高温对玉米籽粒淀粉合成及产量的影响

以农大108和山农3号为试材，采用田间生长箱增温的方法，研究了不同生育时期高温对玉米淀粉合成及产量的影响。结果表明，第1期（出苗后0~28 d）高温处理对玉米的产量没有显著影响，第2期（出苗后29~57 d）和第3期（出苗后58~86 d）高温处理显著降低玉米产量，以第2期对产量的影响最大；同时高温降低1,6-二磷酸酯酶（FBPase）、磷酸蔗糖合成酶（SPS）、蔗糖合成酶（SS）和腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（ADPGPPase）的活性，且以第2期降低的幅度最大；籽粒淀粉含量，以第1期高温处理高于对照，其他2个处理显著低于对照。     

温室微润灌溉对黄瓜生长和产量的影响

微润灌水器是一种新型的微灌设备,为了更好地推广应用这一新技术,对微润灌溉和沟灌灌溉条件下,温室黄瓜生长和产量差异进行对比分析。研究结果表明,微润灌溉条件下棚内空气温度、土壤温度和空气湿度分别较沟灌灌溉增加9.6%、9.6%和降低4.4%;微润灌溉有利于黄瓜株高和茎粗生长,并增产4.4%,而各生育期日均耗水量均低于沟灌灌溉,全生育期耗水量仅为沟灌的54.9%,水分利用效率提高130%,达到60.8 g/kg。因此,微润灌水器在大棚蔬菜灌溉应用中具有节水增产的效果,能够提高经济效益,是适合大棚经济作物灌溉的新技术。     

播种期对黄花蒿生长、产量及青蒿素含量的影响

目的:探索黄花蒿适宜的播种期.方法:在黄花蒿花蕾前期,测定不同播种期黄花蒿生物量;采用柱前衍生-RP-HPLC法测定青蒿素含量.结果:播种越早,黄花蒿株高和地径越大,叶青蒿素含量和总干重越高.结论:在广西桂北地区,以1～2月播种最为适宜.     

不同生育期温度逆境处理对早稻产量的影响

为研究温度逆境对水稻的响应,采用盆栽种植的方法,在早稻分蘖期、孕穗期、灌浆期,利用人工智能气候室,通过不同时期的温度逆境处理,分析其对早稻产量及构成。结果表明:生物量表现为低温中温高温,灌浆期孕穗期分蘖期处理;分蘖期和孕穗期的温度变化对有效穗影响较大,灌浆期的温度变化对有效穗基本无影响;孕穗期进行温度处理对结实的影响最明显,且高温会显著降低结实率;孕穗期高温处理显著降低千粒重,其余各时期温度处理的千粒重差异不显著;单株产量表现为低温中温高温,灌浆期处理分蘖期处理孕穗期处理,孕穗期高温处理的产量最低,较同时期低温处理减少26.80%~42.46%,较同时期中温处理减少21.16%~36.22%。试验表明,高温对早稻产量及产量构成影响最大,3个时期中,孕穗期是早稻产量及产量构成的最敏感时期。     

温度变化对河套灌区玉米生长发育及产量结构的影响

为了研究在其他环境条件基本一致的前提下,温度对玉米生长发育的作用,笔者通过连续3年在河套灌区进行的玉米分期播种试验,分析了温度变化对玉米生长发育、产量构成的影响。结果表明：（1）出苗至各发育期的累积积温对玉米单株干物质总重起决定性作用,积温越高,单株地上干物质重越大;（2）出苗至各发育期的累积积温和叶面积指数LAI、植株高度之间存在良好的二项式回归关系,随着积温的升高,叶面积指数、植株高度先增加,待植株停止生长直至收获,叶面积指数和植株高度慢慢下降;（3）拔节期的积温与百粒重呈极显著正相关;秃尖长与各发育期的积温均呈负相关,七叶期、抽雄期及成熟期积温与秃尖长呈负相关显著;乳熟期积温与棒重呈显著负相关;（4）播种—拔节—抽雄期的积温与百粒重呈显著正相关;（5）播种—七叶、播种—拔节期的积温越高,越有利于玉米的雌雄穗发育,秃尖长越短。     

The Effect of Different Shade Levels on Growth and Tuber Yield of Sweet Potato: II. Tuber Yield

Eight sweet potato cultivars ( Ipomoea batatas Lam.) were grown under four different light regimes (0, 26, 42 and 60 % light reduction (LR)) at two experimental sites of the International Potato Center (CIP) in Peru during the 1990 and 1991 growing season. Increasing shade diminished the tuber yield of five cultivars, two showed a tolerance for slight (26 % LR) and moderate (42 % LR) shade and one had the same yield in full sunshine and slight shade. Shade mainly reduced the sink-size (tubers m ⁻²) of sweet potato and to a lesser extent the sink-strength. The growth of the plant top was hardly affected by shade; slight shade even favoured shoot development of some cultivars. The plant top was the stronger sink under shade conditions and tuber yield was not only reduced by lesser assimilate production as a whole but also by an altered assimilate partitioning.     

Interactive Effect of Nitrogen and Sulphur on Growth and Yield of Rape-seed-Mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern. and Coss. and Brassica campestris L.) Genotypes

A simple randomized field experiment was conducted to assess the growth and yield of rape-seed-mustard in relation to sulphur and nitrogen interaction. Three levels of sulphur (0, 40 and 60 kg ha⁻¹) in combination with three levels of nitrogen (60, 100 and 150 kg ha⁻¹) were tested as treatments, T₁, T₂, T₃, T₄, and T₅. Results indicated significant favourable effects of sulphur and nitrogen, when applied together, on yield components, seed and oil yield. Maximum response was observed with treatment T₃ (having S and N of 40 and 100 kg ha¹, respectively). Percentage oil content of seed was maximal at T₄ (having S and N of 60 and 100 kg ha¹) in both cultivars. The increase in N dose from 100 to 150 kg ha⁻¹ without any change in applied S, i.e. 60 kg ha¹ (T₅), decreased the percentage oil content. The seed and oil yield, however, were similar to T₃. Favourable responses of S and N interaction on leaf area index, rate of photosynthesis and biomass production were also observed.     

植物生长营养液对燕麦生长和产量的影响

为明确植物生长营养液对燕麦生长及产量的影响,研究了燕麦拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期喷施相同量不同稀释倍数的植物营养液后燕麦株高、干物质积累量、产量及产量构成因素的变化。结果表明:不同稀释倍数的营养液均可以缩短燕麦生育期,其中500倍稀释液与对照相比可提前7d成熟;各营养液处理的燕麦株高、干物质积累量和叶面积在抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期均高于对照,各指标均随着稀释倍数的增加先升高后降低;喷施植物营养液后燕麦穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量均增加,喷施500倍稀释液后,燕麦穗数、生物产量和子粒产量与其他处理间差异均达显著水平,子粒增产达15.9%。     

辽宁地区玉米生长发育及产量对温度和降水的响应

为了研究温度和降水对玉米生长发育及产量的影响,为合理利用不同气候条件保证玉米生长提供依据,采用大田试验数据和气候资料,分析了辽宁地区玉米生长发育及产量特征对温度、降水和热量条件的响应。结果表明：玉米各生育期生长天数,七叶—拔节期受平均温度影响,三叶—七叶期受降水量影响,播种—三叶期和乳熟—成熟期受前期积温影响;降水量与播种—三叶期的玉米地上干重相关显著,平均气温与三叶—七叶期的叶面积指数相关显著,前期积温对玉米生物量增长影响最大;在同等积温增加条件下,辽东地区地上生物量增加最多,辽西地区最少。不同生育期玉米受到播期和气候条件的影响程度不同,不同地区间的果实性状及产量差异较大。     

播期对大豆生长状况及产量的影响

了解不同播期对大豆生长状况及产量的影响,对寻求适宜播期及优质高效生产有重要意义。以黑龙江省哈尔滨市大豆主栽品种为试验材料,通过3个播期处理(S1为5月1日,S_2为5月10日,S_3为5月21日),研究不同播期条件下大豆生长状况及产量的变化规律。结果表明:S_1、S_2处理生育期日数延长;S_1、S_2处理在鼓粒期—成熟期干物质积累与分配及生长率明显高于S_3处理,干物质积累向果实转移量增大,其产量分别增加230.6、317.7 kg/hm~2;S2处理在3个处理中最优,水热等气候资源利用程度高。哈尔滨市大豆适宜播期为5月8—10日,但适播期应考虑春季土壤水分或春季首场透雨,促进大豆生长发育,显著提高产量。     

Effect of Neem Leaf (Azadirachta indica L.) on Growth and Yield of Low Land Rice

The farmers of tropical Asia are applying neem leaves to rice fields as green manure traditionally. Neem cake blending of urea is recommended for inhibition of nitrification and increasing nitrogen use efficiency. Field experiment conducted at the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India, during kharif and rabi seasons in 1984–85 with a short duration (105 days) rice cv. IR 50 showed that application of fresh neem leaf at 5 t/ha or dry neem leaf 1.25 t/ha with urea resulted in higher N recovery per cent and N response ratio and gave increased grain yield compared to the yield obtained due to the application of urea alone. Besides increasing the grain yield, neem leaf application could save about 50 per cent N application and give greater net returns to the farmer.     

温度条件对金佛山灵芝生长的影响

目的：探索温度条件对金佛山灵芝生长状况的影响。方法：通过二因素随机区组试验研究温度高度及昼夜温差对菌丝及子实体生长状况的影响。结果：温度高度及昼夜温差均对菌丝生长及子实体生物转化率有显著影响。结论：金佛山灵芝菌丝生长以23~29℃为宜;最适为26℃,昼夜温差不超过2℃;在23~29℃、0~4℃昼夜温差范围内均能正常长出子实体,但以26~29℃、昼夜温差2℃的生物转化率为最高。     

生物有机肥对养心菜品质和产量的影响

利用研制的包含多种功能菌(白黄链霉菌TD-1、固氮菌JZ1、无机磷分解菌JWP1、有机磷分解菌JP12、解钾菌JK1)的菌剂对不同原料配比制成的农业有机废弃物堆肥进行二次发酵,制得具有促生功能的生物有机肥,并用于扦插养心菜种植中,探究生物有机肥对养心菜产量和品质的影响。结果表明:相较于不施肥组和未二次发酵处理的有机肥组,不同原料配比的二次发酵生物有机肥对养心菜的产量和品质有明显提高。在种植70 d后,N3M生物有机肥组的养心菜生长指标较佳,须根分支数、单株产量最高,分别为15.00根和11.89 g,株高增量达到456.10%,显著高于不施肥组。在品质指标中,N3M处理组养心菜的单宁含量为2.19 mg·kg^-1,较不施肥组降低了40.5%,养心菜涩味明显降低,同时该组养心菜的VC和总黄酮含量较不施肥组和未二次发酵组也有所提高。综上所述,施用适宜配方的生物有机肥能促进养心菜生长,同时提高其品质和产量。因此,生物有机肥可作为一种绿色环保肥料用于农业生产。     

FACE条件下冬小麦生长特征及产量构成的影响

模拟2050年冬小麦生长的CO2浓度下,冬小麦生长和产量的响应,有助于评价未来CO2浓度升高对小麦生产的影响。利用农田开放式大气CO2浓度升高(FACE)试验平台,以强筋冬小麦CA0493为供试材料,CO2浓度处理设定对照CO2(aCO2, 415±16 μmol/mol)和高浓度CO2(eCO2, 550±17 μmol/mol)2个水平;施N处理设常规施氮（NN,底肥含N 118 kg/hm2+追肥含N 70 kg/hm2）和低氮（LN,底肥含N 66 kg/hm2+追肥含N 17 kg/hm2）2个水平,研究高浓度CO2和不同施氮量对冬小麦株高、叶面积、分蘖动态、产量和产量构成要素的影响。结果表明,高CO2浓度显著提高了拔节期小麦株高(5.12%),常规施氮下的增幅高于低氮下的增幅。CO2浓度升高显著增加了开花期的旗叶面积(14.87%)和主茎上部3叶叶面积(10.02%),旗叶叶面积的增加主要由叶长增加(8.97%)决定。CO2浓度升高使常规施氮下的分蘖数量增加。开放式CO2浓度升高使冬小麦产量增加18.3%(P<0.05),低氮和常规施氮下的增幅分别为6.0%、31.4%。高浓度CO2使小麦单位面积穗数和穗粒数分别增加5.3%和14.5%(P<0.05),常规施氮下的增幅均高于低氮下的增幅,不孕小穗数下降11.12%(P<0.05),而对千粒重无显著影响。高浓度CO2使不孕小穗数降低,小花退化减少,从而提高了穗粒数,是产量增加的主要原因。     

Productivity and Cytogenetic Analysis of an Unbranched Mutant in Hyoscyamus niger L.

An unbranched mutant (Ub) with marginal arrangement of large leaves substantially altered floral and reproductive features in H. niger was isolated in M₂. It bred true for all mutant characteristics in M₂ generation. Appearance of restricted branching (Rb mutant) in some M₃ families seems 10 be a transient phase. Erect growth habit Coupled with non-overlapping leaf-disposition is useful for high crop density to obtain higher biomass field and, in turn, more crude drug production per unit area. Improvement in alkaloid content is an additional advantage augmenting its economic viability. Seed setting was, however. Poor due to pollen-polymorphism accruing from desynapsis and lack of organized alignment of chromosomes at Ml and subsequent abnormal disjunction at Al.     

根系分区施肥对黄瓜植株生长与果实产量的影响

【目的】优化植株根系供肥方式，是黄瓜高效栽培的关键。【方法】分别以“津绿露优”与“中农203”黄瓜品种为试材，研究了根系分区施肥对黄瓜植株生长与果实产量的影响。【结果】在黄瓜植株各1/2根区分别采用标准溶液与半倍标准溶液施肥时，施肥总量减少了25%，植株总鲜重与果实产量并没有显著降低；在采用两倍标准溶液与清水以及倍半标准溶液与半倍标准溶液时，施肥总量不变，但植株总鲜重分别显著增加了23.2%和16.6%，果实鲜重显著增加了34.2%与27.1%。【结论】黄瓜根系分区施肥可以达到节约施肥或者增加植株生长量与果实产量的目的     

The Effect of Intercropping Lablab purpureus L. with Sorghum on Yield and Chemical Composition of Fodder

In two years the growth and composition of mixtures of sorghum with Lablab purpureus as strips, paired rows and alternate rows were compared with those of sorghum and lablab monocrops. In the first year, when sowing did not occur until 7 August, the sorghum yields were low in the monocrop and even less in the mixed crops. Lablab yield was also reduced in mixtures compared with the monocrop, but total forage yield was greater for the mixed crops compared with sorghum alone. Of the mixed cropping systems, a reduction in the yield of lablab plants and in the phosphorus and potassium content of shed lablab leaves in paired rows suggested that there was more competition for nutrients between lablab plants grown in this treatment. In the second year, earlier sowing increased sorghum growth at the expense of lablab yield in the mixed cropping systems, with the result that total forage yield was not increased when sorghum was intercropped with lablab. However, the crude protein content of sorghum stems and leaf yield were increased in mixed crops, particularly in paired and alternate rows rather than strips, demonstrating that close configuration of the legume and cereal are necessary for the cereal to obtain most benefit from nitrogen fixed by the legume. It is concluded that, when conditions are favourable for rapid sorghum and lablab growth, the sorghum will benefit more when it is grown in paired rows with lablab rather than in strips. However, the close spacing normally adopted for paired rows may encourage competition between lablab plants and increase the requirements for phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.     

少免耕模式对冬小麦生长发育及产量性状的影响

通过田间试验研究了华北平原山前平原区不同耕作方式下,冬小麦的生长发育进程的变化及对产量的影响。根据冬小麦播种前的土壤耕作方式的不同,设深耕处理、少耕处理和免耕处理3类6、个处理。研究结果表明:耕作方式明显影响小麦的出苗率,传统翻耕处理出苗率比免耕高出27.1%~46.2%。由于秸秆的覆盖,免耕处理小麦返青期低温偏低,导致生育期推迟7~10 d,后期作物生长受到明显影响,是造成免耕处理减产的重要原因之一。另外,由于免耕处理蒸发较小和小麦根系不发达,NO3--N淋失到土壤剖面的100 cm以下,不仅使氮肥利用率低,也是造成免耕减产原因之一。     

Effect of Shading on the Growth and Yield of Mungbean (Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek)

Mungbean grown as intercrop suffers shading stress form companion crop at different growth stages. Grain filling stage, which appears to be very much sensitive to light conditions, needs special attention to deal with, in order to maximize the benefit from intercropping systems. Growth and yield response of mungbean to different shading conditions imposed at the onset of pod formation stage was evaluated. Shading nets were used to cut down the incident photosynthetic active rediation by 15 %, 45 % and 75 %. There was almost no difference between the control and 15 % shaded plants for all the parameters studied. Total dry weight was found to decrease with increase in shading intensity and this phenomenon continued till the maturity of the crop. The crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate decreased due to shading. Lower specific leaf weight and higher chlorophyll content were due to increased shading. Decreased photosynthetic active radiation caused significant reduction in pods per plant and thus there was a significant decrease in seed yield per plant. In order to avoid yield loss due to shading at grain filling stage, agronomic manipulation and selection of suitable genotypes are necessary.     

沟垄集雨栽培对夏玉米生长发育及其产量的影响

研究了沟播，垄作、平作3种种植方式对夏玉米生长发育及其最终产量的影响 。结果表明，土壤垄作和沟播较平作处理促进了干物质积累，使叶面积指数增大，且沟垄栽培具有一定的集水作用，千粒重增加，单株地上部总干重增加，穗部性状较好，垄作和沟播产量比平作分别增产4.01%和2.27%。