蛇鳄龟稚龟摄食行为初探

为研究光照、饥饿、饵料规格和驯食等对蛇鳄龟(Chelydra serpentina)稚龟摄食行为的影响,用全长(1.80±0.25)cm的尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)(A)、全长(0.96±0.07)cm的尼罗罗非鱼(B)、全长(0.96±0.12)cm的红罗非鱼hybirds tilapia(C)3种活体饵料对蛇鳄龟稚龟[(8.74±1.16)g]进行了饲喂试验。试验结果显示:主动搜寻捕食是蛇鳄龟稚龟的主要摄食方式;光照对其摄食量有极显著影响(P0.01);饥饿程度与捕食频率显著相关(P0.05),但对捕食成功率无统计学影响(P0.05);蛇鳄龟倾向于捕食大规格饵料,但过度饥饿会降低这种偏好的程度;从小驯食不同颜色的饵料(B和C)会影响稚龟对饵料颜色的选择。结果表明,视觉是稚龟捕食行为中的主要感觉系统,获取"最大净收益"是稚龟的捕食策略,驯食影响它对饵料颜色的选择则是典型的食物印记。饥饿状态会影响蛇鳄龟对饵料的选择性,过度饥饿使之更多地表现为随机捕食。     

养殖鱼类摄食行为的特征提取研究与应用进展

为解决养殖过程中饲料浪费和水质污染的问题,鱼类摄食行为的研究一直受到广大研究者的重视.量化鱼类摄食行为,提取可用摄食参数,构建精确的摄食模型是优化投喂策略的有效途径.总结了摄食过程中主要觅食感觉器官、捕食量化指标和摄入声信号特征.综述了养殖期间影响摄食行为的环境因素.对比分析了两种监测技术的研究进展及优缺点,即基于可见...     

化学感觉和机械感觉与鱼类摄食行为关系的研究进展

鱼类的摄食行为是多种感觉器官共同作用的结果。然而,不同生态习性的鱼类在摄食行为中起主导作用的感觉器官是不同的。对于底层活动、夜间活动、深水活动的鱼类,由于生存环境光线较弱,非视觉器官,如化学感觉器官、电觉器官和侧线机械感觉器官等在摄食行为中具有更为重要的作用。根据近年来国内外的研究成果,本文综述了化学感觉和机械感觉与鱼类摄食行为关系的研究进展。重点阐述了嗅觉化学感觉和侧线机械感觉在鱼类捕食行为中的作用。     

太湖鱼类群落变化规律、机制及其对环境影响分析

通过渔获物调查并结合历年鱼类渔获统计资料,用Wilhm改进式计算鱼类组成的均匀度指数,研究了太湖鱼类群落组成变化的规律.用鱼类食物个数组成比例、体积组成比例及食物重叠指数等定量指标,分析了富营养化条件下太湖主要鱼类的食物组成特点及相互关系;并根据渔获物统计资料,用SAS软件建立最优回归模型作为辅助手段,分析了鲚与主要鱼类数量变化间可能存在的关系,探讨太湖鱼类群落演替的内部机制.结果表明:(1)太湖鱼类群落组成变化的规律表现为鱼类种类在不断减少,鲚为绝对优势种,总量快速上升,鱼类组成的均匀程度逐年下降,鲚、鲤、鲫等鱼类年龄结构低龄化趋势加强;(2)富营养化条件下,太湖主要鱼类的食物组成特点及相互关系是鲚主要摄食枝角类,太湖新银鱼主要摄食桡足类,它们的主要食物有很大差别;鲚和鲢、鳙食物中浮游动物组成比例几乎相同,在蓝藻没有暴发期间存在食物竞争;翘嘴鲌、蒙古鲌的主要食物是鲚和小型鱼类,它们之间有捕食与被捕食关系;鲤丰要摄食水生植物和底栖动物,鲫主要摄食篮藻,鲚与鲤、鲫可能存在功能上相互促进的共生关系.这些食物关系和鲚与主要鱼类数量变化的最优回归模型结果相一致.太湖鱼类群落演替的内部机制是特有的鱼类间相互关系,而环境变化通过这种相互关系起作用.鱼类群落变化对环境的主要影响是浮游动物食性鱼类数量的快速上升,对浮游动物的牧食压力不断增加,可能使藻类更易暴发;鲢、鳙、鲫主要摄食蓝藻,可能有抑制蓝藻暴发的作用.控制鲚数量快速增加的有效调控途径是降低捕捞强度,增加鲚捕食者--鲌、食物竞争者--鲢鳙的数量.     

海洋鱼类摄食生态与食物网研究进展

首先总结归纳了海洋鱼类摄食生态与食物网研究中的实验方法,主要包括胃含物分析法、碳氮稳定同位素法、特定化合物同位素法等实验方法的发展历史和应用现状;随后介绍了海洋鱼类摄食生态与食物网最新研究进展和取得的成绩,主要包括海洋鱼类摄食生态中食物组成、摄食方式、摄食量和食物用于机体各种生命活动分配方式,以及海洋食物网研究中以传统胃含物分析法为基础、以简化食物网为核心,碳氮稳定同位素技术和生态系统模型的应用发展;最后,着重分析了我国海洋鱼类摄食生态和食物网研究中有待解决的问题,并对该领域今后的发展趋势进行了展望。     

鱼类食性和食物网研究评述

鱼类食性和食物网的研究对于了解鱼类群落的结构与功能具有重要意义。本文主要结合国内外有关鱼类食性和食物网研究的报道，概括性叙述了在进行鱼类的食物组成、食性比较、摄食的时空变化、摄食的选择性、营养级、摄食量、食物网及其营养动力学研究时所使用的方法，并对我国开展此类研究的前景和存在的问题进行了讨论。     

Apelin与鱼类摄食

鱼类通过摄食活动获得能量和营养物质,而食欲是影响鱼类摄食的重要因素之一。食欲调控是一个复杂的网络,大脑整合机体能量和摄食信号,通过食欲调节因子(包括促进食欲因子和抑制食欲因子)调控鱼类摄食行为。Apelin作为一种新型内分泌因子,在体内发挥广泛的生物学作用。其中,Apelin在摄食调节方面的作用正在引起学者的关注。本文以哺乳动物为参照,综述了Apelin的组织分布、饥饿和营养物质对Apelin表达的影响、Apelin处理对鱼类摄食的影响及其潜在的机制和信号通路,旨在为促进鱼类摄食和水产养殖提供参考。     

鱼类的摄食感觉

鱼类的摄食感觉是决定鱼类摄取食物与否的关键,也是鱼类营养学研究的基础.文章简要介绍了鱼类的摄食感觉器官--嗅觉、味觉、侧线、视觉的结构和功能,不同感觉器官在鱼类摄食过程中的作用以及不同感觉器官的反应在摄食过程中的关系.     

鱼类摄食行为的感觉基础

感觉器官在摄食行为上的作用,是研究鱼类行为和感觉的一个基本方向。本文的目的是对有关鱼类摄食行为的感觉基础这一问题的现状进行分析。摄食是一些单独的行为时相或动作依次交替的复杂过程。它由机体获得环境中的食物信号开始,终止于最后将其吞食或摒弃。摄食行为的特殊之处是鱼的感官无例外地全部参与其中。由于这类行为的复杂性和多感觉特征,在分析其感觉基础时,必须预先将其划分为一些阶段或时相,这样做还与鱼类生态(包括营养生态以及摄食类型和方式)的多样性有关.     

利用水蚯蚓池塘网箱养殖黄鳝试验

黄鳝为底栖生活鱼类,适应力强,几乎能在各种淡水水域中生存,为肉食性鱼类,在特别饥饿或人工驯化的条件下,也采食植物性饵料或配合饲料。在野生状态下,主要摄食水、陆昆虫及其幼虫,也捕食蝌蚪、幼蛙、小鱼、小虾等,一般野生条件下生长较为缓慢,在人工养殖条件下,饵料充足,     

The effects of amphetamine injections on feeding behavior and the brain expression of orexin, CART, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) in goldfish (Carassius auratus)

In this study, the effects of peripheral (intraperitoneal) injections of d-amphetamine on feeding behavior were assessed in goldfish. Compared with the saline-injected group, amphetamine injections decreased food intake at doses ranging from 1 to 75 μg/g, but not 0.5 μg/g, but increased locomotor behavior, as indicated by the increased number of total feeding and non-feeding acts, at doses ranging from 2.5 to 25 μg/g. Amphetamine at high doses inhibited both food intake (at 25, 50 and 75 μg/g) and feeding behavior (at 75 μg/g). In the hypothalamus, the expression of orexin was down-regulated, and both CART 1 and CART 2 expressions were up-regulated in amphetamine-treated fish (50 μg/g) as compared to saline-injected fish, but amphetamine treatment had no effect on either hypothalamic TH or TRH expression. In the telencephalon, amphetamine treatment (50 μg/g) up-regulated CART 1, CART 2 and TH mRNA expressions but had no effect on either orexin or TRH. Our results suggest that, as in mammals, the orexin, CART and TH systems might be involved in amphetamine-induced feeding/locomotor responses in goldfish.     

Remarkably high survival rates under dim light conditions in sutchi catfish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pangasianodon hypophthalmus</Emphasis> larvae

The sutchi catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus is an important species for aquaculture in Southeast Asia. However, larvae typically have low survival rates due to their predilection for cannibalism during rearing. This study investigated larval feeding behavior and rearing conditions. The former experiments were performed to elucidate the role of sensory organs in feeding, and the latter experiments examined the effect of dim light on larval rearing and survival rates. Neither lighting conditions (light and dark) nor blocking of free neuromasts by streptomycin had significant effects on feeding behavior. Therefore, the feeding behavior of sutchi catfish larvae most likely depends on chemosensing rather than visual sensing. In the later experiments, larval rearing at 0.1 l× yielded significantly higher survival rates than other lighting conditions (0.00, 1, 10, 100 l×). Survival in the 0.1 l× group was almost three times higher than in the 100 l× group. Moreover, larvae reared under 0.1 l× showed steady growth. Therefore, it is concluded that 0.1 l× is the optimum light intensity for sutchi catfish larval rearing.     

Behavioral changes associated with suboptimal prey densities for larval American shad

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effects of suboptimal prey density and length of prey-deprivation period on swimming, feeding, and social behavior in larval American shad. Alosa sapidissima. Replicated prey-density treatments of 1,000, 500, and 0 Artemia nauplii/liter and deprivation periods of 0,2, and 4 days were established for an 8-day period. The duration or frequency of 11 behavior patterns was quantified with an event recorder during the experiment. Exposure to suboptimal prey densities affected three categories of larval behavior: swimming activities (pivot and dart), interaction with other larvae (escape or avoid), and stereotypical feeding responses (sigmoid and lunge). Location of a food patch, simulated by the sudden introduction of prey to aquaria, affected the frequency of feeding responses more than other categories of behavior. The patch model was supported as a foraging strategy in larvae. The ontogeny of prey deprivation was evidenced primarily by changes in swimming activity (reduced pivot and dart frequencies), though feeding responses (particularly fixate) were also diminished. Deprivation-induced loss of pivot and fixate was an irreversible, pathological effect of starvation. Deprivation also resulted in greater vertical orientation (head up, 42°) of larvae than non-deprived larvae (21–29°). These changes in behavior may result in less effective escape from predators, location of food patches, or pursuit and capture of prey items in riverine habitats.     

An acoustic based approach to evaluate the effect of different diet lengths on feeding behavior of Litopenaeus vannamei

Studying shrimp feeding behavior is challenging and, traditionally, studies have been using direct visual observation or video recordings with image analysis under laboratory conditions. Passive acoustics monitoring (PAM) is a non-invasive approach to study feeding behavior of penaeids, as their mandibles emit clicking sounds during feed ingestion. Considering the wide variation available in shrimp diet lengths, our knowledge is still limited about their effects on feeding behavior. The present study was designed to use acoustics to evaluate the feeding behavior of Litopenaeus vannamei fed different diet lengths. A commercial pelleted diet with similar diameter (2.4 mm) and three different lengths was used as treatments “small” (2.35 mm), “medium” (4.26 mm) and “large” (8.42 mm). Three separate trials were performed with fastened shrimp (20 g), using omnidirectional hydrophones and external audio recorders. Our approach started with the characterization of the click acoustic parameters produced by three shrimps when fed the different diet lengths in anechoic chambers (15 L). We then analyze the number of clicks produced per pellet and duration of the clicking activity when shrimp fed a single pellet in individual tanks (1 L). Finally, the acoustic energy of feeding activity and feed consumption, as well as theirs relationship to predict feed intake was evaluated in aquaria (70 L) with five shrimps. The acoustic parameters of isolated clicks were not affected by the different diet lengths, however, doubling the length of the pellet resulted in doubling the number of clicks emitted during feeding activity. The duration of clicking activity per pellet indicated that small pellets are consumed 2.9 and 4.7 times faster than medium and large pellets, respectively. Furthermore, feeding acoustic energy of small pellets decreased rapidly after feed offer, as their faster consumption probably contributed to shrimps achieved satiety earlier than larger diets. Feed consumption was similar among diets length, but significantly correlated with the feeding acoustic energy emitted by L. vannamei, which is a breakthrough in feeding behavioral research. The results highlight the potential and possibilities of an acoustic approach to estimate feed consumption, as well as an alternative to traditional methods in feeding behavioral studies to improve efficiency of feed management.     

黑点青鳉的生长和摄食行为发育

针对黑点青鳉实验室养殖成活率低的问题,对其摄食行为发育进行研究,了解其早期阶段的摄食行为发育状况,为人工养殖提供理论依据。通过单摄像机结合镜面成像的方法,对黑点青鳉胚后发育阶段90 d摄食行为的观察与分析,研究了投喂卤虫无节幼体条件下黑点青鳉的生长特征和摄食行为发育。结果显示,幼体体长平均生长率为2.579%/d,体长与日龄间关系为y=3.132+0.383x-0.004x²+0.000 03x³,R²=0.98。通过各项摄食行为指标将其幼体生长发育分为3期6个阶段:仔鱼期(0～10 d)分为前仔鱼期(0～4 d)和后仔鱼期(5～10 d),稚鱼期(11～30 d)分为前稚鱼期(11～18 d)、中稚鱼期(19～24 d)和后稚鱼期(25～30 d),幼鱼期(31～65 d)。黑点青鳉幼体出膜4 d后开始投喂初孵卤虫,至10 d所有鱼苗均能捕食。黑点青鳉仔鱼期幼体死亡率较高,但摄食能力稳步提升,至该期末,摄食成功率提升至45%～55%,摄食效率达0.5～0.6个/min;稚鱼期幼体的各项摄食指标均有大幅度提升,对饵料的响...     

Effect of Diet Size on Feeding Behavior and Growth of Pacific White Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

Abstract

Six diet sizes, manufactured from crumbling large pellets, were investigated for their effect on the feeding behavior and growth of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. These diets containing 44.7% protein and 8.2% lipid were fed to 0.9 g shrimp for a period of eight weeks under indoor controlled laboratory conditions. Shrimp were stocked at a density of 12 animals per 52 L aquarium (50/m²) and were evaluated for feeding behavior, final weight, growth rate, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival. Feeding behavior was observed weekly starting at the beginning of the 4th week until the end of the trial. Results indicated that the variation in diet sizes did not produce significant differences in shrimp growth, FCR or survival. However, shrimp feeding behavior (in terms of total attacking incidents during feeding) was significantly different among diet sizes. This shrimp behavior was observed more frequently in aquaria fed larger diet size (3.0 mm pellet) as compared with those fed smaller diet sizes (0.7 mm and 1.2 mm crumbles). When shrimp were fed larger pellets, some of the individuals obstruct other individuals and monopolize the diet. Such “selfish” behavior of shrimp could result in considerable size variation and severe mortality of smaller individuals, which could be the case when shrimp are reared to market size. The effect of diet size on shrimp feeding behavior deserves further investigation and the use of a continuous monitoring device such as a video camera is strongly recommended. Future study should also consider various shrimp and pellet sizes more meaningful to aquaculture producers.     

鮸状黄姑鱼仔稚鱼摄食行为生态学研究

本文描述了(鱼免)状黄姑鱼早期发育阶段仔、稚鱼的摄食模式。前期仔鱼主要以“S-攻击型”模式摄食,辅以“前冲甩头”姿态摄食;后期仔鱼以“L-攻击型”模式摄食。稚鱼以“咬食攻击型”模式摄食。文中对上述行为的生态学意义也进行了讨论,并探讨了该研究在苗种生产中的指导意义。     

Bottom feeding and net chasing improve foraging behavior in hatchery-reared Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus juveniles for stocking

We examined the effect of bottom feeding and net chasing as means to improve the maladaptive off-bottom swimming of hatchery-reared Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus juveniles for stock enhancement. Three treatments were tested: (1) a bottom feeding treatment in which fish were fed near the bottom; (2) a net chasing treatment in which fish were chased by a hand net two to four times a day, and (3) a surface feeding treatment in which fish were fed from the surface (control treatment). Foraging behavior at the surface with surface feeding was analyzed 1 day before initiating these treatments and 2 weeks thereafter. A comparison of the pre- and post-treatments revealed that off-bottom swimming was less in the bottom feeding treatment and net chasing treatments. A comparison of off-bottom swimming in the bottom feeding treatment between the pre- and post treatments revealed that bottom fed fish showed less off-bottom swimming than surface fed fish. These findings suggest that fish behavior can be manipulated during the rearing period and that such manipulations can be used to improve the behavior of fish for release.     

底质类型对中国明对虾存活、生长及行为特征的影响

在实验室内营造半精养、精养养殖模式,研究不同养殖模式下底质类型(未添加底质、水泥底、全沙底、沙泥底和砂砾底)对中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)存活、生长及行为特征的影响.结果表明,半精养模式下,中国明对虾的存活率和蜕皮频率在各底质处理组间均无显著差异(P＞0.05);而精养模式中未添加底质处理组实验虾的存活率和蜕皮频率最低,沙泥底处理组存活率和蜕皮频率最高,分别达到100％和12.9％/d.两种养殖模式下,底质类型对中国明对虾的特定生长率(SGR)均有显著影响(p＜0.05),其中半精养模式沙泥底处理组实验虾的SGR最高,是未添加底质处理组的1.39倍;而精养模式未添加底质处理组的SGR最高,达到1.94％/d,但其与全沙底和沙泥底处理组无显著差异(P＞0.05).底质类型对实验虾的行为特征亦有显著影响(P＜0.05),半精养模式沙泥底处理组实验虾的寻(摄)食虾比率和运动率在投喂饵料前后均最高,而攻击频率在投喂饵料前于全沙底处理组中最高,投喂饵料后则在未添加底质处理组中最高,达到4.5次/(ind.h),但其与沙泥底和砂砾底处理组无显著差异(P＞0.05);精养模式下,投喂饵料前全沙底处理组实验虾的寻食虾比率和攻击频率最高,而运动率在各处理组之间无显著差异(P＞0.05),投喂饵料后实验虾的摄食虾比率在未添加底质处理组中最高,而在砂砾底处理组中最低,运动率和攻击频率则在沙泥底处理组中最高.综合分析表明,底质的添加有利于提高中国明对虾的生长和存活,且底质添加后实验虾能够根据不同底质环境进行行为的调节与整合.在本研究的4种底质类型中,中国明对虾更偏好于泥含量为30％的沙泥底质.