全球气候变暖对动物疫病的影响

分析了全球气候变暖对动物病原生物学特性、疫病传播、公共卫生以及对畜禽生存环境的影响,同时就如何减小全球气候变暖对动物疫病的影响提出了科学的应对措施。     

气候变暖对中国农作物病虫害的影响

基于已有研究成果,检测农作物病虫害发生危害时空变化对气候变暖时空变化响应的已有观测事实及其变化规律性,汇总气候变暖对农作物病虫害未来发生趋势的已有预估结果,提出其影响的最新认知,并对今后的发展方向进行了展望。气候变暖可使大部病虫害发育历期缩短、危害期延长,害虫种群增长力增加、繁殖世代数可比常年增加1个代次,发生界限北移、海拔界限高度增加,危害地理范围扩大,危害程度呈明显加重趋势。但也使一些对高温敏感的病虫害呈减弱趋势,致使小麦条锈病、蚜虫等病虫由低海拔地区向高海拔地区迁移危害。未来气候变暖将使中国大部农作物病虫害发生呈扩大、加重趋势。气候变暖对农作物病虫害的影响诊断、发生与灾变的影响预估、风险评估及适应对策将是未来需要重点解决的关键问题。     

A terminal mesozoic "greenhouse": lessons from the past

The late Mesozoic rock and life records implicate short-term (up to 10(5) to 10(6) years) global warming resulting from carbon dioxide-induced "greenhouse" conditions in the late Maestrichtian extinctions that terminated the Mesozoic Era. Oxygen isotope data from marine microfossils suggest late Mesozoic climatic cooling into middle Maestrichtian, and warming thereafter into the Cenozoic. Animals adapting to climatic cooling could not adapt to sudden warming. Small calcareous marine organisms would have suffered solution effects of carbon dioxide-enriched waters; animals dependent upon them for food would also have been affected. The widespread terrestrial tropical floras would likely not have reflected effects of a slight climatic warming. In late Mesozoic, the deep oceanic waters may have been triggered into releasing vast amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in a chain reaction of climatic warming and carbon dioxide expulsion. These conditions may be duplicated by human combustion of the fossil fuels and by forest clearing.     

桂花病害研究概述

桂花是一种重要的景观树种,近年来发生在桂花上的病害有日趋严重之势。这些病害既影响了桂花的观赏效果,也给园林绿化事业造成了不小的经济损失。桂花病害种类繁多,绝大部分都发生在叶片上。在桂花病害的鉴定过程中,常会遇到症状相似而病原不同或症状迥异而病原相同的情况,且桂花病害的病原种类较多,鉴于此,笔者结合自己的研究结果和相关资料整理了这篇文章。本文共述及桂花叶部病害15种、枝干病害1种及病原16种,它们分属于3科11属。     

Local knowledge and farmer perceptions of bean diseases in the central African highlands

Central African highland farmers' perceptions of common bean disease were investigated using both phytopathology and anthropological techniques. Farmers rarely mentioned diseases as production constraints in formal questionnaires. More participatory research showed farmers often related disease symptoms to the effects of rain and soil depletion for fungal diseases, or to varietal traits for bean common mosaic virus. Rain or moisture is divided into numerous forms through which it can damage plants, both physically and through putrefaction. Most conditions associated with putrefaction appear to be linked to pathogens. Farmers have an understanding of plant health closely related to their concept of human health. In plants, this understanding is based on the prior state of plant health. Conceptually, local disease management strategies are based on prevention by managing the conditions that promote good plant health rather than by treating disease symptoms. Intervention strategies that build on local knowledge are encouraged.     

Global warming and marine carbon cycle feedbacks on future atmospheric CO2

A low-order physical-biogeochemical climate model was used to project atmospheric carbon dioxide and global warming for scenarios developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The North Atlantic thermohaline circulation weakens in all global warming simulations and collapses at high levels of carbon dioxide. Projected changes in the marine carbon cycle have a modest impact on atmospheric carbon dioxide. Compared with the control, atmospheric carbon dioxide increased by 4 percent at year 2100 and 20 percent at year 2500. The reduction in ocean carbon uptake can be mainly explained by sea surface warming. The projected changes of the marine biological cycle compensate the reduction in downward mixing of anthropogenic carbon, except when the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation collapses.     

Amplification of Cretaceous warmth by biological cloud feedbacks

The extreme warmth of particular intervals of geologic history cannot be simulated with climate models, which are constrained by the geologic proxy record to relatively modest increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Recent recognition that biological productivity controls the abundance of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the unpolluted atmosphere provides a solution to this problem. Our climate simulations show that reduced biological productivity (low CCN abundance) provides a substantial amplification of CO2-induced warming by reducing cloud lifetimes and reflectivity. If the stress of elevated temperatures did indeed suppress marine and terrestrial ecosystems during these times, this long-standing climate enigma may be solved.     

Atmospheric carbon injection linked to end-Triassic mass extinction

The end-Triassic mass extinction (~201.4 million years ago), marked by terrestrial ecosystem turnover and up to ~50% loss in marine biodiversity, has been attributed to intensified volcanic activity during the break-up of Pangaea. Here, we present compound-specific carbon-isotope data of long-chain n-alkanes derived from waxes of land plants, showing a ~8.5 per mil negative excursion, coincident with the extinction interval. These data indicate strong carbon-13 depletion of the end-Triassic atmosphere, within only 10,000 to 20,000 years. The magnitude and rate of this carbon-cycle disruption can be explained by the injection of at least ~12 × 10(3) gigatons of isotopically depleted carbon as methane into the atmosphere. Concurrent vegetation changes reflect strong warming and an enhanced hydrological cycle. Hence, end-Triassic events are robustly linked to methane-derived massive carbon release and associated climate change.     

河北省大豆主要病原真菌鉴定及防治药剂筛选

【目的】明确引起河北省大豆植株主要病害的病原真菌种类,筛选能有效抑制所鉴定病原菌的杀菌剂,为河北省大豆病害化学防治提供依据。【方法】对采自河北省的大豆主要病原真菌根据病症采用组织分离法纯化培养,初步利用超景深和正置光学显微镜分别进行菌落、菌丝和孢子形态学的观察鉴定,然后利用通用引物ITS1-ITS4对5种不同病症的致病菌株rDNA-ITS区进行PCR扩增、测序分析,采用MEGA 7.0中邻接法（neighbor-joining,NJ）构建系统发育树,分析病原菌种之间的亲缘关系,对具有特异性引物序列的病原菌进行分子鉴定,通过病害和病原菌宏观形态、显微特征与分子生物学技术相结合从而明确引起河北省大豆植株主要真菌病害的病原菌种类;采用菌丝生长速率法和不同种类杀菌剂在离体叶片或幼茎上对大豆主要病害的防治效果筛选防治药剂。【结果】通过病原菌的宏观形态、显微结构和分子序列综合分析,确定分离自河北省大豆主产区的病原菌分别为木贼镰孢(Fusarium equiseti）、大豆炭疽菌(Colletotrichum chlorophyti）、茎点霉菌（Phoma herbarum）、链格孢(Alternaria alternata）、嘴突凸脐蠕孢(Exserohilum rostratum）,对应病害分别为大豆根腐病、炭疽病、茎点霉叶斑病、大豆黑斑病、凸脐蠕孢叶斑病。毒力测定结果显示,5种病原菌对三唑类杀菌剂苯醚甲环唑、氟菌唑、叶菌唑和甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂吡唑醚菌酯均敏感,木贼镰孢对甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂肟菌酯敏感,除木贼镰孢外的病原菌对酰胺类杀菌剂氟吡菌酰胺敏感,大豆炭疽菌和嘴突凸脐蠕孢对烷基多胺类杀菌剂辛菌胺敏感,大豆炭疽菌对有机硫类仿生杀菌剂乙蒜素敏感,EC₅₀值均低于10 μg·mL^-1;杀菌剂对大豆主要病害的防治效果结果显示,苯醚甲环唑、氟菌唑、叶菌唑、吡唑醚菌酯和肟菌酯对上述大豆主要病害防治效果均显著,氟吡菌酰胺对除大豆根腐病外的病害防治效果显著,辛菌胺、乙蒜素对大豆炭疽病和凸脐蠕孢叶斑病防治效果显著,防治效果分别达到90%以上。【结论】共鉴定出河北省大豆病原真菌及其对应病症病害5种;推荐三唑类甾醇抑制剂苯醚甲环唑、氟菌唑、叶菌唑和甲氧基丙烯酸酯类呼吸抑制剂吡唑醚菌酯作为河北省大豆主要真菌病害的优选兼治药剂。     

Carbon-13 and carbon-14 abundances in alaskan aquatic organisms: delayed production from peat in arctic food webs

Inputs of terrestrial peat carbon to the nearshore Alaskan Beaufort Sea from erosion and fluvial transport are of the same magnitude as in situ primary production within 10 kilometers of shore. Nevertheless, carbon-13/carbon-12 ratios and carbon-14 abundances in marine organisms show that only small amounts of the terrestrial carbon are transferred beyond the microbial level. Freshwater organisms, however, are heavily dependent on peat, as shown by pronounced seasonal radiocarbon depressions in resident fish and ducks. Tundra ponds and lakes are areas where accumulated terrestrial peat carbon is apparently transferred to aquatic insect larvae and passed on to higher organisms. The lack of functionally analogous abundant marine prey organisms may explain why peat carbon is not efficiently transferred to apical food web species in the marine environment.     

玉米病害和病原名称整理及其汉译名称规范化探讨

对已报道的玉米病害进行整理,提出规范玉米病害和病原汉译名称的建议。经过对“Compendium of Corn Diseases”（第4版,2016）、“Maize Diseases”（1988）、“Field Crop Diseases”（1999）、“中国玉米病虫草害图鉴”（2018）等书籍、美国植物病理学会网站信息（APSnet 2019）及近年发表的玉米病害研究文章的整理,获得由真菌、卵菌、细菌、病毒和线虫引致的玉米病害185种,致病生物380种/次。许多玉米病害的英文名称与其致病病原的物种名称相关,而随着科学认识和鉴定技术的进步,研究报道已有62个玉米致病生物物种的分类地位发生了改变,其中许多归入与旧有名称不同的属中,因而导致一些玉米病害英文名称已无法对应其致病物种新种名,极易引起认知上的混乱和应用中的不便。因此,为促进未来玉米病害国际信息交流的通用性、科学性和规范性,本文作者对27种玉米病害的英文名称提出了修改建议。经重新整理后,确定玉米侵染性病害185种,包括真菌/卵菌病害123种、细菌病害20种、病毒病害26种、线虫病害16种。185种病害涉及致病生物286个种/亚种/变种/致病型,其中真菌147种、卵菌34种、细菌20种及螺原体/植原体3种、病毒38种、线虫44种。关于玉米病害名称的汉译,以尊重历史名称和重要玉米病害著作中的名称为基础,兼顾应用中形成并广泛采用的名称,并以病原及症状特征为重要依据确定新名称,形成较为科学与合理的185种玉米病害的汉译名称,包括新确定汉译名称的96种病害。对于玉米致病生物的汉译名称,则以真菌、细菌、病毒、线虫的病原学专著、《中国真菌志》及重要文章中的名称为主,对无汉译名称的病原采用以病原属名及种加词的拉丁词源（病毒为英文）本意作为基础形成新汉译名称。规范玉米病害的英文名称和确认病原目前的分类地位,有利于在国际上进行玉米病害研究的科学交流,促进玉米病害的深入研究;而玉米病害及病原中文名称的确定,既可以规范国内对玉米病害和病原的称谓,防止对玉米病害英文名称的随意汉译,也可为玉米病害研究与教学提供一个参照目录,避免在科学研究交流及生产应用中对玉米病害和病原中文名称出现多种歧义以及出现病害与病原对应错误的状况。     

Marine biodiversity hotspots and conservation priorities for tropical reefs

Coral reefs are the most biologically diverse of shallow water marine ecosystems but are being degraded worldwide by human activities and climate warming. Analyses of the geographic ranges of 3235 species of reef fish, corals, snails, and lobsters revealed that between 7.2% and 53.6% of each taxon have highly restricted ranges, rendering them vulnerable to extinction. Restricted-range species are clustered into centers of endemism, like those described for terrestrial taxa. The 10 richest centers of endemism cover 15.8% of the world's coral reefs (0.012% of the oceans) but include between 44.8 and 54.2% of the restricted-range species. Many occur in regions where reefs are being severely affected by people, potentially leading to numerous extinctions. Threatened centers of endemism are major biodiversity hotspots, and conservation efforts targeted toward them could help avert the loss of tropical reef biodiversity.     

信阳市油茶病害及其病原鉴定

通过野外调查及室内病原分离、检测与鉴定对信阳市油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel)病害发生及病原种类进行了研究。结果表明:信阳油茶病害发生普遍,为害严重。主要病害为炭疽病、灰斑病、褐斑病、枝枯病、枯稍病,病原菌分别为胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)、茶拟盘多毛孢菌(Pestalotiopsis theae)、壳囊孢菌(Cyto-spora sp.)、壳色单隔孢菌(Diplodia sp.)、小孢拟盘多毛孢菌(Pestalotiopsis microspora)。其中,壳囊孢菌为油茶病害病原新记录。     

Large-scale spatial-transmission models of infectious disease

During transmission of seasonal endemic diseases such as measles and influenza, spatial waves of infection have been observed between large distant populations. Also, during the initial stages of an outbreak of a new or reemerging pathogen, disease incidence tends to occur in spatial clusters, which makes containment possible if you can predict the subsequent spread of disease. Spatial models are being used with increasing frequency to help characterize these large-scale patterns and to evaluate the impact of interventions. Here, I review several recent studies on four diseases that show the benefits of different methodologies: measles (patch models), foot-and-mouth disease (distance-transmission models), pandemic influenza (multigroup models), and smallpox (network models). This review highlights the importance of the household in spatial studies of human diseases, such as smallpox and influenza. It also demonstrates the need to develop a simple model of household demographics, so that these large-scale models can be extended to the investigation of long-time scale human pathogens, such as tuberculosis and HIV.     

气候变暖情景下上海园林树木抗病虫能力评价

全球气候变暖对全球生态系统的结构与功能已造成严重影响,在城市生态系统中,开展气候变暖背景下的园林树种抗病虫害能力评价是合理有效选择园林树种的依据之一。本文按照抗性筛选、抗性评估、抗性管理3个层次,构建了上海园林树木抗病虫害能力评价体系,并在根据寄主梳理病虫害名录的基础上,对上海常见的32种园林树木在气候变暖情景下的抗病虫能力进行了评估。本评价体系包括抗病害和抗虫害两大方面的内容,其中,抗病害能力分为抗非致死类叶部病害、枝部病害、根部病害、致死类病害4个层次;抗虫害能力分为抗蛀干性害虫、食叶性害虫、刺吸性害虫、地下害虫4个层次。评价结果表明:在气候变暖情景下,上海园林树木对病虫害的高感树种有6种(合欢、加拿利海枣、二球悬铃木、香樟,杜鹃、日本晚樱)、易感树种6种(苏铁、重阳木、垂柳、冬青卫矛、桂花、海桐)、低抗树种8种(女贞、水杉、枫杨、栾树、三角枫、垂丝海棠、木槿、构骨)、中抗树种10种(苦楝、银杏、广玉兰、雪松、杜英、蚊母、紫叶小檗、蜡梅、八角金盘、石楠)、高抗树种2种(白玉兰、山茶)。本文构建的抗病虫害评估体系为园林树木在气候变暖情景下对病虫害的抗性能力检测提供了有效的评估方法,从过去仅针对单一或少数病虫的个案研究,转变为针对多个树种病虫害抵抗能力的整体性研究。对响应气候变暖情景下园林树木病虫害的发生、发展状态以及选择合理的绿化树种和制定城市园林养护的可持续管理方案具有一定的参考价值。      

7种草坪草病害种类调查及主要病原菌鉴定

为了探明草坪草病害及其主要病原菌种类,为防治草坪病害提供理论依据,采用普查和重点调查相结合的方法,调查了7种草坪草病害的发生情况,并采集病害标本进行分离、纯化、诱导及鉴定。结果表明:危害7种草坪草的主要病害有叶锈病、禾草云斑病、褐斑病、炭疽病和白粉病,分别由柄锈菌(Pucciniarecondite)、黑麦喙孢霉菌〔Rhynchosporium secalis(Oud.)Davis〕、立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn)、禾炭疽刺盘孢菌(Colletotrichum graminicola Wils)和禾白粉菌(Erysiphe graminis DC)侵染所致。     

我国花生病害的种类及其防治措施

根据历年资料统计,我国花生侵染性病害有24种,其中真菌性病害17种、病毒性病害4种,以及细菌性病害、线虫病害、植原体病害各1种。介绍了我国11种花生主要病害的发生特点以及防治措施,并列出了其它次要花生病害的病原、症状特点,为花生病害的诊断提供参考。     

An unusual marine crocodyliform from the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary of Patagonia

Remains of the marine crocodyliform Dakosaurus andiniensis from western South America reveal a lineage that drastically deviated from the skull morphology that characterizes marine crocodyliforms. The snout and lower jaw are extremely robust, short, and high and only bear a few large teeth with serrated edges (resembling those of some terrestrial carnivorous archosaurs). This unusual morphology contrasts with the long and gracile snout and lower jaws bearing numerous teeth, which are present in the closest relatives of D. andiniensis (and interpreted as indicating feeding on small fish or mollusks). Thus, the morphological diversity of pelagic marine crocodyliforms was wider than had been thought.     

Crop diversity and pest management in sustainable agriculture

Large-scale crop monocultures facilitate the proliferation and increasing prevalence of diseases and pest insects. Many studies highlight the impacts of plant diversification upon pathogens, and the population dynamics of insects and beneficial organism in agricultural ecosystems. These studies provide evidence that habitat manipulation techniques such as intercropping, relay, and rotation can significantly improve disease and pest management. This review introduces the concept of crop diversity, considers recent insights and mechanisms underlying crop diversity, and discusses its potential for improving sustainable agricultural practices. Recently, the phytobiomes resulting from increased crop diversity are increasingly recognized for their contribution to disease and pest control. Further, understanding the interactions between pathogens or pests with their host phytobiome may lead to novel options for the prevention of pests. Recent advances in the agricultural systems include:(i) a better understanding of the mechanisms of interactions between crop species and genotypes;(ii) ecological progress including a better understanding of the context-dependency of those interactions; and(iii) the role of microtopographic variation in agricultural systems for priming basal resistance to multiple pests and pathogens by intercropped crops. We also highlight recent progress in China and the potential options for habitat management and design that enhance the ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems.     

福建省3种蜱媒疾病的研究现状综述

蜱类可感染、传播和贮存的病原体种类繁多,包括细菌、病毒、立克次体、螺旋体等,对人类健康生活和农牧业生产活动带来极大的危害。1990年以来,福建先后发现3种蜱媒疾病（莱姆病、斑点热立克次体病和环状病毒病）,这3种疾病今后可能成为福建省的公共卫生问题。对这3种蜱媒疾病在福建省的研究现状与存在问题作一综述,以期为进一步研究提供参考。