松针褐斑病菌毒素处理后湿地松组培苗 PAL、PPO、SOD活性变化研究

为研究抗松针褐斑病菌在湿地松子代组培苗体内的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性变化与其抗病性的关系,以抗病湿地松瓶内组培苗和温室1年生组培苗针叶为材料,测定PAL、PPO、SOD的活性。结果表明:松针褐斑病菌毒素处理后,湿地松PAL和PPO活性与抗病性成一定正相关关系,SOD活性与植株抗病性在48 168 h内表现有一定的负相关性。     

油茶炭疽病菌毒素对苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性的刺激作用

番通油茶炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum camelliae Massee)培养液含有其产生的毒素物质,毒素能使番茄幼苗发生萎蔫和使油茶叶片产生坏死斑,毒素能刺激油茶叶片、愈伤组织和悬浮细脆的苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性增高,所测的抗病型和感病型油茶的酶活性变化时间进程是相同的,但抗病型酶活性增高的幅度为感病型的2.4倍。酶活性增高是由于酶分子的活化和酶蛋白的重新合成引起的。本文讨论了病原菌毒素在抗病性中所起的作用以及利用苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性的增高幅度作为抗病生化指标的可能性。     

抗松针褐斑病湿地松组培再生植株抗病性测定

采用松针褐斑病菌毒素处理湿地松瓶内组培苗和温室组培苗针叶、采用苗圃组培苗人工接种松针褐斑病菌孢子悬浮液测定抗病性。结果表明:湿地松不同家系间抗病性差异显著、同一家系不同无性系间抗病性差异也显著。湿地松瓶内组培苗各无性系抗病性强弱依次为8#40,8#2,8#11,32#3,普通组培苗;温室组培苗各无性系抗性强弱依次为32#7,32#3,普通组培苗。苗圃组培苗与实生苗间、组培苗不同代数间抗病性差异显著。单元回归分析表明,瓶内测定结果与温室针叶测定结果的相关系数r~2=0.999 7、与苗圃接种孢子悬浮液测定结果的相关系数r~2=0.958 8。因此,为了缩短选育时间,减少成本,一定程度上可以用瓶内抗病性测定替代室外抗病性测定。     

松针中黄酮类物质及叶绿素含量与褐斑病的关系

分析９个湿地松抗病无性系和４个易感株针叶中的黄酮类物质及叶绿素的含量，结果表明，抗病和感病针叶中都存在黄酮类物质，且抗病针叶中的黄酮类物质和叶绿素的平均含量均略高于感病针叶中的平均含量，但方差分析显示二者差异未达到显著水平。     

纵坑切梢小蠹伴生菌--云南半帚孢毒素作用机理的初步研究

用纵坑切梢小蠹伴生菌——云南半帚孢Laeptographium yunnanense的毒素处理后，云南松和华山松体内与抗病性密切相关的过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶的活性都明显地下降，表明该毒素可以通过抑制寄主体内与抗性有关的酶的活性来削弱寄主的抗性，从而有利于菌在寄主体内侵染生长。云南松的酶活性下降的程度较大，而华山松的酶活性较高，毒素处理后活性受抑制的程度相对较小，这表明华山松对云南半帚孢的抗御能力较云南松的强，这也是云南境内云南松受害严重而华山松受害轻微的重要原因之一。     

普通木麻黄抗感青枯病无性系与根瘤固氮活性及生物量关系的研究

对普通木麻黄不同抗病无性系植株的根瘤固氮活性、结瘤量、植株含氮量及生物量进行了测定。结果表明，抗病性强的无性系植株结瘤量、固氮活性比抗病性差的植株高２一４倍；抗病无性系植株生长高大，生物量和含氮量明显比感病无性系植株高。     

松针中黄酮类物质及叶绿素含量与褐斑病的关系

分析9个湿地松抗病无性系和4个易感株针叶中的黄酮类物质及叶绿素的含量。结果表明,抗病和感病针叶中都存在黄酮类物质,且抗病针叶中的黄酮类物质和叶绿素的平均含量均略高于感病针叶中的平均含量,但方差分析显示二者差异未达到显著水平。     

松枯梢病抗病机制研究

应用石蜡切片和生理生化测定等方法，对１５种松树最易遭受枯梢病菌侵染的嫩梢，进行形态结构解剖学检测和歧层内苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性测定，探讨其抗病机制。研究结果表明，在形态解剖这方面，抗病和感病类型差别，与周皮组织结构有关，与皮层组织结构无关，前者抗病类型周皮细胞多为２－４层，周皮组织厚３６．０－１００．８μｍ。高度感病类型周皮细胞多为１层，周皮组织厚１４．４－２４．０μｍ，在生理生化方面，抗病类型苯丙氨     

杨树与松杨栅锈菌互作中寄主活性氧及抗性相关酶变化

对杨树与落叶松-杨栅锈菌互作中活性氧(ROS)产生、抗性相关酶活性动态变化与寄主抗病性的关系进行研究.结果表明,不同杨树种或品种与该锈菌不同小种菌系的互作进程中寄主叶片ROS代谢和抗性相关酶活性变化存在明显差异.免疫、抗病组合寄主超氧阴离子(O2-)产生速率和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量分别于接种后0.5,1天时迅速爆发且升幅最大,此后继续出现1～2个高峰,整个进程中明显高于感病组合;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性与杨树品种抗病性呈负相关;免疫、高抗组合杨树在接种2天时苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性快速升高且强度大,而感病组合无明显变化;几丁质酶活性与寄主抗病性呈正相关.     

马尾松松针褐斑病的发生规律

马尾松松针褐斑病的发生规律近年来福建省三明市发现在发病严重的湿地松林下及林缘的马尾松幼树已普遍感染松针褐斑病，发病严重的个别植株已濒临死亡。通过对标准株观察，４－５月为发病盛期，５－６月为发病高峰期，７－９月为新叶发病期，１０月以后病菌扩展缓慢。感病...     

我国湿地松抗松针褐斑病研究进展

湿地松松针褐斑病是我国南方松树上的重要病害，本文综合概述了我国自８０年初开始的湿地松抗松针褐斑病的研究，重点介绍了湿地松松针褐斑病的抗病选择和抗病机制的研究进展，并对这些研究作了分析评述，１２２株抗病单株已被收集，４ｈｍ＾２抗病湿地松种子园已在省建立，松针褐斑病的抗病机制也作了初步分析。     

Physiological responses of Eucalyptus spp. hybrids to infection by Ceratocystis fimbriata

In Brazil, the selection and planting of eucalyptus clones resistant to Ceratocystis fimbriata is the pre‐eminent control strategy for the wilt pathogen. However, little is known about host defence responses associated with resistance of eucalyptus to C. fimbriata infection. In this work, enzymatic activity, sugars, lignin, total phenols and phenolic compounds involved in the defence response of eucalyptus clones resistant (RC) and susceptible (SC) to the Ceratocystis wilt were evaluated. Changes were detected in the sugars produced by RC clones, with higher concentrations occurring compared with SC. A similar response occurred with lignin content at 28 days after inoculation (dai) in RC plants. SC plants had an increase in polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities at 7 dai. In contrast, RC plants demonstrated high activity of the same enzymes at 2 and 4 dai, decreasing afterwards. There was no difference in phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase activity between resistant and susceptible clones. Hydroxycinnamic acid concentration was higher in RC than in SC; however, there was no difference between RC and SC in flavonoid concentrations. RC had high concentrations catechin, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. Histochemical tests demonstrated the presence of phenolic compounds and lignin, at higher intensities, in xylem of RC plants. Inoculation with C. fimbriata induced defence responses in both resistant and susceptible eucalyptus clones, but both the intensity and speed of the responses were higher in RC. Alterations in the concentrations of sugars and lignin, as well as certain enzymes and phenolic compounds, could be used to predict the relative susceptibilities to Ceratocystis wilt of different phenotypes of eucalyptus clones.     

Physiologische Untersuchungen über die unterschiedliche Resistenz von Pinus sylvestris gegen Lophodermium pinastri

Physiological studies on variation in resistance of Pinus sylvestris to Lophodermium pinastri. I. Buffer capacity in needles. Studies on the buffering of hydrogen-ion concentration in needles of resistant and susceptible pines showed that the pH-value was changed by the growing fungus from about pH 3.7 to 5, The buffer capacity of homogenized needles varied greatly between clones, The change of pH-value as well as the buffer capacity were significantly different between resistant and susceptible clones.     

侧柏抗病单株对叶枯病抗性机制研究

本文比较测定了对叶枯病具有高度抗性的侧柏单株叶片中木质素和纤维素含量、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（ＰＡＬ）和超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、以及细胞含水量和肉质化程度。结果表明,抗病单株叶片细胞中木质素和纤维素的含量显著地高于普通的感病侧柏;抗病单株的ＰＡＬ活性和ＳＯＤ活性也明显高于感病株。并且发现ＰＡＬ活性和木质素含量之间具有高度相关性。抗病单株的细胞含水量和肉质化程度则显著地低于感病株。综上指标说明,抗病单株在生理生化和遗传上,明显地区别于普通感病株。     

黑胫病生防菌施用后对不同抗性烟草品种酶活性和 MDA 含量的影响

为了探究生防菌对烟草抗病性的影响,2012年,以对黑胫病抗性不同的高抗品种（云烟87）、中抗品种（ K326）和感病品种（红花大金元）等3种烟草品种70天苗龄的实生苗为实验材料,在烟苗茎秆接种黑胫病原后施用该生防菌,于不同接种时期（0天、15天、30天、45天、60天、75天）测定叶片中苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）、过氧化物酶（POD）的活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果表明,（1）高抗品种、中抗品种和感病品种的PAL、 PPO及POD活性水平皆明显高于各自的对照,且前期增加速度表现为高抗品种＞中抗品种＞感病品种,后期PPO活性减小情况也符合以上规律。（2）高抗品种、中抗品种和感病品种的MDA的含量增加速度明显低于各自的对照,前期MDA含量增加的速度和后期降低的速度均是感病品种＞中抗品种＞高抗品种。可见,施用该生防菌可通过调节抗性酶活性和MDA含量提高烟株对烟草黑胫病的抗病性。     

Physiological studies on variation in resistance of Pinus sylvestris to Lophodermium pinastri

Buffering capacity and pH values of extracts of pine needles varied with age in the course of the ontogeny of needles. Significant differences between a resistant and a susceptible pine clone group in relation to resistance against Lophodermium pinastri could be shown in autumn and winter. Also the variability of the parasite influences the host-parasite interaction as shown by alteration of pH values by 3 L. pinastri strains in cultural trials on needle extract medium.     

Response of in vitro obtained oil palm and interspecific OxG hybrids to inoculation with Phytophthora palmivora

Bud rot (BR) disease caused by Phytophthora palmivora is the most devastating disease in oil palm cultivation in America. Oil palms that survived BR epidemics were found in areas highly devastated by the disease; these palms were introduced into Cenipalma's in vitro micropropagation (cloning programme). A severity scale was developed for in vitro palms from five ortets inoculated with two different P. palmivora isolates. Then, eight ortets of Elaeis guineensis and two ortets of the OxG interspecific hybrid were evaluated in two inoculation trials under chamber growth conditions. The clone performance response was consistent with that reported in the field for the corresponding ortets, and two contrasting ortets, one susceptible (ortet 57) and one resistant (ortet 34) were identified. We monitored and compared defence responses to P. palmivora in the contrasting ortets. An increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production after inoculation with the pathogen was observed, with higher accumulation of H₂O₂ in the resistant plants. Catalase (CAT) activity in resistant plants increased after inoculation with the pathogen from 24 hr post‐infection (hpi) and remained high during the observation time. In the susceptible ortets, there was a significant increase on catalase activity only at 48 hpi. Peroxidase (POS) activity increased in clones from both susceptible and resistant ortets, but the increase was much greater in the susceptible ones. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity increased in response to inoculation, and these increases were greater in clones of the susceptible ortet than in clones of the resistant ortet.     

Comparison of histological responses and tissue damage expansion between resistant and susceptible Pinus thunbergii infected with pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Pine wilt disease caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, has been epidemic and has had disastrous impacts on pine forests and forest ecosystems in eastern Asia. Many pine species in this area are susceptible to this disease. Pinus thunbergii is particularly susceptible. In Japan, tree breeders have selected surviving trees from severely damaged forests as resistant candidates, and have finally established several resistant varieties of P. thunbergii. However, this breeding procedure requires much time and effort due to the lack of physiological and phenotypical information about resistance. To investigate the resistance mechanisms of selected P. thunbergii, we compared histochemical responses, tissue damage expansion, and PWN distribution in resistant and susceptible clones of P. thunbergii after PWN inoculation. The results suggested that the mechanisms of resistance are as follows: damage expansion in the cortex, cambium, and xylem axial resin canals are retarded in resistant trees soon after inoculation, probably due to the induction of wall protein-based defenses. Suppression of PWN reproduction was particularly caused by inhibition of damage expansion in the cambium. The slow expansion of damage in each tissue provides time for the host to complete the biosynthesis of lignin in the walls of cells that surround the damaged regions. This lignification of cell walls is assumed to effectively inhibit the migration and reproduction of the PWNs. The mechanism of initial damage retardation is presumed to be a key for resistance.     

Analysis of bark proteins in blister rust-resistant and susceptible western white pine (Pinus monticola)

We compared bark proteins from four contrasting (blister rust-resistant versus susceptible) half-sib seedling pairs of western white pine (Pinus monticola D. Don). Pooled proteins from resistant and susceptible groups (four trees per group) were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, silver stained, and analyzed with the aid of a laser scanner interfaced with a computerized gel documentation system. Qualitative and quantitative protein differences were observed between resistant and susceptible groups. The number of proteins unique to a group was greater in the susceptible category than in the resistant category. Biosynthesis of some common proteins was enhanced near lesioned areas of susceptible seedlings. Many proteins shared similar charge and mass characteristics with those of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. Two protein bands were isolated and partially characterized by N-terminal amino acid sequencing: a 10.6-kDa band that was selectively enriched in all resistant individuals, and a 26.0-kDa band that was enriched in some susceptible individuals. The significance of these protein differences and the possible use of selected proteins as disease or resistance markers are discussed.