丁型流感病毒在中国的流行状况及研究进展

丁型流感病毒是继甲型、乙型和丙型流感病毒之后的一种新型正粘病毒,2011年首次由美国从表现出流感样症状的猪只中分离出来,并于2016年被国际病毒分类委员会正式命名为丁型流感病毒。目前丁型流感病毒已广泛分布于美洲、亚洲、欧洲和非洲的数十个国家。丁型流感病毒利用牛作为其自然宿主和扩增宿主,并定期扩散到其他哺乳动物物种,包括猪、马、羊和骆驼等。因此,丁型流感病毒具有广泛的地域分布和宽泛的宿主范围。丁型流感病毒感染可导致牛患轻度至中度呼吸道疾病,被认为是牛呼吸系统疾病综合征的重要关联因子。血清学证据表明,丁型流感病毒具有感染人的潜在风险。我国研究人员于2014年首次在山东省的牛群中检测到丁型流感病毒,随后,来自不同团队的研究人员分别于2017、2021和2022年报道了丁型流感病毒核酸阳性病例。为更好地了解丁型流感病毒对我国畜牧养殖业的影响,系统综述了丁型流感病毒在我国的分布情况和研究进展,并分析了丁型流感病毒在我国的流行趋势及对我国畜牧养殖业的潜在威胁。     

一株H3N2犬源猫流感病毒NP 基因的遗传变异性分析

从被感染猫体内分离出流感病毒,利用RT-PCR扩增NP基因,分析其遗传变异性.与NCBI上的14株流感病毒的NP全基因序列进行比对分析,发现其与参考毒株的NP基因序列的相似性为79.3％～99.7％,其中与感染株A/canine/Guangdong/1/2007(H3N2)的NP基因序列的相似性最高,为99.7％.基因序列比对发现,编码区存在5处突变:A33G、A81G、C235T、G345A、A567G;氨基酸仅存在1处变异:I189M.研究结果表明,犬流感病毒在犬和猫之间存在跨中间传播,虽然变异系数不高,但是567位碱基突变所造成的氨基酸突变为NP基因的遗传性和种间特异性的研究提供了参考.     

浅析禽流感流行病的诊断与预防

禽流感是由A型流感病毒引起的禽类一种从呼吸系统到全身败血症等多种症状的传染病。此后,这种疫病更名为禽流感。高致病性禽流感发病率、死亡率高,感染的鸡群常常"全军覆没";低致病性禽流感可使禽类出现轻度呼吸道症状,食量减少,产蛋量下降,出现零星死亡;非致病性禽流感不会引起明显的症状,仅使传染的禽类体内产生病毒抗体。     

猪流行性感冒的简易识别与防控

猪流行性感冒是由猪A型流行感冒病毒引起的一种急性高度接触性传染病。以猪的发病突然,传播迅速,来势迅猛,群体发病,发病率高,致死率低为特征。临床上主要表现为高热、咳嗽、呼吸困难、喘息等上呼吸道感染的症候群。影响着猪的生存、繁殖和育肥,并对人流感的发病也起着一定的作用,因而受到社会各界的广泛关注。目前,对猪流行性感冒防控措施仍不完善,全国各地时有暴发流行。因此,积极防控猪流感的发生任重道远,需要全社会力量共同参与,分工协作完成这项攻坚战。就猪流行性感冒的发病特点和防控措施作一简单的综述。     

Reassortant virus derived from avian and human influenza A viruses is attenuated and immunogenic in monkeys

An influenza A reassortant virus that contained the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of a virulent human virus, A/Udorn/72 (H3N2), and the six other influenza A virus genome segments from an avirulent avian virus, A/Mallard/New York/6750/78 (H2N2), was evaluated for its level of replication is squirrel monkeys and hamsters. In monkeys, the reassortant virus was as attenuated and as restricted in its level of replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract as its avian influenza virus parent. Nonetheless, infection with the reassortant induced significant resistant to challenge with virulent human influenza virus. In hamsters, the reassortant virus replicated to a level intermediate between that of its parents. These findings suggest that the nonsurface antigen genes of the avian parental virus are the primary determinants of restriction of replication of the reassortant virus in monkeys. Attenuation of the reassortant virus for primates is achieved by inefficient functioning of the avian influenza genes in primate cells, while antigenic specificity of the human influenza virus is provided by the neuraminidase and hemagglutinin genes derived from the human virus. This approach could lead to the development of a live influenza A virus vaccine that is attenuated for man if the avian influenza genes are similarly restricted in human cells.     

猪流感研究进展

猪流感是由猪流感病毒引起的一种呼吸道传染病。近期出现了严重的A（H1N1）流感疫情,由于猪在人流感和禽流感之间发挥着＂混合器＂的作用,因此猪流感具有重要的公共卫生意义。该文介绍了猪流感新的流行病学资料、诊断和防制的新方法及其公共卫生上的重要意义,为更好的防制猪流感、人流感和禽流感提供参考。     

Avian H5N1 influenza in cats

During the 2003 to 2004 outbreak of avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in Asia, there were anecdotal reports of fatal infection in domestic cats, although this species is considered resistant to influenza. We experimentally inoculated cats with H5N1 virus intratracheally and by feeding them virus-infected chickens. The cats excreted virus, developed severe diffuse alveolar damage, and transmitted virus to sentinel cats. These results show that domestic cats are at risk of disease or death from H5N1 virus, can be infected by horizontal transmission, and may play a role in the epidemiology of this virus.     

Oxygen radicals in influenza-induced pathogenesis and treatment with pyran polymer-conjugated SOD

The pathogenicity of influenza virus infection in the mice involves, at least in part, overreaction of the immune responses of the host rather than a direct effect of virus multiplication. Xanthine oxidase, which is responsible for the generation of oxygen free radicals, was elevated in serum and lung tissue of mice infected with influenza virus. To test the theory that oxygen-free radicals are involved in pathogenesis, free radicals were removed by injecting superoxide dismutase (SOD), a specific superoxide radical scavenger, which was conjugated with a pyran copolymer. The conjugate protected mice against a potentially lethal influenza virus infection if administered 5 to 8 days after infection. These findings indicate that oxygen radicals are important in the pathogenesis of influenza virus infection, and that a polymer-conjugated SOD has therapeutic potential for this virus infection and other diseases associated with free radicals.     

Airborne transmission of influenza A/H5N1 virus between ferrets

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus can cause morbidity and mortality in humans but thus far has not acquired the ability to be transmitted by aerosol or respiratory droplet ("airborne transmission") between humans. To address the concern that the virus could acquire this ability under natural conditions, we genetically modified A/H5N1 virus by site-directed mutagenesis and subsequent serial passage in ferrets. The genetically modified A/H5N1 virus acquired mutations during passage in ferrets, ultimately becoming airborne transmissible in ferrets. None of the recipient ferrets died after airborne infection with the mutant A/H5N1 viruses. Four amino acid substitutions in the host receptor-binding protein hemagglutinin, and one in the polymerase complex protein basic polymerase 2, were consistently present in airborne-transmitted viruses. The transmissible viruses were sensitive to the antiviral drug oseltamivir and reacted well with antisera raised against H5 influenza vaccine strains. Thus, avian A/H5N1 influenza viruses can acquire the capacity for airborne transmission between mammals without recombination in an intermediate host and therefore constitute a risk for human pandemic influenza.     

H7N9亚型禽流感病毒RT-PCR检测方法建立

【目的】2013年3月,中国国家卫生和计划生育委员会宣布在上海、安徽地区发现了人感染H7N9亚型流感病毒事件,由于这种新型重组H7N9流感病毒未曾有过感染人或者动物的报道,因此出现了一系列亟待解决的问题,引起了全世界范围的广泛关注。根据H7N9亚型禽流感病毒 HA和NA核苷酸序列,设计并合成靶基因为HA和NA的2对引物,建立快速检测H7N9亚型禽流感病毒的一步法RT-PCR检测方法。【方法】根据测序结果,用DNAStar生物软件进行同源性分析比较,选出H7和N9基因中高度保守且特异的核苷酸区域,用oligo6.0软件设计针对H7和N9基因的引物。用Trizol LS提取RNA,采用一步法Access RT-PCR扩增反应液,建立了一步法检测H7N9亚型禽流感病毒RT-PCR 方法。以H7N9亚型流感病毒为阳性对照,其他亚型流感病毒以及新城疫、传染性支气管炎、传染性法氏囊等其他禽病病原作为阴性对照,按所建立的反应体系和反应程序进行RT-PCR反应,验证所建立方法的特异性。对病毒含量为 10^6.5 EID₅₀·mL^-1 的 H7N9 亚型禽流感病毒尿囊液依次进行 10 倍倍比稀释,提取RNA用RT-PCR 方法检测,评价其敏感性。另外,采取双盲试验用荧光定量RT-PCR对该方法进行了比对验证。【结果】用H7亚型特异性引物检测 H1-H15 亚型禽流感病毒和鸡新城疫病毒等其他禽病病原,除H7亚型流感病毒外,其他样品均为阴性;用N9亚型特异性引物检测N1-N9 亚型禽流感病毒和其他禽病病原,仅当前流行的H7N9 亚型 AIV 样品有特异性目的条带,与其他N1-N9 亚型禽流感病毒和鸡新城疫病毒等其他禽病病原均无交叉反应。通过对 H7N9亚型禽流感病毒尿囊液进行10倍倍比稀释检测,证实该方法最低检出量为 1.4×10^2.5 EID₅₀·mL^-1,并可以从阳性棉拭子浸出液中扩增出目的基因片段。【结论】该RT-PCR 方法具有特异性强和准确率高的特点,可以作为H7N9亚型AIV核酸检测的一种有效候选方法。     

A two-amino acid change in the hemagglutinin of the 1918 influenza virus abolishes transmission

The 1918 influenza pandemic was a catastrophic series of virus outbreaks that spread across the globe. Here, we show that only a modest change in the 1918 influenza hemagglutinin receptor binding site alters the transmissibility of this pandemic virus. Two amino acid mutations that cause a switch in receptor binding preference from the human alpha-2,6 to the avian alpha-2,3 sialic acid resulted in a virus incapable of respiratory droplet transmission between ferrets but that maintained its lethality and replication efficiency in the upper respiratory tract. Furthermore, poor transmission of a 1918 virus with dual alpha-2,6 and alpha-2,3 specificity suggests that a predominant human alpha-2,6 sialic acid binding preference is essential for optimal transmission of this pandemic virus. These findings confirm an essential role of hemagglutinin receptor specificity for the transmission of influenza viruses among mammals.     

犬冠状病毒的分离及鉴定

为有效防治犬冠状病毒病,促进养犬业的健康发展。从疑似犬冠状病毒(CCV)症状病犬粪便中分离出1株病毒,从形态学、理化学、生物学等方面对该病毒进行了鉴定。细胞培养证实该病毒有致细胞病变效应。物理化学鉴定表明该分离病毒核酸类型为RNA,有囊膜,对氯仿和乙醚敏感,对1%胰蛋白酶不敏感,耐酸性较强,具有一定的耐热性,最高耐受限是50℃,无血凝性和红细胞吸附特性,符合犬冠状病毒的特点。中和试验进一步证明该分离病毒是一种犬冠状病毒;牧羊犬接种1 d后就出现了临床症状,所有攻毒犬扑杀后都有肠以及肠系膜淋巴结病变。该分离病毒是一种RNA病毒,可以引起试验犬出现典型犬冠状病毒病症状,是犬冠状病毒。     

NMRAL1对流感病毒复制的调控机制

【目的】流感病毒是一种人兽共患病原,常引起大流行,给人类健康造成巨大威胁,且流感病毒易发生变异,能不断逃逸宿主细胞的免疫反应,对现有抗流感药物产生耐药性,因此寻找抵抗流感的新方法迫在眉睫。研究通过探索NMRAL1(NmrA-like family domain-containing protein 1)对流感病毒复制的影响,并揭示其发挥作用的分子机制,为抗流感药物研发提供潜在靶点。【方法】采用siRNA干扰技术在A549细胞中下调表达NMRAL1,并通过Western Blot检测siRNA干扰后NMRAL1的表达水平;在下调表达NMRAL1的细胞中,分别感染A/Anhui/2/2005 (AH05) (H5N1)和A/WSN/33 (H1N1) 两株不同亚型流感病毒,利用蚀斑试验检测感染病毒后24和48 h细胞上清中的病毒滴度。为确定NMRAL1影响流感病毒复制的具体阶段,在HEK293T细胞中瞬时转染NMRAL1-Myc-pCAGGS质粒过表达NMRAL1,通过双荧光素酶报告系统检测过表达NMRAL1对流感病毒聚合酶活性的影响;使用免疫荧光技术对流感病毒NP蛋白进行染色,通过激光共聚焦试验观察下调表达NMRAL1对感染病毒后3、4、5、6和8 h NP蛋白在被感染细胞中的定位情况的影响,判断下调表达NMRAL1是否影响流感病毒的入核和出核过程;利用Western Blot检测下调表达NMRAL1对流感病毒各病毒蛋白表达的影响和对流感病毒激活I型干扰素通路下游IFN刺激基因（ISGs）表达的影响,利用间接免疫荧光试验进一步研究NMRAL1对流感病毒复制的影响。【结果】Western Blot检测发现NMRAL1 siRNA能显著下调NMRAL1表达,在下调表达NMRAL1的A549细胞中分别感染H5N1和H1N1病毒,并通过蚀斑试验检测感染病毒后细胞上清中的病毒滴度,结果显示在下调表达NMRAL1的细胞中,感染流感病毒后24和48 h收取的细胞上清中病毒滴度显著下降,表明NMRAL1能促进不同亚型流感病毒的复制;为进一步探索NMRAL1调控流感病毒复制的具体机制,利用双荧光素酶报告系统检测流感病毒聚合酶活性,发现过表达NMRAL1对流感病毒聚合酶活性无明显影响;激光共聚焦试验结果显示下调NMRAL1表达不影响NP蛋白的入核和出核过程,同时Western Blot检测表明下调NMRAL1表达不影响各病毒蛋白的表达;但荧光定量PCR试验结果显示下调NMRAL1表达能够促进流感病毒感染诱导的IFN-β mRNA水平上升,且Western Blot检测发现下调表达NMRAL1促进I型干扰素通路下游的MxA和IFITM3抗病毒蛋白的表达,与此同时,间接免疫荧光试验结果显示下调NMRAL1表达可显著抑制流感病毒复制。【结论】在流感病毒感染过程中,NMRAL1不影响流感病毒的入侵以及转录翻译过程,而是通过抑制I型干扰素通路激活从而抑制MxA、IFITM3等抗病毒因子的表达,最终促进流感病毒复制。研究证实宿主因子NMRAL1正调控流感病毒的复制,丰富了参与流感病毒复制的宿主因子网络。     

一株H3N2亚型猪流感病毒的分离鉴定

为了给猪流感疫苗的研制做准备,试验将从某猪场现地采集疑似猪流感发病猪的鼻拭子样品,经过处理后接种至10～11日龄SPF鸡胚进行盲传,分离到1株具有血凝性的病毒.通过血清学、分子生物学鉴定、电镜观察、动物回归试验等方法对该病毒进行鉴定.结果发现:该病毒可与猪流感病毒H3亚型阳性血清特异性结合;通过分子生物学检测,该分离株...     

千里光体外抗病毒作用研究

[目的]研究千里光水煎剂的体外抗病毒作用。[方法]采用细胞体外病变效应（CPE）法检测千里光水煎剂在人宫颈癌HeLa细胞中对人流感病毒、副流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、柯萨奇病毒B3、腺病毒3型和单纯疱疹病毒I型的抑制作用。[结果]千里光水煎剂在体外有较好的抑制副流感病毒和呼吸道合胞病毒致细胞病变作用,对人流感病毒、柯萨奇病毒B3、腺病毒3型和单纯疱疹病毒I型没有抑制作用。[结论]千里光水煎剂在体外具有抗副流感病毒和呼吸道合胞病毒的作用。     

Are we ready for pandemic influenza?

During the past year, the public has become keenly aware of the threat of emerging infectious diseases with the global spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the continuing threat of bioterrorism, the proliferation of West Nile virus, and the discovery of human cases of monkeypox in the United States. At the same time, an old foe has again raised its head, reminding us that our worst nightmare may not be a new one. In 2003, highly pathogenic strains of avian influenza virus, including the H5N1 and H7N7 subtypes, again crossed from birds to humans and caused fatal disease. Direct avian-to-human influenza transmission was unknown before 1997. Have we responded to these threats by better preparing for emerging disease agents, or are we continuing to act only as crises arise? Here we consider progress to date in preparedness for an influenza pandemic and review what remains to be done. We conclude by prioritizing the remaining needs and exploring the reasons for our current lack of preparedness for an influenza pandemic.     

繁殖障碍型H3亚型猪流感病毒的分离与鉴定

于广东惠州市某猪场采集流产死胎的肺组织、胎衣及鼻棉拭子,病料处理后经SPF鸡胚绒毛尿囊腔接种获得1株有血凝(HA)活性的病毒,通过AGP试验初步确定为猪流感流感病毒;但此病毒的血凝现象不能被抗H1亚型猪流感单因子血清、抗H5亚型猪流感单因子血清、抗H7亚型猪流感单因子血清、抗H9亚型猪流感单因子血清抑制,而能被抗H3亚型猪流感单因子血清抑制;通过H3亚型猪流感病毒RT-PCR分子生物学诊断,最终确定该病毒为H3亚型猪流感病毒.动物回归试验结果显示,攻毒小鼠出现精神萎靡、厌食、嗜睡、被毛松乱、呼吸较急促,攻毒后7 d采集小鼠血清进行检测,HI效价为3log2～4log2;剖检发现病毒性肺炎,且能从病料中再次分离到H3亚型猪流感病毒.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合症免疫学研究

猪繁殖与呼吸综合症是由猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒引起的高度传染性病毒病。笔者就呼吸综合症病毒的理化特性、生物学特征、基因组构成、病毒复制、免疫学特征以及疫苗等作一简述     

蛋鸡禽流感特点及类症鉴别与防治

通过对蛋鸡感染不同株型禽流感病毒的临床表现和病理变化特点进行分析,总结出蛋鸡禽流感与相似类症的鉴别诊断方法,并提出有效地防治措施。     

江苏中部地区鹅副粘病毒的分离与鉴定

[目的]调查江苏省泰州市某鹅场鹅大批死亡的原因。[方法]通过流行病学调查、临床诊断、病理变化、动物回归感染试验、血清学检查等对江苏省泰州市某鹅场发生的疑似鹅副黏病毒病的病料进行病原分离与鉴定。[结果]该病毒能使SPF鸡胚以及10日龄鹅和鸡全部死亡,能凝集鸡红细胞并能被NDV标准阳性血清所抑制,不能被禽流感病毒标准阳性血清所抑制。发病死亡与人工感染死亡的临诊症状和病理变化基本一致。经电镜观察发现该病毒颗粒呈圆形,直径在150 nm左右,有囊膜及纤突。该分离毒株经灭活后免疫鹅群,取到良好的防治效果。[结论]该病毒为禽Ⅰ型副黏病毒,属副黏病毒科副黏病毒属。