马铃薯青枯病病原的鉴定

利用湖北省四个地点的马铃薯青枯病样本,对其病原物的菌落形态、碳水化合物利用、显微形态、鞭毛引物序列、演化型以及致病力等方面进行了分析。结果显示,在2,3,5-氯化三苯基四氮唑培养基上检测得到16个病原物菌落符合青枯菌菌落形态特征,包括菌落圆形,隆起,中间红色,乳白色分泌物,并伴有褐色物质;显微观察16个病原物中仅有6个病原物具有短杆状、两端钝圆的特点;而其中能够通过PCR扩增得到鞭毛序列的病原物仅有源自武汉的HZ4-14和HZ5-1,序列比对发现两者序列一致且与GMI1000等已测序青枯菌株同源性达到99%;演化型测定结果显示HZ4-14和HZ5-1均能得到144 bp的目标条带,为演化II型;利用四种不同马铃薯材料试管苗伤根接种鉴定结果显示两个菌株均具有一定致病力。结果表明,引起湖北省武汉市青枯病的病原物为雷尔氏青枯菌Ralstonia solanacearum,生理小种2号,演化II型(美洲组)。     

海南桑树青枯病病原菌鉴定及其分子鉴定

桑树青枯病是由青枯雷尔氏菌引起的细菌性病害,热带、亚热带地区发病严重,严重影响蚕桑产业的可持续发展。雷尔氏菌不同种间致病力和宿主各不相同,其防治策略也相应不同,准确地分离鉴定病原菌是青枯病有效防控的先决条件。本研究采集、分离了海南省琼中县桑青枯病发病桑园（‘桂桑优62’）桑树根部、茎部病原菌,并通过致病性、生理小种、生化变种测定,结合16S rDNA、特异性引物、复合PCR检测体系、序列变种等分子鉴定方法初步确定了病原菌的种类和分类地位。结果表明,引发海南省琼中县桑青枯病的病原菌属于青枯雷尔氏菌（Ralstonia solanacearum）、生理小种5（race 5）、生化变种Ⅴ（biovar Ⅴ）,病原菌遗传进化分析结果显示病原菌属演化型Ⅰ（phylotype Ⅰ）即亚洲分支菌株,序列变种12（sequevar 12）。这些结果将为海南桑青枯病的有效防控奠定基础。     

引起广西桑树“褐枯”的病原菌及致病机制研究

对广西地区的桑树发病初期叶片褐枯情况进行调查，通过收集桑树病株并进行分离。结果表明，得到优势菌株42株，各菌株形态基本一致。对分离到的菌株进行16S rDNA序列鉴定，比对后发现所有菌株序列均与劳尔氏青枯菌Ralstonia solanacearum（RS）相似度达99％，生化型分析结果显示主要为生化Ⅰ型。随机选择10个菌株进行致病力实验，结果表明，各菌株均具有致病性，部分菌株致病率达90％以上。其后利用扫描电镜观察青枯菌侵染桑苗过程，发现侵染后期桑根木质部导管内聚集大量菌体，堵塞整个导管。上述结果表明：广西地区桑树“褐枯”症状病害属于桑树青枯病，病原菌为劳尔氏青枯菌RS，其致病机制是通过在桑根木质部导管内大量定殖，堵塞导管阻止水分运输，最终导致植株枯萎死亡。     

花生青枯菌致病性的研究

从我国六个省的花生青枯病发生地区采集的36个花生青枯菌分离株,通过对六个不同抗病性的鉴别品种进行人工接种表明,所有菌株对鉴别品种均具有不同程度的致病力,菌株致病性分化十分明显。根据致病性的不同反应,可以划分为7个致病型,其中的V型和Ⅱ型出现率最高达36.1%和25%。且分布地区相当广泛,为我国花生青枯菌占优势的致病型。试验证明,我国南方病区菌株的致病力普遍比北方强;同一地区可以有不同致病型菌株混合存在;同一母株在不同的地理环境影响下,致病力会发生变化。通过7个省13处自然病圃的品种抗病性鉴定表现,所获结果与人工接种结果基本相同。只是在自然环境条件影响下,菌系的致病性分化更为复杂,出现的致病型更多。本试验为青枯菌系的研究,深入开展花生抗青枯病鉴定,发掘新抗源,加快抗病育种工作进程以及设计综合防治技术措施提供了依据。     

连续交叉接种对云南高原粳稻白叶枯病菌株变异的影响

 为了探索影响高原粳稻区白叶枯病菌变异的因子,以2个云南高原粳稻区白叶枯菌株2001 2、K 1为供试菌株,在毫糯扬、金南风、滇粳优5号和合系41等不同品种组合上连续接种或连续交叉接种后分离菌株,利用高原粳稻白叶枯病菌的鉴别品种和分子检测手段,对获得的菌株的致病型及基因变异进行分析。结果显示,原始菌株2001 2与其7个获得菌系（23个菌株）的致病型都不同,其中,除获得菌系6 2的3个菌株致病力增强外,其他6个获得菌系的20个菌株致病力均减弱;而原始菌株K 1的抗感反应模式与其获得菌系6 8的7个菌株完全相同。利用IS1112、hrpF引物进行菌株PCR扩增以及UPGMA聚类分析并将相应序列测序,结果显示,供试菌株IS1112、hrpF分子谱型的遗传分簇与菌株致病型之间无一一对应关系;在基因序列上,各菌株的IS1112和hrpF的两个序列片段表现出不同的碱基变化特征。两个原始菌株接种在不同抗性品种组合上获得的菌系的致病性变异具有特殊性和不定向性。     

花生青枯菌红安分离物的鉴定

从湖北红安发病花生根部分离到一个细菌分离物2C1,对该分离物进行了TZC显色反应,致病力的测定,16s rRNA、23s rRNA和鞭毛蛋白基因filc的PCR扩增,16s rRNA PCR扩增产物的序列分析。结果显示,分离物2C1在TZC培养基上表现出青枯菌的典型菌落形态,对花生具有强致病性,PCR扩增获得与预期大小的产物片段; 16s rRNA核苷酸序列具有与其它青枯菌分离物99%左右的一致性。上述结果表明：2C1是具有强致病力的花生青枯菌分离物。     

皖鄂地区水稻纹枯病菌致病力分化研究

采用温室苗期接种鉴定法,以抗感反应不同的5个水稻品种为材料,对从安徽省和湖北省采集的水稻纹枯病感病标样上分离的200个菌株进行了致病性鉴定。结果表明,水稻纹枯病菌不同菌株间致病力存在明显差异,在鉴别品种上的病情指数呈正态分布。基于5个鉴别品种的平均病情指数的动态聚类分析,将200个菌株划分为弱、中、强3种致病型,分别占供试菌株的29.5%、60.5%和10.0%,其中中等致病型菌株占优势。各致病型在地区间呈随机分布,表明自然条件下水稻纹枯病菌为混合致病群。Mantel测验表明,菌株致病力差异与菌株地域来源无明显相关。采用Bayes法建立了各致病型的判别函数,判别准确率达95.00%,说明采用聚类判别分析能够对水稻纹枯病菌致病力的分化进行合理的判断。     

湖南常德地区棉花黄萎病菌培养特性及致病力分化研究

从常德4个主产棉县采集棉花黄萎病株,分离获得37个黄萎病菌单孢菌株,对其培养特性和致病性进行了研究。菌株培养性状研究表明,在分离的37个菌系中,菌丝型菌株最多,其次是中间型,最少的是菌核型,3种类型菌株分别占所有菌株的67.6%,24.3%和8.1%。选用陆地棉感病品种冀棉11号作为鉴别寄主对供试菌株做致病力测定,结果表明,37个菌株可归为3个类群:I型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型,分别占供试菌株的13.5%,8.1%,78.4%,证实常德植棉区黄萎病菌种群存在明显的致病力分化。     

青枯病菌研究进展

细菌性青枯病是由茄科雷尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)引起的一种世界范围的细菌性土传病害,广泛分布于热带、亚热带及部分温带地区。青枯病菌寄主广泛,可侵染50多个科的200余种植物,给作物生产带来巨大损失。充分了解青枯病菌是进行青枯病防治的重要前提。本文从青枯病菌的菌群分类、基因组结构、致病机制与致病途径、病菌检测等方面做了系统的阐述,并对基于青枯病菌及寄主植物基因组序列信息,研究和探讨青枯病菌致病机制与青枯病防治进行了展望。     

浙江省水稻纹枯病菌的遗传分化与致病力研究

鉴定了从浙江省各地采集的60株水稻纹枯病菌株的菌丝融合群归属情况。该60个菌株均与AG-1融合群的3个亚群AG-1-ⅠA、AG-1-ⅠB、AG-1-ⅠC的标准菌株融合,当属AG-1融合群。其中,有58株均与标准菌株AG-BⅠ融合,所有菌株与其他标准菌株均无融合现象。通过离体接种对菌株致病力进行鉴定,发现各菌株间致病力差异显著。致病力最强的TTZF-1与其中52个菌株差异极为显著。进一步的转录间隔区(ITS)序列分析显示,系统发育树的结果与融合群鉴定的结果一致,与菌株间致病力差异无相关性。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.