culture and assayed for NO and total protein, respectively. Total NO content of the medium, normalized to endometrial tissue wet weight or total protein, was used as a measure of endometrial NOS activity. Non‐parametric tests were applied for statistical analysis. Susceptible mares had significantly greater endometrial NOS activity than resistant mares. The iNOS inhibitor treatment significantly reduced NOS activity in endometrial samples derived from susceptible and resistant mares. These findings provide a basis for in vivo testing of specific iNOS inhibitors as preventative or therapeutic options for PBIE in mares.     

吕氏泰勒虫主要表面蛋白P32基因的克隆与序列分析

从吕氏泰勒虫宁县株中提取RNA,用RT-PCR方法扩增主要表面蛋白P32基因的cDNA片段,克隆后测定其核苷酸序列,并推导了相应的氨基酸序列。结果表明,扩增的P32基因长度为875个核苷酸,共编码284个氨基酸。核苷酸序列与已发表的牛的4种泰勒虫的主要表面蛋白基因相比较,其与瑟氏泰勒虫俄罗斯株、日本株、中国辽阳株的核苷酸和氨基酸序列相似性均在98.9%以上。其推导的氨基酸序列中有3个糖基化位点。     

羊泰勒虫主要表面蛋白P32基因的克隆及真核表达载体的构建

提取羊泰勒虫裂殖子总RNA,用特异性引物扩增出其主要表面蛋白P32基因,并成功地将该基因纯化后克隆到pGEM-T Easy 载体上,经PCR 和EcoRⅠ酶切鉴定均为阳性的重组质粒进行了测序和分析.随后将该基因从克隆载体上双酶切,与毕赤酵母分泌性表达载体pPIC9K相连接,构建重组表达载体pPIC9K-MPSP-P32,转化大肠埃希菌JM109,经测序证实,基因序列完全正确.