Biological properties of a naturally attenuated infectious bursal disease virus isolated from a backyard chicken flock

The biological properties of an infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus isolated from bursas collected during an outbreak in a village chicken flock in Macedonia are described. The mortality rate was 50%. Two viruses coexisted in the bursas of infected chickens (IBDVwt and IBDVtc). The virus termed IBDVtc grows on chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells from the first passage. Specific pathogen free chickens inoculated with IBDVtc at passage level 4 did not develop any clinical signs of disease. Some discrete bleeding on the leg muscles was seen and the bursa of Fabricius revealed pathological lesions similar to those caused by classical strains. However, the bursa recovered quickly (bursa lesion score 2) by 14 days post infection (PI). We also found evidence of bursal repopulation by means of perinuclear antigen staining. Strong CD3 influx was evident at 4 days PI, and at 33 days PI the CD3+ cell finding was comparable to the control. The mean antibody titre was 9.2 log 2 at 14 days PI. The amino acid composition of VP2 in IBDVwt (222 Ala, 242 Ile, 253 Gln, 256 Ile, 279 Asp, 284 Ala, 294 Ile and 299 Ser) is described. The same sequence was found in IBDVtc, except for two point mutations, at Gln253→His and Ala284→Thr. Such amino acid substitution is responsible for partial attenuation and the ability of the strain to replicate in cell culture. None of the commercial vaccine viruses has a similar arrangement of amino acids in the variable domain of IBDV. This strongly suggests that IBDVtc originates from a very virulent strain. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a concomitant infection of chickens with highly pathogenic IBDV and its mutant counterpart.     

鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒弱毒株在鸡体连续传代后毒力增强的分子机理研究

将两株鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒（IBDV）弱毒株在SPF鸡体内连续传代至第5、第6代时,出现明显的法氏囊萎缩和B：B指数下降,表明IBDV弱毒株在鸡体内连续传代后毒力增强。为进一步阐释哪些基因位点导致了上述毒力的变化,本试验测定了基础弱毒株及其在鸡体内传代后各个代次毒的基因组序列,比对分析后发现VP2蛋白253位氨基酸发生了由H到Q或N的变异,表明VP2蛋白253位氨基酸的替换可能会增强传染性法氏囊病病毒在鸡体内的致病性。     

传染性法氏囊病病毒Gt株基因组A节段的克隆和序列分析

利用SPF鸡胚对鸡传染性法氏囊病超强毒vvIBDV-Gx株进行培育,通过鸡胚成纤维细胞对病毒进行传代致弱,使其成为弱毒株IBDV-Gt.从细胞适应毒中提取病毒dsRNA,通过反转录,使用Long-accurate PCR(LA-PCR)用一对引物一步直接扩增IBDV-Gt基因组A节段全长cDNA的方法,得到一约3.30kb的片段.测序结果证明已获得3255bp的A节段全长,对vvIBDV-Gx株和IBDV-Gt株的全部核苷酸及推导的氨基酸序列进行分析,结果表明IBDV-Gt株与国内外数株IBDV弱毒株的同源性在99%以上.     

超强毒IBDV GX8/99株不同传代毒致病性与VP5基因的关系分析

将vvIBDV GX8/99株原代毒、鸡胚毒、克隆化毒、回传SPF鸡10代次毒及克隆化细胞传20代次毒分别测定ELD50,以相同的ELD50病毒量分别接种SPF鸡,从而观察vvIBDV GX8/99株在传代过程中致病性的变化规律。同时分别提取病毒RNA,通过RT-PCR、PCR扩增、基因克隆、核苷酸序列测定和分析,对IBDV GX8/99株的24株不同传代毒的VP5基因进行比较,发现其同源性在94%～100%,并且有15个易发生变异的位点,其中位点bp#2、#8、#52、#145、#232、#272、#310、#364、#385、#409的碱基变异引起了相应氨基酸的改变,而位点bp#18、#285、#331、#354、#397的碱基变异没有引起相应氨基酸的变化。通过比较分析,可以看到在致死率由原代毒的86.7%降为GXE10的43.0%时VP5基因的核苷酸有4个位点发生了变异,致死率由GXE10的43.0%降为GXC23的3.3%时VP5基因的核苷酸有10个位点发生了变异;而将GXC23克隆化后的4株毒株致病性变化不大,并且仅在GXCL1-1的#8位点,GXCL2-1和GXCL4-1的#364位点发生变异;将4株克隆化毒株回鸡传10代后的致死率有一定程度的回升,且有2个位点发生变异;4株克隆化毒株在细胞上连续传20代后其致死率都降为0.0%,并且克隆株5没有发生核苷酸变异而克隆株1,2,4也仅有1个核苷酸位点发生变异。由此推论vvIBDVGX 8/99株的致病性与VP5基因某些氨基酸的变异有一定的关系,更可能与病毒对细胞的亲嗜性关系密切;这为探明vvIBDV毒力改变的分子基础,从而解释自然界中vvIBDV出现和致弱的原因提供了佐证。     

Changes in VP2 gene during the attenuation of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus strain Gx isolated in China

Very virulent (vv) infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) Gx strain with high pathogenicity was attenuated through replication in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos and in chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cell cultures. The changes in VP2 nucleotide and the deduced amino acid sequences were obtained during attenuation of vvIBDV in CEF culture. Sequence analysis of selected passages from numbers 0 to 20 in CEFs (designated here Gx to CEF-20) showed that no changes were detectable in the VP2 gene before CEF-7. There were a few changes in the nucleotide sequence of the VP2 gene but no amino acid substitutions at CEF-8. The virus of CEF-9 was an intermediate with some amino acid changes that possibly were related to virulence. CEF-10 virus had become similar to CU-1 strain. The VP2 gene sequence remained the same from CEF-10 to CEF-20. The results of pathogenicity tests showed that the mortalities of Gx, CEF-5, CEF-8, and CEF-9 in 4-wk-old SPF chickens were 64%, 60%, 60%, and 32%, respectively; whereas CEF-10, CEF-15, and CEF-20 were nonpathogenic. Virus neutralization tests with Gx strain showed that the antigenicities are similar from Gx to CEF-20.     

传染性法氏囊病病毒致弱毒株的培育及其遗传稳定性检测

隆化病毒株GX-IBDVE10C25Cl5为研究对象,将此毒株通过鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)连传25代。通过对克隆化毒株1、5、10、15、20、25代次传代毒TCID50(0.1ml)的测定及对41日龄的SPF鸡的致病性试验,结果表明克隆化毒株不同代次传代毒致病力逐代降低,从15代毒开始免疫器官指数、病理组织学变化与健康对照鸡相比差异不显著,由此证明此毒株已经被驯化为弱毒株,并且随着传代代次的增加遗传性能稳定。该弱毒株有望为控制vvIBDV的感染提供一条新的途径。     

Induction of strong protection by vaccination with partially attenuated serotype 1 Marek's disease viruses

Studies were conducted to better understand the relationship among Marcek's disease (MD) vaccine strains between induction of protective immunity and the degree of attenuation (or virulence). To obtain viruses at different stages of attenuation, very virulent plus MD strains 584A and 648A and selected clones of these strains were serially passaged in chicken and duck cells. These viruses were considered fully attenuated after passage for 70-100 times in chicken embryo cell cultures until they no longer induced gross lesions in susceptible, maternal antibody-negative (ab-) chickens. Lower passages of the same strains were considered partially attenuated, provided their virulence was less than that of the parent strain. Four of five partially attenuated preparations derived from MD virus strains 584A and 648A or the previously attenuated Md11 strain induced 28%-62% higher levels of protection in maternal antibody-positive (ab+) chickens against virulent MD challenge than the fully attenuated counterpart viruses. The partially attenuated 584A/d2/3 strain replicated in chickens but was totally nonprotective. Data from two subsequent trials in ab+ chickens confirmed that protection induced by the partly attenuated (passage 80) preparations was 79% and 118% higher, respectively, than that induced by the fully attenuated (passage 100) preparations of strain 648A. However, in one trial with ab- chickens, no difference in protection between partially and fully attenuated virus was observed. Strong protection (up to 85%) against highly virulent challenge also was provided by preparations of 648A at passages 40-60, which were moderately oncogenic when used alone. Partially attenuated strains tended to replicate to higher titers in both ab+ and ab- chickens compared with fully attenuated vaccines. Also, ab+ and ab- chickens vaccinated with partially attenuated strains developed three- to nine fold more extensive microscopic lesions in peripheral nerves at 14 and 22 days after virulent challenge than chickens vaccinated with fully attenuated strains. When measured in ab+ chickens, loss of lesion induction by 648A was achieved 30 passages earlier (at passage 70) than when measured in ab- chickens. Thus, maternal antibodies appeared to abrogate the pathogenicity of some partially attenuated strains. These studies establish for MD the principle that at least some partially attenuated MD viruses may replicate better and induce stronger immunity against virulent challenge than fully attenuated preparations of the same strain, at least when tested in ab+ chickens. Moreover, depending on passage level, partially attenuated vaccine strains may be relatively innocuous for ab+ chickens, causing few or no lesions.     

我国鸡传染性支气管炎病毒地方分离株生物学特性的研究

从我国新疆维吾尔自治区某鸡场发病症状及病理变化疑似鸡传染性支气管炎的病鸡有出血点病变的腺胃组织中分离病毒，在9－11日龄SPF鸡胚上连续传代9次，通过病毒对鸡胚的致病作用、病毒在电镜下的形态观察、病毒在鸡胚中的增殖动态变化、病毒在CEF中的增殖特性、凝集鸡红细胞的特性以及动物回归试验等来研究我国鸡传染性支气管炎病毒地方流行株的生物学特性。结果表明，该毒株的第一代尿囊液对鸡胚无肉眼可见的致病作用，当继代到第5代后，胚体严重病变；电镜观察该病毒为典型的冠状病毒；病毒在鸡胚中随着接种病毒时间的延长，其效价增高，96小时可达到48小时的1倍，该毒株可在CEF上生长，但不能形成明显的蚀斑；并且经1％胰酶处理后可疑集鸡红细胞；鸡胚的第4代尿囊液病毒回归动物体，可致鸡病变病死鸡肾脏病变尤为明显，呈典型的花斑肾，腺胃则未见肉眼可见的病变，接种鸡、同居鸡和对照鸡之间NDV疫苗免疫后其HI抗体水平无明显差异，但从发病症状来看，IBV对ND疫苗具有干扰作用。     

鸡痘病毒FJ01株的分离鉴定

为调查福建规模化养鸡场病鸡的死亡原因,试验以福建省送检的鸡冠及头部皮肤有大量结节状痘痂的病鸡病料为研究对象进行了PCR鉴定。初步鉴定为鸡痘病毒（FWPV）株后,通过接种鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜（CAM）分离病毒;用原代鸡胚成纤维细胞（CEF）和传代细胞DF-1细胞对病毒进行传代,观察该分离毒株在两种细胞上培养特性的异同;对被感染的CEF进行超薄切片观察病毒的分布及病毒粒子的形态;并针对该分离株的TK基因和FPV175基因序列进行同源性分析。结果显示,接种经抗生素处理后的病料匀浆液上清的CAM出现大面积单个白色隆起的痘斑,匀浆痘斑后同时接种CEF和DF-1细胞,两种细胞均能产生稳定可持续传代的细胞病变,但病变出现的时间及病变程度不同;透射电镜下观察到典型的FWPV粒子密集分布在CEF的胞浆中,清晰可见卵圆形外膜包裹着的两侧凹陷的核心。对其中23个病毒粒子进行统计测得病毒粒子的大小为（258~344） nm×（153~238） nm;针对FWPV TK基因和FPV175基因的PCR检测及测序结果与GenBank收录的FWPV（登录号：NC_002188.1）核苷酸序列同源性分别高达100%和99.8%。以上结果表明该分离毒株为FWPV,命名为FWPV-FJ01,为国内FWPV的防治提供了参考依据。     

表达新城疫病毒F基因重组鸡痘病毒的遗传稳定性

本实验为了评价表达新城疫病毒F基因重组鸡痘病毒（rFPV282E4-SF，rFPV Lp-SF）的遗传稳定性，将其在鸡胚成纤维细胞连续培养20代。通过蓝斑来鉴定重组鸡痘病毒纯度，结果所有蚀斑100％变蓝。通过对第0、10和20代F基因扩增并进行序列测定，所有碱基和氨基酸序列均和原始转移载体序列完全一致，没有发生任何改变。随后又通过间接免疫荧光证实rFPV282E4-FS和rFPV LP-FS各个代次F基因的特异表达。所有结果均显示了上述重组鸡痘病毒：艮有良好的遗传稳定性，满足兽医生物制品的遗传稳定性要求。     

IBDV B87株不同鸡胚代次毒力和细胞嗜性差异的比较研究

对IBDV疫苗株:B87的鸡胚传代毒E2和E6的VP2片段进行测序和分析,发现两个代次毒株VP2序列存在7个氨基酸的差异,即S76G、L217S、Q253H、D279N、A284T、I294.L、S330R。将E2和E6接种CEF细胞,E2不能在CEF'上增殖,而接种E6的CEF细胞可以产生明显的CPE,说明两个毒株对CEF的嗜性不同。分别将E2和E6接种3周龄SPF鸡,对鸡的毒力进行比较,接种后第7天开始,E2出现囊体比下降,BB指数明显低于E6,相应的法氏囊切片经HE染色后,接种E2的法氏囊滤泡萎缩严重,结构松散,E6只有部分滤泡出现萎缩,滤泡间隔基本正常,说明E2,E6对SPF'鸡法氏囊毒力存在明显差异。根据两个毒株的VP2序列差异以及相关研究,推测Q253H/D279N/A284T三个位点突变可能是IBDV毒力和细胞嗜性差异的分子基础,但另外4个位点也可能对IBDV毒力差异产生影响。     

新城疫病毒(长春株)F蛋白基因的克隆和序列分析

新城疫病毒（ＮＤＶ）长春株在鸡胚增殖后纯化,提取ＲＮＡ,然后利用特异性引物,经ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ一次性扩增出了ＮＤＶ长春株的全长Ｆ基因。将该Ｆ基因插入ｐＫＳ（－）后,进行了序列测定。序列分析表明,该Ｆ基因核苷酸长度为１７５８ｂｐ,编码５５３个氨基酸,序列中有６个糖基化位点,１３个半胱氨酸残基,裂解位点区（１１２～１１７）氨基酸序列为Ｇｌｙ－Ａｒｇ－Ｇｌｎ－Ｇｌｙ－Ａｒｇ－Ｌｅｕ,与所有弱毒株在这一区域的序列（Ｇｌｙ－Ａｒｇ／Ｌｙｓ－Ｇｌｎ－Ｇｌｙ／Ｓｅｒ－Ａｒｇ－Ｌｅｕ）相符,证明长春株为弱毒株。同源性分析表明,长春株Ｆ基因与目前国外发表的其他ＮＤＶＦ基因相比,核苷酸序列同源性在８８％～９９％之间,推导的氨基酸序列同源性在９０％～９８％之间     

传染性法氏囊病超强毒Gx株的致弱研究

本研究成功将鸡传染性法氏囊病超强毒vvIBDVGx株通过SPF鸡胚的快速培育及鸡胚成纤维细胞传代致弱，揭示了vvIBDV从超强毒力向弱毒力转化过程中，其主要结构蛋白VP2基因核苷酸及推导的氨基酸序列的变化规律。对不同代次细胞毒进行了序列分析。发现细胞毒在第7代以前，VP2基因序列没有改变。与欧洲标准超强毒氨基酸同源性达100%；细胞毒第8代，有个别核苷酸发生了改变。但没有影响氨基酸序列；细胞毒第9代是变化复杂的过渡代；10代毒VP2基因与欧洲标准弱毒Cu-1氨基酸序列同源性达97%；以后的细胞适应毒至20代。其VP2基因序列不再改变。致病性实验表明原代毒对4周龄SPF鸡致死率为64%。细胞毒第5代的致死率为60%，而20代毒对鸡无致病性。在鸡体内连续传代6代不返强。     

Relative rates of Aujeszky's disease virus attenuation, as assessed in mice

Field strains of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) were attenuated by heat treatment and serial passage at sub-optimal growth temperatures in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF). At chosen passage levels, virus was titrated in cell culture and in mice. For each strain, the pathogenicity was expressed as a mouse lethal index (MLI), defined as the inverse of the log10 (CCID50:LD50). MLIs determined for field strains displayed a wide range of comparatively high values. The attenuation of field strains was accompanied by a rapid fall in MLI values, particularly in the initial stages. Heat-treated ADV attenuated faster than untreated ADV, when passaged at 30 degrees C. Passage at 27 degrees C resulted in considerably accelerated attenuation compared to passage at 30 degrees C, in the case of both untreated and heat-treated ADV. MLIs were determined for attenuated ADV strains that had been tested in 6-day-old piglets. Low MLI values were found to correlate with low virulence in piglets and high MLI values with virulence.     

1株鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒的基因组特征与致病性

本研究旨在了解我国鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒(ILTV)流行毒株的分子特性.对1株分离自国内养殖场的鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒毒株BT株进行了部分基因序列(TK、ICP4、gB、UL32)测定分析,并研究了其对2周龄SPF鸡的致病性.遗传进化分析表明,BT株核苷酸序列与国内其他流行毒株相似性在97％以上,属于同一进化分支,未出现较...     

表达鸡马立克氏病病毒gB基因重组鸡痘病毒的遗传稳定性及生物安全性评价

为了评价表达鸡马立克氏病病毒gB基因重组鸡痘病毒(rFPV-gB/R)的遗传稳定性,我们将纯化后的重组病毒在CEF单层上连续传30代,引起细胞病变的速度和形态均未发生明显变化;覆盖含X-Gal的琼脂引起的空斑均为蓝色;间接免疫荧光实验证明rFPV-gB/R中的gB基因始终能稳定表达;序列测定结果表明,重组病毒在细胞上连续传30代、在SPF鸡上连续传5代后,gB基因序列没有发生任何变化;以0、10、20、30代重组病毒制成冻干疫苗进行的实验室免疫效力实验表明,细胞连续传代后rFPV-gB/R仍然保持了原有的免疫原性。可见重组鸡痘病毒gB基因的结构和免疫原性都是高度稳定的。为了评价rFPV-gB/R的生物安全性,我们将rFPV-gB/R通过SPF鸡连续传5代,检测病毒在鸡体的存在部位及其消长、生长繁殖性能和毒力变化;将rFPV-gB/R免疫鸡与未免疫鸡同笼饲养,攻击FPV-102E6强毒,以检测rFPV-gB/R感染鸡的接触传染性。结果显示,rFPV-gB/R在鸡体的存在时间大约为7d,在体内仅存在于接种部位;鸡体传代后痘病毒毒力有一定程度下降,gB基因核苷酸序列未发生任何变化;同居未免疫SPF鸡在痘病毒强毒攻击后全部发痘,可见重组病毒免疫鸡没有接触传染性,能在鸡体内稳定地传代,rFPV-gB/R具有高度的生物安全性。     

Characterization of an avian infectious bronchitis virus isolated in China from chickens with nephritis

One IBV isolate, SC021202, was isolated from the kidneys of the infected young chickens by inoculating embryonated eggs, and its morphology, physiochemical and haemagglutonating properties were detected. Virulence of the isolate SC021202 was determined with specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicken inoculation. Nucleotide acid sequence of S1 gene of the isolate SC021202 was further sequenced and analysed. The physiochemical and morphological properties of the isolate SC021202 were in accordance to that of typical infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). In a pathogenicity experiment, the clinical signs and related gross lesions resembling those of field outbreak were reproduced and the virus isolate SC021202 was re-isolated from the kidneys of the infected chicken. Sequence data demonstrated that the full length of the amplified S1 gene of the isolate SC021202 was composed of 1931 nucleotides, coding a polypeptide of 543 amino acid residues. Compared with IBV strains from GenBank, the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of S1 gene of the isolate SC021202 shared 60.0-91.4% and 49.1-88.9% identities, respectively. A nucleotide fragment of 'CTTTTTAATTATACTAACGGA' was inserted at nucleotide site 208 in the S1 gene of the isolate. These results indicated that IBV isolate SC021202 was a new variant IBV isolate and responsible for field outbreak of nephritis.