傍晚断奶可提高仔猪的采食量和生长率

仔猪断奶后的一段时问是猪一生中最重要的时期之一.不同窝的仔猪来到一起会互相攻击,一般要花上几个小时,有时甚至长达一周的时间才会建立起秩位等级.在这一过渡时期内,仔猪常常完全不吃食或吃得很少.以前的研究表明,仔猪刚断奶后的攻击行为会导致相互间发生打斗,并且会降低对疾病的抵抗力,从而降低猪的生产性能.另一项研究表明,为了控制攻击行     

断奶仔猪采食量的目标

仔猪断奶后第1周吃什么？这是一个存在很大争议的话题。     

影响断奶仔猪采食量的主要因泰

断奶仔猪采食量不仅影响断奶后早期的生长发育,且对整个生长期的生产性能也具有关键性的作用,断奶前的补饲、断奶后日粮的物理形态、气味与味道、消化率以及饮水、光照、饲养密度都对其采食量具有重要的影响,可采取针对性措施来降低断奶应激,提高养猪生产效益.     

饲料适口性可提高幼龄仔猪的采食量

优化幼龄仔猪的采食量是一项真正的挑战性工作,并且需要大量的知识和可提高日粮适口性的专门技术。饲料的味道不仅取决于其成分的性质,还取决于其组成。在配制能够提高仔猪采食量和幼龄仔猪畜牧学生产性能时,所有的因素必须加以考虑。     

浅析仔猪采食量及其提高途径

采食量是保证动物生产性能充分发挥的关键因素。也是提高生产效率的重要前提。生产实践中，动物采食量的重要性与作用常被过低估计，不同养殖场猪采食量的变异至少达到25％。这将不可避免地对猪的生长和养殖场的效益产生巨大影响。猪的采食量低下问题突出地表现在哺乳母猪、小猪和仔猪上，本文现就仔猪的采食量话题作一阐述。[第一段]     

提高断奶仔猪采食量与减少腹泻的策略

断奶仔猪肠道微生态不平衡,免疫系统发育不完全。如果外界环境发生变化很容易引起仔猪腹泻,严重影响养猪场的生产成绩,造成经济损失。仔猪腹泻的发生原因复杂,而保证断奶后采食量是防止仔猪腹泻的主要因素。本文就如何提高断奶仔猪采食量,减少腹泻进行综述,为断奶仔猪的饲养提供一定的参考。     

喷雾-干燥猪血浆和色氨酸对断奶仔猪采食量和生产性能的影响

此研究包括3个试验．在试验1中仔猪被随机分为4个处理．处理1．玉米-豆粕型饲粮添加5％SDPP（喷雾-干燥猪血浆），色氨酸水平是0．237％；处理2，玉米-豆粕型饲粮添加10％肉骨粉。色氨酸水平是0．177％；处理3，处理1＋0．066搋合成色氨酸，总色氨酸水平是0．303％：处理4，处理2＋0．0662％合成色氨酸，总色氨酸水平是0．243％。在试验2中仔猪被随机分为4个处理，处理1，玉米-豆粕型饲粮＋10％肉骨粉，总色氨酸水平是0．176％：处理2，玉米-豆粕型饲粮＋10％肉骨粉＋5％SDPP，总色氨酸水平是0．180％：处理3，处理1＋0．004％合成色氨酸，总色氨酸水平是0．180％；处理4，     

Piglet gut health linked to high feed intake

如果断奶仔猪采食量得当,它们几乎不会发生肠道损伤.高采食量有利于仔猪消化和吸收蛋白质、淀粉等养分,从而达到想要的生长水平.断奶仔猪的肠道健康及其生长性能研究表明,高采食量会使病原菌濒临绝境,有利于生产出健康的猪.对于养猪生产者而言,用抗生素和锌使仔猪肠道保持健康水平并非是可选方案,因为这两种办法正受到控制,并逐步淘汰.另外,与大肠杆菌相比,链球菌似乎更容易导致仔猪患病和死亡.     

鸡群饮水与喂料管理的细节

一 饮水 1饮水设备的管理 （1）育雏鸡按每50只鸡配备1只手提式饮水器（容量3-5kg,每只鸡2cm饮水位置）;育成、产蛋鸡按每100只鸡配备1只普拉松饮水器。     

The relationship between residual feed intake and feed intake behavior in group-housed Duroc barrows

Because feed is the major input in pork production, conversion of feed into lean tissue at minimum costs has been a focus for improvement. Several researchers have proposed using residual feed intake (RFI) rather than feed conversion ratio (FCR) for genetic improvement of feed efficiency. Little is known about the variation in RFI in pigs. As several studies suggest a greater RFI is related to greater animal activity levels, the current study investigated the phenotypic relationship between RFI and feed intake (FI) behavior of 104 group-housed growing Duroc barrows allowed ad libitum access to feed. Feed intake, BW gain, feeding time (TIME), feeding frequency (VISITS), RFI, and FCR were calculated for 5 periods of 14, 23, 28, 21, or 23 d in length (periods 1 through 5, respectively) on animals that were between 73 to 95 d of age at the start of the testing period. Barrows that grew faster consumed more feed (P < 0.001), and barrows that consumed more feed were fatter (P < 0.01). There were no correlations between VISITS and TIME, between VISITS and FI, or between VISITS and RFI. Barrows that spent more time at the feeder, however, consumed more feed (P < 0.05) and had greater RFI in periods 1, 3, and 5 (P < 0.05). As expected, FI and FCR were highly correlated with RFI (P < 0.001). These results suggest that a greater FI rather than greater feed intake activity resulted in greater RFI values.     

Effect of selection for residual feed intake on feeding behavior and daily feed intake patterns in Yorkshire swine

Residual feed intake (RFI) is a measure of feed efficiency defined as the difference between observed and predicted feed intake based on average requirements for growth and maintenance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of selection for decreased RFI on feeding behavior traits and to estimate their relationships with RFI. Three data sets from the 4th and 5th generations of a selection experiment with a line selected for reduced RFI (LRFI) and a randomly selected control line (CTRL) were analyzed. Lines were mixed in pens of 16 and evaluated for feeding behavior traits obtained from a single-space electronic feeder over a growing period of ~3 mo before ~115 kg. The following traits were evaluated as averages over the entire test period and over the first and second half of the test period: number of visits per day and hour; occupation time per day, visit, and hour; feed intake (FI) per day, visit, and hour; and FI rate per visit. Models used included fixed effects of line and feeder, covariates of on-test age and FI per day, and random effects of pen, on-test group, sire, and litter. Repeated measures models were used to analyze feeding patterns during the day. The LRFI pigs had significantly less FI per day than CTRL pigs for all 3 data sets. With adjustment for FI per day, line differences of all traits were in the same direction for all 3 data sets but differed in significance and size. Feed intake per visit and hour and visits per day and hour did not differ between lines, but the trend was for LRFI pigs to have fewer visits, in particular during peak eating times. The LRFI pigs had a greater feeding rate and less occupation time per day, visit, and hour than CTRL pigs, but this was not significant for all data sets. Correlations of RFI with FI per day and visit and visits per day were positive. Average daily gain was positively correlated with FI per day and visit and occupation time per visit but negatively correlated with visits per day. Feed intake per day was positively correlated with backfat. In conclusion, feed efficiency may be affected by FI behavior because selection for decreased RFI has resulted in pigs that spend less time eating and eat faster.     

Effect of twinning on the feed intake, performance and health of dairy cows

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of bearing twins on the health and performance of dairy cows. Data from twin-bearing Holstein Friesian cows at the Langhill Dairy Research Centre between January 1990 and July 2002 were compared to single-bearing cows to determine if there was any significant difference in milk production, feed intakes, health and fertility. There were 122 twin births (from 104 different cows) in the Langhill herd, a rate of 4.7% during the study period.

The incidence of twinning was higher in high genetic merit cows (select genetic line cows) and increased with parity (r = 0.870, P < 0.01). Compared to a single-bearing cow, a twin pregnancy was associated with a shorter gestation period, an increased chance of a retained placenta after calving and a poorer body condition score post-calving. The post-calving condition score of twin-bearing cows was negatively correlated with the total weight of calves born (r = − 0.235, P < 0.05). Twin-calving cows also had significantly more dystocia, a higher chance of having a dead calf, an increased number of days from calving to their first observed heat and number of days from calving to their first service. Dystocia was positively correlated with the number of dead calves at birth (r = 0.309, P < 0.01) and with the total weight of calves born (r = 0.211, P < 0.05). Twin-bearing cows on a low-concentrate diet had an increased chance of having metritis and/or endometritis compared to single-bearing cows on the same diet. There was no significant difference in the reason for culling or the time at which cows were culled post-calving, however, twin-bearing cows on a low-concentrate diet were 3.2 times more likely to be culled than a single-bearing cow, with cows on a high-concentrate diet having equally high levels of culling. There were no significant differences between twin- and single-producing cows' mean daily feed intakes, daily milk yields, total milk yields and milk fat and protein compositions during early, mid and late lactation pre and postpartum on a low- or high-concentrate diet. The body condition and drying off period of twin pregnant cows should be managed to avoid post-calving health and performance problems.     

Fine mapping quantitative trait loci for feed intake and feed efficiency in beef cattle

Feed intake and feed efficiency are economically important traits in beef cattle because feed is the greatest variable cost in production. Feed efficiency can be measured as feed conversion ratio (FCR, intake per unit gain) or residual feed intake (RFI, measured as DMI corrected for BW and growth rate, and sometimes a measure of body composition, usually carcass fatness, RFI(bf)). The goal of this study was to fine map QTL for these traits in beef cattle using 2,194 markers on 24 autosomes. The animals used were from 20 half-sib families originating from Angus, Charolais, and University of Alberta Hybrid bulls. A mixed model with random sire and fixed QTL effect nested within sire was used to test each location (cM) along the chromosomes. Threshold levels were determined at the chromosome and genome levels using 20,000 permutations. In total, 4 QTL exceeded the genome-wise threshold of P < 0.001, 3 exceeded at P < 0.01, 17 at P < 0.05, and 30 achieved significance at the chromosome-wise threshold level (at least P < 0.05). No QTL were detected on BTA 8, 16, and 27 above the 5% chromosome-wise significance threshold for any of the traits. Nineteen chromosomes contained RFI QTL significant at the chromosome-wise level. The RFI(bf) QTL results were generally similar to those of RFI, the positions being similar, but occasionally differing in the level of significance. Compared with RFI, fewer QTL were detected for both FCR and DMI, 12 and 4 QTL, respectively, at the genome-wise thresholds. Some chromosomes contained FCR QTL, but not RFI QTL, but all DMI QTL were on chromosomes where RFI QTL were detected. The most significant QTL for RFI was located on BTA 3 at 82 cM (P = 7.60 x 10(-5)), for FCR on BTA 24 at 59 cM (P = 0.0002), and for DMI on BTA 7 at 54 cM (P = 1.38 x 10(-5)). The RFI QTL that showed the most consistent results with previous RFI QTL mapping studies were on BTA 1, 7, 18, and 19. The identification of these QTL provides a starting point to identify genes affecting feed intake and efficiency for use in marker-assisted selection and management.     

Bayesian analysis of the effect of selection for residual feed intake on growth and feed intake curves in Yorkshire swine

Gompertz growth functions were fitted to longitudinal measurements of daily feed intake (DFI) and BW of 586 boars and 495 gilts from a selection experiment in Yorkshire pigs for residual feed intake (RFI). The selection experiment consists of a line selected for low residual feed intake (LRFI) for 5 generations and a randomly selected control line (CTRL). The objectives of this study were to use Bayesian methods to estimate genetic parameters of the Gompertz curve parameters for DFI and BW, to evaluate the effect of selection for reduced RFI on the Gompertz parameters and shape of curves for DFI and BW, and to develop methodology for quantifying genetic variation at the level of the original phenotypes for DFI and BW based on the Bayesian analysis of the nonlinear model. Separate analyses were done for boars and gilts and for BW and DFI. A hierarchical model was specified in 2 levels: in the first level, the Gompertz function was modeled for each pig, and at the second level, a 3-trait linear mixed model was fitted to the 3 Gompertz parameters (asymptotic value, inflection point, and decay parameter), with fixed effects of line by generation and random effects of additive genetic and environmental effects. Bayesian methods were used to combine the 2 levels of modeling. A total of 30,000 random samples of the posterior distributions after convergence of Markov chains were used for inference. Posterior means of heritability within the first level of the model for the asymptotic value, inflection point, and decay parameter for DFI were 0.74, 0.66, and 0.82 for boars and 0.79, 0.70, and 0.57 for gilts; corresponding estimates for BW were 0.64, 0.58, and 0.60 for boars and 0.46, 0.35, and 0.33 for gilts. For DFI, LRFI boars had a reduced mature DFI (2.91 vs. 3.20 kg/d) and an earlier inflection point (85 vs. 95 d) compared with CTRL boars. For BW, LRFI boars had a lighter mature BW (279 vs. 317 kg), an earlier inflection point (184 vs. 198 d), and a decreased decay parameter (127 vs. 134 d) compared with CTRL boars. In contrast, LRFI gilts had a later inflection point (225 vs. 200 d) and a greater decay parameter (172 vs. 143 d) than CTRL gilts for BW. The other Gompertz curve parameters for DFI and BW for boars and gilts were considered not different between lines, with posterior probabilities of the line differences being greater than zero ranging from 0.1 to 0.9.     

饲料调味剂对育成期蓝狐采食量和采食行为的影响

试验在蓝狐干粉饲料中添加肝脏香、鸡肉香等不同种类的饲料调味剂,通过对比蓝狐对基础饲粮和添加调味剂饲粮以及不同调味剂饲粮组之间的采食量和采食速度差异,确定对育成期蓝狐有诱食效果的调味剂种类以及添加剂量。饲养试验采用自由选择法试验,蓝狐自由采食对照组及试验组饲粮,试验组饲粮调味剂包括肝脏香、鸡肉香、玉米香、奶香型、甜味剂和大肠香等6种,设置了基础饲粮与每种调味剂对比,以及筛选不同调味剂之间对比总计10组对照模式。选取育成期体重相近的健康蓝狐60只,随机分成10组,每组6只,公母各半,单笼饲养。预饲期7 d,试验期14 d,每只蓝狐提供2个料盆,同时饲喂试验组和对照组饲粮,笼箱顶端安装摄像头监控蓝狐采食行为,试验期全程采集6 d的监控录像。结果表明:育成期蓝狐对不同饲粮试验组和对照组表现出不同的采食行为,奶香型与对照组偏嗜指数1.50、奶香型与鸡肉香偏嗜指数1.53,甜味剂与鸡肉香组偏嗜指数1.40,这三组的偏嗜指数高于其他组;玉米香和肝脏香组偏嗜指数均为0.99,表明玉米香和肝脏香对育成期蓝狐无明显诱食效果。采食速度最高组出现在第4组,奶香型饲量达到352.74 g/s,高于对照组和其他试验组饲粮。试验从5种饲料调味剂中筛选出奶香型和甜味剂对育成期蓝狐有显著的诱食效果,为合理利用调味剂配制适合育成期蓝狐的饲料以及提高生产性能提供理论数据支持。     

Protein intake but not feed intake affects dietary energy for finishing pigs

The effects of dietary protein and feeding levels on dietary metabolizable (ME) and net energy (NE) content were determined in 24 pigs, each offered two diets at 2.0 times the energetic maintenance requirement or for ad libitum intake between 55 and 95 kg body weight. Within feeding levels, pigs received, in random order, low‐protein (LP; 11.2% CP, 0.61% lysine) or high‐protein (HP; 20.2% CP, 0.61% lysine) diets of similar digestible energy content. Dietary NE was calculated from heat production based on 24‐h indirect calorimetry following a 7‐day N‐balance period. Feed intake was greater for LP than HP when fed for ad libitum intake (p = 0.001). Protein level did not affect daily gain (p > 0.1) but HP improved gain: feed (p = 0.003). Dietary ME and NE were not significantly affected by feeding level but were decreased by high protein intake (p < 0.07). Reducing dietary protein reduced urinary energy losses and increased energy retention but did not affect heat production. The effect of dietary protein restriction was already evident on the ME level and carried over to a similar degree to the NE level because the utilization of ME was not affected by protein level. Dietary ME and NE decreased by 0.012 MJ/kg (p = 0.014) and 0.018 MJ/kg (p = 0.062), respectively, for each gram per day N intake. The results suggest that although there was an effect of protein level on NE, the greatest effect occurred at the level of ME. However, the prediction of both ME and NE may be improved by adopting energy values for dietary protein that changes with dietary protein content.     

Dietary nano-chromium tripicolinate increases feed intake and decreases plasma cortisol in finisher gilts during summer

Chromium (Cr) is an essential mineral element and has been used in pig diets to improve growth performance, insulin sensitivity, immune response and carcase traits and to reduce heat or other stress responses. The aims of thiss study were to determine the impact of nano-sized chromium tripicolinate (nCrPic) on growth performance, feed efficiency and carcase characteristics of finisher gilts during the summer period. A total of 60 finisher Large White x Landrace gilts were stratified on initial weight and then within strata randomly allocated into two treatment groups in three replicates during mid-summer for 28 days. All pigs were housed in individual pens and had ad libitum access to feed and water. Pigs were fed either a control finisher diet (wheat-based diet containing 13.8 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kilogram and 0.56 g available lysine/MJ DE) or a control diet containing 400 ppb Cr as nCrPic. Dietary nCrPic supplementation increased feed intake by 6 % over the entire study (P?=?0.05). In particular, dietary nCrPic increased average daily feed intake (ADFI) by 8 % (P?=?0.02) during the final 2 weeks of the study. Moreover, dietary nCrPic tended to improve average daily feed (ADFI) over the entire study (P?=?0.09). However, there were no significant effects of nCrPic on feed conversion ratio (FCR), final weight, hot standard carcase weight (HCWT), P2 depth or dressing percentage. Plasma cortisol was decreased by 25 % (P?=?0.06) by dietary nCrPic supplementation. However, there were no effects of nCrPic on plasma glucose, insulin and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), might because of the higher feed intake. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that dietary nCrPic supplementation at 400 ppb can increase feed intake in finisher gilts during mid-summer, suggesting that nCrPic can ameliorate some of the negative effects of heat stress in pigs, possibly via decreased of circulating cortisol.