红毛丹炭疽病菌生物学特性研究

对红毛丹炭疽病病菌进行分离,鉴定病原菌为胶孢炭疽菌[Colletotrichum gloeosporioides(Penz.)Sacc.]。研究培养基、温度、湿度、pH值、光照、营养对红毛丹炭疽病菌生长和孢子萌发的影响。结果表明,该菌菌丝在PDA、CA和CZ培养基上生长较好,10~35℃下均能生长,适宜生长温度为25~28℃,分生孢子萌发的最适温度为28℃;病原菌在pH3~11都能生长,pH5~8生长较好,菌丝生长及孢子萌发最佳pH值为7;分生孢子在饱和湿度中萌发快,相对湿度低于99%时不能萌发;光照对病原菌的生长有明显的促进作用,病原菌的致死温度为:55℃,10min;PDA培养基中加入不同的糖对病原菌生长有明显的促进作用,以鼠李糖、果糖、半乳糖、麦芽糖、甘露糖和木糖最好;PDA培养基中添加2%的不同的无机氮源对病原菌的生长有明显的促进作用。     

椰子平脐蠕孢叶斑病病原鉴定及生物学特性测定

2012年10月,在海南省文昌市的椰子苗圃中,发现了一种新的叶斑病。显微观察表明,病原菌分生孢子稍弯曲,浅褐色,纺锤状或梭状,具有5~9个假隔膜、分生孢子梗多单生,直立或稍弯曲,表明其为平脐蠕孢属(Bipolari.sp)。ITS序列分析表明其和4株狗尾草平脐蠕孢的序列同源性(HE792936.1,JX462256,GUO73108.1,FJ606786.1)的同源性为99%。生物学特性研究结果表明:该菌菌丝适宜生长温度为20~30℃,菌丝生长和孢子最适萌发温度分别是25℃和30℃;最适p H值为4~11;玉米粉培养基(CAM)及马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(PDA)最适合菌丝生长,最佳碳源为蔗糖,甘油不适合菌丝生长;最佳氮源为蛋白胨,其次是磷酸氢二铵;完全光照有利于菌丝生长。菌丝及分生孢子的致死温度和时间分别是56℃,15 min。     

剑麻茎腐病病原生物学特性的研究

对剑麻茎腐病病原黑曲霉菌(Aspergillus niger Van.Teigh)生物学特性的研究结果表明,在培养基上,该菌菌丝生长的温度范围为15—39℃,最适32℃,产生分生孢子的温度范围为16—39℃,最适32℃,分生孢子萌发的温度范围为16—44℃,最适36℃;菌丝和分生孢子在60℃的水浴中处理10分钟即可致死。分生孢子必须在空气相对湿度≥92％的条件下才能萌发。光照对分生孢子的产生和萌发无影响。在pH4—9范围内菌丝可以生长,分生孢子能很好萌发,但较酸的条件(pH4—5)较有利于菌丝生长。分生孢子必须在营养较丰富的条件下才能萌发良好。K,Ca,S含量与菌丝生长和分生孢子产生及荫发关系不大。在离体剑麻叶片上,侵染成功的温度范围为20—42℃,最适于侵染的温度为36℃。空气相对湿度对侵染成功率及病斑扩展的影响不大。接种体数量对侵染成功率无影响,单个孢子也可以接种成功,但接种体数量较大则症状较早表现。多菌灵和灭病威杀菌剂在体外测验能很好地抑制菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发,且耐雨水冲刷,但灭病威的抑制作用比多菌灵强。     

亚龙湾海域海洋生态旅游活动对近岸海洋环境的影响

研究南繁区棉花炭疽病菌的生物学特性为筛选其杀菌剂提供理论依据。从海南省南繁棉花区采集病样分离得到病原菌,对病原菌进行生物学特性研究。结果表明：棉花炭疽病菌(HNNC8)菌丝在PDA培养基上生长最好;菌丝生长和孢子萌发的最适温度分别为25和30℃;最适pH值分别为7～9和6～8;连续黑暗条件较适合菌丝生长;菌丝在以麦芽糖、阿拉伯糖为碳源的培养基上生长最好;在以蛋白胨为氮源培养基上生长最好;病菌分生孢子致死温度为 55℃水浴处理 5 min。温度过高或过低酸性环境都会影响菌丝生长和分生孢子的萌发,且不同的碳源、氮源亦会影响病菌菌丝的生长。     

甜瓜棒孢叶斑病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性研究

对海南三亚发生的甜瓜棒孢叶斑病的危害症状进行了系统的描述,采用致病性试验、形态学观察及分子生物学的方法对引起该病的病原菌进行了鉴定,同时采用菌落生长法和玻片法测定了病原菌的生物学特性。结果表明：甜瓜棒孢叶斑病的病原菌为多主棒孢霉[Corynespora cassiicola（Berk. & Curst.）Wei];病原菌菌丝生长的最适宜培养基为大豆培养基,最适温度为 24~28 ℃,致死温度和时间为55 ℃、15 min,最适pH为 8~10,光照有利于菌丝生长,最适碳源为乳糖,最适氮源为NaNO3;分生孢子萌发的最适温度为 24 ℃,致死温度和时间为50 ℃、20 min。     

玉米北方炭疽病病原鉴定及不同条件对其生长的影响

针对近年来黑龙江、吉林等地玉米田普遍发生的一种叶斑病,利用形态学和r DNA-ITS序列分析方法对该叶斑病病原菌进行鉴定,并对该病原菌生长的影响条件进行初步研究。结果表明,该病害为玉蜀黍短梗霉菌[Aureobasidium zeae(NaritaY.Hirats)Dingley]引起的北方炭疽病。该病原菌最适培养基为PDA培养基,其次是燕麦培养基;在PDA培养基上生长最适温度为25℃,最适p H值为6,最适氮源为牛肉粉,最适碳源为α-乳糖。     

温郁金白绢病菌的生物学特性及药剂毒力测定

为明确温郁金白绢病菌(Sclerotium rolfsii)的生物学特性及对杀菌剂的敏感性,本实验研究了不同培养条件对病原菌菌丝生长和菌核形成的影响,并测定了10种杀菌剂对病原菌的抑制作用。结果表明,该菌菌丝生长和菌核形成的最适温度范围为30~32℃,适宜p H范围为5~7,适宜培养基为燕麦和玉米培养基;持续黑暗有利于菌丝生长,光暗交替有利于菌核形成;不同碳源和氮源对菌丝生长和菌核形成的影响差异显著,其中蔗糖和硝酸钠分别为最适碳源和氮源;菌丝和菌核致死温度分别为50℃和55℃。烯唑醇对该菌的抑制作用最强,EC50为0.1412 mg/L;其次是吡唑醚菌酯、苯醚甲环唑和氟硅唑;而代森锌和百菌清的抑制作用最差,不适合用于防治温郁金白绢病。     

玉米穗腐病样本中温和镰孢菌的鉴定及其生物学特性

为明确引起玉米穗腐病的一种不常见镰孢菌病原菌及其生物学特性,对采集的镰孢菌穗腐病样本进行病原菌分离和纯化,并通过柯赫氏法则（Koch''s Rule）、形态学特征和分子生物学技术对菌株进行鉴定。结果表明,分离到的菌株ZBSF002为温和镰孢菌（Fusarium temperatum）,是玉米穗腐病的致病菌。对其生物学特性研究表明,温和镰孢菌的最适碳源是可溶性淀粉,最适氮源是酵母浸粉,生长温度范围为10℃~35℃,最适温度为30℃。在pH值为4~11的培养基上均能生长和产孢,在pH值7~10培养基上菌丝生长较快且产孢量较大。光照对菌丝生长和产孢量影响不显著,菌株在光照、黑暗、交替光照3种培养条件下均能生长和产孢,连续光照条件下菌丝生长较快,且产孢量较大。病原菌菌丝和分生孢子致死温度为65℃、10 min。     

玉米苗枯病菌生物学特性及药剂防治研究

对引起玉米苗枯病的主要致病菌-串珠镰刀菌生物学特性进行了研究,并进行了药剂的初步筛选。结果表明,该菌菌丝生长的适宜温度范围在25～30℃,最适温度为30℃;分生孢子萌发的最适温度为30℃。菌丝生长的pH值适宜范围在6.5～12,以pH7.5时分生孢子萌发率最高。该菌在PDA、YA和PSA培养基上菌丝生长速率较快。病菌对麦芽糖、葡萄糖和对牛肉膏的利用好于其它碳源和氮源。供试的7种药剂中2.5%适乐时对玉米苗枯病菌菌丝生长抑制作用最强,盆栽防效试验以2.5%适乐时1∶350包衣效果最好。     

内蒙古马铃薯枯萎病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性

马铃薯枯萎病在内蒙古马铃薯种植区发生日趋严重。为明确其病原,2009~2014年对采自内蒙古各地的马铃薯枯萎病病样进行病原菌分离和鉴定。通过形态学鉴定和r DNA-ITS测序、同源性比对,得知引起内蒙古马铃薯枯萎病病原菌主要为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、三线镰刀菌(F.tricinctum)和茄病镰刀菌(F.solani)。生物学特性研究结果表明,尖孢镰刀菌的最适生长温度为25℃,最适p H为7,最适合生长的培养基为PDA、PSA、Bilais培养基,最适碳源为淀粉和麦芽糖,最适氮源为蛋白胨;三线镰刀菌的最适生长温度为20℃,最适p H为7,最适生长的培养基为玉米粉和燕麦粉培养基,最适碳源为淀粉,最适氮源为尿素;茄病镰刀菌的最适温度为30℃,最适p H为7,最适合生长的培养基为PSA培养基,最适碳源为葡萄糖和蔗糖,最适氮源为硝酸钾。     

Physicochemical Studies on Resistant StarchIn VitroandIn Vivo

Resistant starch (RS), producedin vitroby hydrolysis of retrograded pea starch gels and amylose gels by porcine pancreaticalpha-amylase, was characterised by X-ray diffraction, size exclusion chromatography and methylation analysis. These techniques showed that RSin vitroconsisted of semi-crystalline, mostly linear material that was present in two main molecular size subfractions (DP_n>100 andDP_n20–30) with a third, minor subfraction (DP_n≤5). The extent of retrogradation of amylose was found to be of primary importance in determining the RS content of starch. Analysis ofin vivoRS, recovered during an ileostomy study, produced results that were similar to those obtained from RSin vitro. Anin vitromodel for the structure of resistant starch is proposed.     

Alpha-amylase/subtilisin Inhibitor Levels in Australian Barleys

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the bifunctional alpha-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor (BASI) content of barley grain from 11 cultivars grown in six diverse locations in Australia. The inhibitor ranged from 119 to 254 μg/g in 57 barley samples. Genotype had a significant (P<0·05) effect on BASI content but there was no effect due to environment. Total protein varied independently of BASI and was influenced by environment and genotype. BASI content was higher (P<0·05) in malting barley than in feed barley and was correlated positively (r=0·29;P<0·05) with alpha-amylase activity in corresponding malts. The ELISA used monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies raised against purified BASI. In immunoblot analysis the monoclonal antibody showed high specificity for the inhibitor in barley and also detected the inhibitor in wheat. Low levels of inhibitor (mean 3·2 μg/g) were found in 12 Australian wheat cultivars using the ELISA developed for barley. The assay had a linear working range of 5–50 ng/mL with a detection limit of 2 ng/mL. Reproducibility between assays was good (CV=4·9%) but mean recoveries were high, ranging from 116–129% when purified inhibitor was added to barley extracts. The ELISA may have useful applications in brewing research and barley breeding programmes.     

In VitroDigestion of Wheat Microstructure with Xylanase and Cellulase fromTrichoderma reesei

Resistant starch (RS), producedin vitroby hydrolysis of retrograded pea starch gels and amylose gels by porcine pancreaticalpha-amylase, was characterised by X-ray diffraction, size exclusion chromatography and methylation analysis. These techniques showed that RSin vitroconsisted of semi-crystalline, mostly linear material that was present in two main molecular size subfractions (DP_n>100 andDP_n20–30) with a third, minor subfraction (DP_n≤5). The extent of retrogradation of amylose was found to be of primary importance in determining the RS content of starch. Analysis ofin vivoRS, recovered during an ileostomy study, produced results that were similar to those obtained from RSin vitro. Anin vitromodel for the structure of resistant starch is proposed.     

NR/ENR/SiO_2复合材料的阻尼性能研究

采用机械混炼的方法制备不同ENR含量的NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料,使用动态热机械分析仪(DMA)和橡胶加工分析仪(RPA)对NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料的动态力学性能和阻尼性能进行分析。结果表明:ENR对NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料的阻尼性能具有显著影响。动态热机械分析测试结果表明,随着ENR用量的增多,NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料在使用温度范围内的损耗因子积分面积增大,阻尼性能提高。橡胶加工分析频率扫描和应变扫描测试结果表明,在频率小于10 HZ不同应变时,加入了ENR的NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料的阻尼因子均高于NR/SiO2复合材料。扫描电镜分析结果证实,ENR的加入减少了SiO2的自聚,改善了填料在橡胶基体中的分散,从而使NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料力学性能得到提高。     

纳米TiO_2/天然橡胶复合材料的抗菌性研究

采用溶胶凝胶法,以钛酸四丁酯掺杂金属Ag制备纳米二氧化钛(Ag-TiO2)水溶胶,并与天然胶乳湿法共混制备得到纳米TiO2/天然橡胶复合材料。紫外可见光谱表明,金属Ag能提高TiO2的光催化性能;透射电子显微镜观察到TiO2颗粒粒径为50nm左右,并且均匀的吸附在胶粒表面。研究此复合材料的抗菌性能结果表明,其具有良好的抗细菌和抗霉菌效果,对大肠杆菌的抗菌率达到90%以上,特别是硫化过后的纳米TiO2/天然橡胶复合材料的抗细菌率更达98.5%。     

Polymorphism of Low Mr Glutenin Subunits in Triticum tauschii

A collection of 173 Triticum tauschii accessions was analysed to evaluate the variability of low molecular weight (M_r) glutenin subunits. These proteins were analysed by one-step one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and were divided into B-, C- and D-subunits in accordance with their electrophoretic mobility. Extensive polymorphism, both in the number and electrophoretic mobility, was detected in lowM_r glutenin subunits present in T. tauschii. Thirty different patterns for B-subunits and forty-three for C-subunits were identified, some of which were with identical electrophoretic mobility than those observed in hexaploid wheat. Glutenin subunits with the same electrophoretic mobilities of low M_r D-glutenin subunits as well as subunits encoded at the Glu-D4 and Glu-D5 loci, were also detected in accessions of T. tauschii. These results provide new basic knowledge regarding the genetics variability of the low M_r glutenin subunits, as well as their potential to create novel germplasm for the improvement of wheat quality in breeding programs.     

巴西橡胶树AnnHb1基因的克隆及表达分析

根据一个从巴西橡树胶乳cDNA文库中获得的EST片段的序列设计引物,通过RACE的方法获得了橡胶树编码annexin的cDNA,命名为AnnHb1。序列分析表明,AnnHb1长为1 198 bp,含有945 bp的阅读框,62 bp的5'-UTR和191 bp的3'-UTR,编码314个氨基酸,分子量为35.99 ku,等电点为8.18。该氨基酸序列与蓖麻、麻疯树、棉花、苜蓿、烟草和拟南芥中的annexin的同源性分别为82%、72%、72%、64%、60%和60%。半定量RT-PCR分析结果表明AnnHb1基因在愈伤、花、树皮、叶、胶乳中均有表达,其中在愈伤组织中表达量最低,树皮中表达量最高。     

Protein Inhibitors ofAlpha-amylase in Mature and Germinating Grain of Rye (Secale cereale)

The activities of endogenous (R-type) and exogenous acting (D-type) protein inhibitors ofalpha-amylase and the activities ofalpha- and total amylase were determined in milling fractions of rye. High D-type amylase inhibitor activities were detected in the embryo (255 IU/g) and in the endosperm fraction (64·9 IU/g), low inhibitor activities were found in the aleurone layer fraction (25·9 IU/g). The highest R-typealpha-amylase inhibitor activity was found in the aleurone layer fraction (32·6 IU/g), and the lowest value in the epidermis containing fraction (5·0 IU/g). The D- and R-typealpha-amylase inhibitor activities varied with growing conditions. D-type amylase inhibitor activities were found to be high in those samples which grew under drought conditions and low in samples cultivated under wet and cool weather. Higher R-typealpha-amylase inhibitor activities were found in rye genotypes cultivated under wet conditions and lower values under dry weather. There were small variations inalpha-amylase inhibitor activities between sprout-stable and sprout-sensitive rye genotypes. The D- and R-typealpha-amylase inhibitor activities of all varieties were stable during 72 h of germination. Similar soil conditions will therefore lead to differentialalpha-amylase inhibitor activities depending on weather conditions during growth.     

环氧天然胶／天然胶／高乙烯基顺丁胶共混物研究

环氧化天然胶／天然胶／高乙烯基顺丁胶（ＥＮＲ／ＮＲ／Ｈｖ－ＢＲ）共混物形成ＥＮＲ和ＮＲ／Ｈｖ－ＢＲ两相体系，加入吸附剂ＡＣ能消除塑化剂渗出。ＥＮＲ／ＮＲ／Ｈｖ－ＢＲ共混物具有较好的减震性能、优异的力学性能及较高的低温应力保持率。     

细旦涤麻棉针织物的纤维素酶整理

本文介绍了酶整理技术在细旦涤麻棉针织物上的应用，提出了现在主要三种纤维素酶处理细旦涤麻棉针织物的最佳工艺及效果。