中国林业生物质能源转化技术产业化趋势

生物质能源是十分重要的可再生能源,高效转化利用生物质能源是研究和工业化利用的热点.本文主要论述了中国林业生物质资源状况,目前生物质能源转化利用的技术研究和产业化现状,以及今后生物质能源发展趋势和近期国家可能大力支持发展的重点产业化方向.我国生物质能源的研究开发和产业化的发展趋势主要是生物质气化(供气、供热、发电)、生物质乙醇、生物柴油、高效燃烧(热效率达60%)等方面实现产业化.     

中国林业生物质能源转化技术产业化趋势

生物质能源是十分重要的可再生能源，高效转化利用生物质能源是研究和工业化利用的热点。本文主要论述了中国林业生物质资源状况，目前生物质能源转化利用的技术研究和产业化现状，以及今后生物质能源发展趋势和近期国家可能大力支持发展的重点产业化方向。我国生物质能源的研究开发和产业化的发展趋势主要是：生物质气化（供气、供热、发电）、生物质乙醇、生物柴油、高效燃烧（热效率达60％）等方面实现产业化。     

我国生物质成型燃料的研究进展

洁净、可再生的生物质成型燃料能源的利用,可以有效地缓解我国能源紧张的压力。本文主要介绍了近年我国在生物质成型燃料成型工艺条件和燃烧性能,以及混合型生物质成型燃料方面的研究进展,并指出今后我国应对生物质成型燃料的压制机理、燃烧动力学等方面展开深入研究。     

山西省生物质燃料油能源树种资源及发展战略

能源林作为生产生物质能的主要方式,以其可再生、生物量大、环保及适应地域广而越来越受到国际社会的广泛关注。笔者详细介绍了国内外生物质燃料油能源树种研究现状,简要分析了山西省燃料油能源树种开发利用存在的问题,并对山西省主要生物质能源树种作了重点介绍,最后提出了生物质燃料油能源林发展战略。     

山西省生物质能源树种及其发展对策

本文按生物质能源利用类型列出了山西省生物质能源树种,对其分布特点、现状及存在问题进行了分析,按主要类型区提出了生物质能源发展对策及建议。     

生物质能源的利用技术与开发对策

生物质能源是十分重要的可再生能源,高效转化利用生物质能源对解决能源、生态环境问题将起到十分积极的作用。世界各国尤其是发达国家都很重视生物质能源的研究与开发。本文概述了生物质能资源的类型和特点以及国内外研究和开发进展,并从我国实际情况出发,提出研究开发前景和建议。     

中国农村生物质能源发展现状与展望

我国是农业大国,生物质能源作为我国农村生活用能的重要组成部分,其开发利用对保障国家能源安全和社会主义新农村建设具有重要意义。文章分析了我国农村生物质能源的发展现状和消费结构,认为我国农村地区的生物质能利用主要集中在沼气、秸秆和薪柴。近几年来,我国沼气利用的规模不断扩大,秸秆利用方式由传统的燃烧向集中制气、炭化和固化成型等多种方式转变。农村生物质能源消费以秸秆和薪柴为主,沼气在消费结构中所占比例呈上涨趋势。当前我国生物质能源的利用仍存在许多问题,未来应从生物质能资源清查、技术、政策资金保障、市场以及产业发展等方面促进农村生物质能源的开发利用。     

河南林木生物质能源发展浅谈

在分析林木生物质能源含义的基础上,根据河南省林木生物质能源的开发利用尚处于起步阶段,尚未开始实质性的产业化建设的现状,简要探讨了有关河南发展林木生物质能源的优势、存在问题及对策。     

生物质能源树种的研究进展

在煤、石油和天然气等不可再生能源逐渐耗尽的情况下,生物质能源作为一种可再生能源将成为全球未来的主要能源之一。概述了生物质能源树种的概念与意义、目前国内外一些典型生物质能源树种的特点及利用情况,分析了我国生物质能源树种培育和利用的优势及存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策,展望了其发展趋势。     

湖北木质生物质能源研究

林木生物质能源是可再生能源的重要组成部分,其研究利用对解决湖北省能源、生态环境问题将起到十分积极的作用。本文介绍了湖北省林木生物质能源研究情况,涉及到能源树种种质资源库建设、树木果实榨取柴油、林木废弃物利用以及木纤维转化酒精等方面的研究。结合我省实际情况,提出了建议。     

我国林业生物质能技术发展现状

通过介绍国内外生物质技术的发展概况,综述了生物质能源存在的优缺点。在此基础上,针对生物质能发展现状,建议我国改进和完善相关政策与立法,极力开发能源新技术,从而促进生物质能大规模生产使用,实现能源的可持续发展。     

生物质热解液化技术研究现状及展望

生物质热解液化技术是把低能量密度生物质转化为高能量密度液体产物的一种新型生物质能利用技术。该技术很大程度上能缓解当今社会的能源危机以及环境污染，是人类开发可再生资源的一种非常有效的途径。本文简要介绍了国内外对这一技术的研究及其进展。     

木质颗粒成型能耗分析

生物能源是一种重要的再生能源，生物能源木质颗粒比其他生物能源更容易实现大规模生产和使用，在国外应用已经相当普遍。我国在木质颗粒产品推广应用中，存在诸多问题，其中最棘手的问题是生产木质颗粒中制粒能耗高、设备损耗大。通过分析木质颗粒生产的国外制粒工艺、国内自主研发的制粒工艺和引进技术改进的制粒工艺的单位产量能耗，我们认为：引进制粒生产技术是合理可行的方法。     

日本林木生物质能源政策与效果分析

目前我国林木生物质能源产业处于发展初期,相关政策有待完善,日本的林木生物质能源政策体系值得借鉴。文中在阐述背景的基础上,着重分析日本促进林木生物质能源发展的20余项政策,并将其分为法律法规、发展规划和经济扶持3类;总结出其政策具有体系完善、连贯协调、可操作性强、重视分布式发展4个特点,并对政策实施效果进行分析;最后从4个方面提出对我国林木生物质能源政策的启示,包括健全政策体系、实施覆盖全产业链的补助政策、建立统一的领导机构、促进区域性示范。     

国外生物质能源产业扶持政策

生物质能源消费量占世界能源总消费量的15%左右, 作为可再生的清洁能源, 其重要性越来越重要。国外很多国家都对生物质能产业的发展加强引导, 制定国家发展战略, 建立专门的科研和管理机构, 强化立法, 并在财政、信贷、税收等方面给予相当大的政策扶持。     

Social preferences toward energy generation with woody biomass from public forests in Montana,USA

In Montana, USA, there are substantial opportunities for mechanized thinning treatments on public forests to reduce the likelihood of severe and damaging wildfires and improve forest health. These treatments produce residues that can be used to generate renewable energy and displace fossil fuels. The choice modeling method is employed to examine the marginal willingness of Montanans' to pay (MWTP) for woody biomass energy produced from treatments in their public forests. The survey instrument elicited social preferences for important co-benefits and costs of woody biomass energy generation in Montana, namely the extent of healthy forests, the number of large wildfires, and local air quality. Positive and statistically significant MWTP is found for woody biomass energy generation, forest health and air quality. MWTP to avoid large wildfires is statistically insignificant. However, MWTP for woody biomass energy diminishes quickly, revealing that Montanans do not support public forestland management that produces more than double the current level of woody biomass harvested for energy generation. These findings can be used by policy makers and public land managers to estimate the social benefits of utilizing residues from public forest restoration or fuel treatment programs to generate energy.     

林木生物质高效精细粉碎研究现状及展望

生物质能的开发利用及产业化是当前研究的热点,粉碎加工是生物质能转化利用的重要预处理工序.粉碎粒度影响后期加工利用效果,粉碎效率和功耗是影响大规模开发利用生物质能源的关键因素.本文论述了林木生物质高效超细粉碎研究的意义,概述了国内外相关研究现状,并展望了生物质粉碎设备的发展趋势.     

Biomass energy in industrialised countries—a view of the future

Biomass fuels currently (1994) supply around 14% of the world's energy, but most of this is in the form of traditional fuelwood, residues and dung, which is often inefficient and can be environmentally detrimental. Biomass can supply heat and electricity, liquid and gaseous fuels. A number of developed countries derive a significant amount of their primary energy from biomass: USA 4%, Finland 18%, Sweden 16% and Austria 13%. Presently biomass energy supplies at least 2 EJ year⁻¹ in Western Europe which is about 4% of primary energy (54 EJ). Estimates show a likely potential in Europe in 2050 of 9.0–13.5 EJ depending on land areas (10% of useable land, 33 Mha), yields (10–15 oven-dry tonnes (ODt) ha⁻¹), and recoverable residues (25% of harvestable). This biomass contribution represents 17–30% of projected total energy requirements up to 2050. The relative contribution of biofuels in the future will depend on markets and incentives, on continuous research and development progress, and on environmental requirements. Land constraints are not considered significant because of the predicted surpluses in land and food, and the near balance in wood and wood products in Europe.There is considerable potential for the modernisation of biomass fuels to produce convenient energy carriers such as electricity, gases and transportation fuels, whilst continuing to provide for traditional uses of biomass; this modernisation of biomass and the industrial investment is already happening in many countries. When produced in an efficient and sustainable manner, biomass energy has numerous environmental and social benefits compared with fossil fuels. These include improved land management, job creation, use of surplus agricultural land in industrialised countries, provision of modern energy carriers to rural communities of developing countries, a reduction of CO₂ levels, waste control, and nutrient recycling. Greater environmental and net energy benefits can be derived from perennial and woody energy cropping than from annual arable crops which are short-term alternative feedstocks for fuels. Agroforestry systems can play an important role in providing multiple benefits to growers and the community, besides energy. In order to ameliorate CO₂ emissions, using biomass as a substitute for fossil fuels (complete replacement, co-firing, etc.) is more beneficial from social and economic perspectives than sequestering the carbon in forests.Case studies are presented for several developed countries and the constraints involved in modernising biomass energy along with the potential for turning them into entrepreneurial opportunities are discussed. It is concluded that the long term impacts of biomass programmes and projects depend mainly on ensuring income generation, environmental sustainability, flexibility and replicability, while taking account of local conditions and providing multiple benefits, which is an important attribute of agroforestry-type systems. Biomass for energy must be environmentally acceptable in order to ensure its widespread adoptions as a modern energy source. Implementation of biomass projects requires governmental policy initiatives that will internalise the external economic, social and environmental costs of conventional fuel sources so that biomass fuels can become competitive on a ‘level playing field’.     

Forest biomass and bioenergy production and the role of CDM in Bangladesh

The use of forest biomass as a renewable energy source has received much attention as a response to climate change and the increasing global demands for energy. Local availability and conversion into secondary energy carriers with a lower capital investment shows more weights on its interests. The substitution of fossil fuel by biomass fuel can have a strong effect on the mitigation of climate change through reducing greenhouse gases, which can be an important consideration for CDM projects in Bangladesh. This study uses literature review to analyse the legal framework of carbon trading under CDM, CDM additionality, CDM and bioenergy promotion, land availability and technology for biomass production, and sustainability of CDM projects in Bangladesh. The barriers to CDM projects in Bangladesh are explained as well as measures for promoting biomass production. Biomass and bioenergy-based CDM projects can be attractive and support sustainable development in Bangladesh. The study suggests capacity building and policy changes needed in order to comply with CDM modalities. The study can be useful to the climate change mitigation and development policy makers in Bangladesh.