杨树菌根研究进展

杨树菌根真菌资源丰富，有３０种外生菌根真菌和５种ＶＡ菌根真菌可与其共生形成外生菌根和ＶＡ菌根，菌根的形态和解剖特征与菌根真菌的种类有关。菌根可以促进杨树苗木养分和水分的吸收，提高苗木的生长量，增强其抗旱性，并且可以诱导杨树体内酚类物质代谢中酶类（ＰＯ、ＰＰＯ、ＰＡＬ等）活性的提高，加速抗病性物质（酚类等）的合成，增强杨树抗溃疡病的能力     

杨树菌根研究进菌

杨树菌根真菌资源丰富，有３０种外生菌根真菌和５种ＶＡ菌根真菌可与其共生开成外生菌根和ＶＡ菌根，菌根的形态和解剖特征与菌根真菌的种类有关，菌根可以促进杨树苗木养分和水分的吸收，提高苗木的生长量，增强其抗旱性，并且可以诱导杨树体内酚类物质代谢中酶类活性的提高，加速抗病性物质的合成，增强杨树抗溃疡病的能力。     

中国杨树菌根种类、隶属、效应及研究方向

概述了与杨树共生的菌根真菌共74种,其中内生菌根真菌(VA)18种,外生菌根真菌56种,及其在分类学上的隶属关系,其中VA菌根真菌分属1门1纲3目2亚目4科6属18种,外生菌根真菌分属2门3纲6目14科25属56种;菌根真菌在不同杨树上的分布,其中VA菌根真菌在25种杨树及杨树多种上,外生菌根真菌在11种杨树及杨树多种上。杨树是我国重要的造林树种,菌根真菌对杨树的生长能起很大效应:生长的影响、酶活性的影响、营养元素吸收的影响、抗旱性的影响、抗溃疡病的影响。最后提出了5项今后研究方向:1)筛选目的杨树品种上形成菌根的最佳种类;2)开展不同立地类型优良菌种的筛选;3)进行苗木菌根化技术措施的探究;4)加强适合杨树生长的菌根菌剂研究;5)应用分子生物学技术研究菌根真菌与植物之间的相互作用机理。     

外生菌根真菌对植物促生抗逆作用机制研究进展

外生菌根真菌(ECM)为土壤真菌与陆地植物根系形成的一种互惠共生体,是森林生态系统关键的组成部分.作为生态系统的重要组分,外生菌根真菌具有较强的适应能力,可适应干旱、盐碱、重金属污染等逆境条件,外生菌根真菌侵染宿主植物根系可促进宿主植物生长、土壤养分吸收与利用、提高抗逆和抗病能力、改善土壤环境微生物群落结构.林业生产与...     

东北主要用材树种外生菌根真菌资源调查研究

通过对我国东北地区主要用材树种外生菌根真菌资源、种类及分布进行详细调查研究，分析了树种、林龄与菌根真菌分布之间的相互关系；菌根真菌的分布、种类随林龄的增加而发生变化。结果表明，与落叶松、樟子松、油松、杨树等主要用材树种共生形成外生菌根的真菌共76种，8－20年生松林下多以牛肝菌类、乳菇类等伞菌目的菌根真菌为先锋种类；20年生以上的成熟林则以专一寄宿性的铆钉菇科和马勃目的菌根真菌为优势种群。为我国东北地区主要用材树种外生菌根真菌的采集、分离、培养，优良菌根真菌的筛选和菌根真菌资源的合理开发利用提供了理论基础。     

蓝桉和尾叶桉混合菌根研究 Ⅰ.菌根合成及真菌间的相互作用

采用蜡磨菌与ＶＡ 菌根真菌分别对蓝桉和尾叶桉进行单接种或混合接种,研究结果表明,两种菌根类型的真菌均能在桉树苗木根系上成功地定殖,分别合成了外生菌根、ＶＡ 菌根和混合菌根,证实了桉树不仅是菌根营养型树种,而且能形成多种菌根类型。ＶＡ 菌根感染率在接种初期较高,但随时间的推移有降低的趋势;而外生菌根菌初期合成菌根的速度较慢,但单位长度根段内菌根根尖数目有明显增加的趋势。与单接种ＶＡ菌根真菌苗木相比,外生菌根真菌抑制了ＶＡ 菌根菌在根系上的进一步侵染,体现在较低的ＶＡ 菌根感染率;而外生菌根菌显示出了较强的竞争能力,并能在接种后９ 周时开始形成子实体。在混合菌根中,外生菌根有逐步替代ＶＡ 菌根的发展趋势,两种类型的菌根真菌间存在一定的竞争性作用关系。基质磷（Ｐ）素水平对菌根的形成也有一定的影响     

不同施肥条件下丛枝菌根对1年生杨树扦插苗生长的影响

不同施肥条件下丛枝菌根真菌对1年生杨树扦插苗生长的影响研究结果表明,供试的4种丛枝菌根真菌均能与1年生杨树扦插苗形成菌根,并可显著提高苗木生长量,其中Glomussinuasa对1年生杨树扦插苗的生长促进作用最大,其次为Glomuslnosseae。丛枝菌根真菌与肥料之间的互作效应分析结果表明,供试的4种丛枝菌根真菌对磷肥的利用效率显著高于氮肥;     

蓝桉的尾叶桉混合菌根研究：Ⅰ.菌根合成及真菌间的相互作用

采用蜡磨菌与ＶＡ菌根真菌分别对蓝桉和叶桉进行单接种或混合接种，研究结果表明，两种菌根类型的真菌均能在桉树苗木根系上成功地定殖，分别合成了外生菌根、ＶＡ菌根和混合菌根，证实了桉树不仅是菌根营养型树种，而且能形成多种菌根类型。ＶＡ菌根感染率在接种初期较高，但随时间的推移有降低的趋势；而外生菌根菌初期合成菌根的速度较慢，但单位长度根段内菌根根尖数目有明显增加趋势。与单接种ＶＡ根真菌苗木相比，外生菌根真菌     

外生菌根及其在现代林业中的应用

外生菌根(ECM)是真菌菌丝体包围宿主植物尚未木栓化的营养根形成的共生体。菌根真菌广泛的存在于土壤中,具有丰富的多样性。外生菌根不仅能够扩大植物根系的吸收面积,增强植物对矿质元素的吸收能力,促进植物生长,增强植物抗干旱和抗病性的能力,还承担重要的生态功能。随着菌根研究的深入,外生菌根技术也被广泛的应用于现代林业生产中。该文从外生菌根真菌多样性、功能以及在现代林业生产中的应用现状3方面综述了外生菌根的研究和应用现状。     

外生菌根菌在杨树生产中的研究现状

通过对杨树外生菌根资源情况的介绍,及总结杨树菌根化育苗技术、菌根对杨树矿质营养吸收的影响、菌根对杨树抗逆性的影响等方面的研究现状,提出了外生菌根菌在杨树生产应用中未来研究的主要方向。     

彩色豆马勃菌剂的应用研究

外生菌根真菌——彩色豆马勃(豆包菌)Pisolithus tinctorius(Pers.)Coker and Couch(简称P_t)。应用彩色豆马勃商品化菌剂对我国一些重要用材树种进行菌根化的研究,评价这些树种对P_t菌剂的反应,各种菌剂的效果及其应用前景,为在我国林业生产和环境保护中推广和应用P_t技术及其菌剂提供基础。     

三种杨黑斑病菌的寄主范围及在我国部分地区的分布

杨树黑斑病是杨树的重要病害之一。目前国外已报道的杨黑斑病菌的种类有10种,许多学者认为保留Marssonina brunnea(Ell.et Ev.)Magn.,M.populi(Lib.)Magn.和M.castagnei(Desm.et Mont.)Magn.三个种,Cellerino和Rimpau把M.tremulae作为独立的种,Spiers把M.tremulae作为M.brunnea寄生于白杨派山杨亚派(Trepidae)的一个专化型(M.brunnea f.sp.trepidae)。M.balsamiferae Hiratsuka则是新近在加拿大发现的,其他的名称均为上述各种的异名。我国已报道的有三种,即M.brunnea(M.populicola为其异名)、M.populi和M.castagnei其中M.brunnea与M.populi的区分,主要是以分生孢子分隔处是否有缢缩为根据的,并认为前者的寄主范围以青杨派为主,后者以黑     

滇西北高山针叶林区主要林型下外生菌根真菌的分布

1985年和1986年,我们在云南西北部高山针叶林内,采用标准地调查和路线踏查相结合的方法,在杜鹃-冷杉林等7个主要林型中进行了外生菌根真菌调查。经对采集标本的鉴定,计有33个属约140余种外生菌根真菌。它们在各种林型下的分布有着一定的规律。其种类组成和分布的多度与林木的组成、土壤和地形条件,如海拔高度、坡向、坡度等有密切的关系。     

Relationship between plant hormone level excreted by ectomycorrhizal fungi and growth of poplar NL-895

To explore the effects of plant hormones levels excreted by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi on the growth of poplars, Populus × euramericana cv. NL-895 seedlings were inoculated with nine species of ECM fungi. We investigated the status of ectomycorrhizal formation and the effects of these fungi on poplar growth, and using the HPLC method, we measured the contents of four kinds of plant hormones, indole acetic acid (IAA), zeatin (Z), gibberellin (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in both the culture filtrate and the mycelium of these fungi. The results showed that the effects of nine ECM fungi on the growth of poplar NL-895 varied. The inoculated seedlings, whether or not obvious mycorrhizas were developed, grew better than those non-inoculated ones. All nine ectomycorrhizal fungi excreted the four plant hormones, but at different levels. The hormone contents in culture filtrate were higher than that in mycelium, which showed a definite relationship with poplar growth. Significantly, correlation analysis suggested the height and stem diameter of the poplar were positively correlated with zeatin contents in the mycelium, and were negatively correlated with the levels of ABA or IAA in the mycelium. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2008, 44(7): 43–49 [译自:林业科学]     

杨树与栅锈菌互作的组织病理学研究

用整叶组织透明染色法对亲和性、非亲和性杨树品种与落叶松-杨栅锈菌（Melampsora larici-popu-lina Kleb）相互作用的组织病理学进行了系统的观察。夏孢子接种6h后开始萌发，12h后芽管侵入气孔，此的在寄主细胞内形成吸器。芽管常形成树杈状或根状分枝，一个芽管分别侵入两个气孔或几个芽管同时侵入一个气孔。杨树与栅锈菌相互识别 中的抗锈性的表达主要发生在接种24h后，即气孔下囊形成阶段。表现为夏孢子萌发初期受抑，气孔下囊形成较迟、数量较少、初生侵染菌丝的长度受抑，吸器出现迟、数量少以及寄主叶肉细胞坏死等，但不同组合间在发生时间和程度上有较大差异。接种12h后，感病品种的叶肉细胞中出现吸器，36h后抗病性组合中出现吸器。随着菌丝的增多，抗病品种中的吸器数量、菌落面积小于感病品种、多于近免疫品种。低反应型品种中菌落线性生长受抑和吸器形成的减少均发生在叶肉细胞坏死之后，尚未发现高感品种出现叶肉细胞坏死现象。     

Growth and root sucker ability of field-grown transgenic poplars overexpressing xyloglucanase

Xyloglucan is thought to be a key hemicellulose cross-linking adjacent cellulose microfibrils in plant cell walls. The growth traits of transgenic poplars (Populus alba) with decreased xyloglucan from overexpression of Aspergillus aculeatus xyloglucanase were characterized during a 4-year field trial. The field-trial site consisted of two blocks, a fertile soil block and a non-fertile soil block, determined by soil analysis. In the fertile block, the growth of aboveground biomass of the transgenic poplars was reduced to 24?C44?% compared to that of wild-type poplars, in contrast to the growth seen in chamber and greenhouse conditions. In the non-fertile block, the aboveground biomass of transgenic poplars was also smaller than that of the wild-type poplars. Because poplars reproduce asexually by root suckers, we also compared the formation of root suckers from transgenic and wild-type poplars. Root suckers formed less frequently from transgenic poplars than from wild-type poplars. The growth rates of root suckers from transgenic poplars were also slower than those from wild-type poplars. The results showed that constitutive degradation of xyloglucan impairs poplar growth and vegetative reproduction ability.     

Mycorrhizal formation of nine ectomycorrhizal fungi on poplar cuttings

In order to discover which ectomycorrhizal-(ECM) fungi have better growth-promoting effects on poplars, cuttings from four poplar species were inoculated with nine species of ECM fungi by three methods. We investigated the status of mycorrhizal formation and the effects of these fungi on the growth of the poplars. The results show that Xrocomus chrysentero (Xc), Boletus edulis (Be), Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) and Laccaria amethystea (La) formed clear ectomycorrhizal symbiosis with the poplar seedlings. Among these four ECM fungi, Xc had the greatest ability to develop mycorrhizae with all four poplar species. Be shows a greater ability to form mycorrhizae with Populus deltoides Bartr cv. ‘Lux’ (Poplar I-69). Pt and La had relatively weaker abilities of colonization. The other five ECM fungal species, i.e., Scleroderma luteus (Sl), Leccinum scabrum (Ls), Boletus speciosus (Bs), Calvatia craniiformis (Cc) and Rhizopogen luteous (Rl) could not easily form mycorrhizae with poplar seedlings grown in sterilized substrates, but could do so in non-sterilized soil. With the method of drilling and injecting liquid inoculum, a simple operation, the mycorrhizal infection rates were higher than with the other two methods, applying solid inoculum as fertilizer at the bottom of the pots and dipping roots in the inoculum slurry. P. simonii Carr. formed mycorrhizae with most of the nine ECM fungi. P. x euramericana (Dode) Guinier cv. ’san Martino’ (Poplar I-72) and P. deltoids Harvard x P. deltoids Lux (Poplar NL-351) had the highest compatibility with Pt. Poplar I-69 shows the highest compatibility with Xc. The study indicates that the optimal ECM fungi for poplars I-69, I-72 and NL-351 were Be, Xc and Pt, respectively. The optimal fungi for P. simonii Carr. were Xc and Be. These ECM fungi promoted the growth of the poplar seedlings significantly. __________ Translated from Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition), 2007, 31(6): 29–33 [译自: 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版)]     

Analysis of isoperoxidases of Populus spp. in Heilongjiang Province

IntroductionBiochemicaIanaIysisaboutvariousorgansofdif-ferentplants,indmerentgrownstagesandhabitats,hasbecomeanimportantwaysforprovidingnewcharacteristicsandnewinformationinplantcIassifi-cation.IsoenzymeisakindofzymesexistedinmanydifferenttissuecelIs,ofwhichstructuresarenotex-actIysame,butcancataIyzeasamekindsofchemi-caIreaction.AsisknowntoaII,theform8tionofzymeiscontrolIedbyoneormoregenes,soitisadirectproduCtofgepeexpressionandcanbetakenasabiochemicaItargetofgeneexpression.Asthespeci-esi…     

Biosafety assessment of transgenic poplars overexpressing xyloglucanase (AaXEG2) prior to field trials

We performed biosafety assessments of transgenic poplars prior to field trials. Constitutive expression of the Aspergillus aculeatus xyloglucanase in Populus alba increased the cellulose content and specific gravity of its stem, the leaves of which were visibly greener, thicker, and smaller than those of the wild-type plant. Although the young transgenic poplars grew faster than the wild type in a growth chamber, there was no distinguishable difference in growth between the poplars when they were placed in a special screened greenhouse. Allelopathic tests showed that the transgenic poplars do not produce harmful substances. Based on all the biosafety assessments and the scientific literature on poplar species, we came to the conclusion that transgenic poplars probably do not disturb the biological diversity of the surrounding environment, even when they are submitted to field trials.     

Analysis of isoperoxidases ofPopulus spp. in Heilongjiang Province

Isoperoxidases of fourteen species of poplars in Heilongjiang Province were analyzed by polyacrylamidegel disc-electrophoresis. The major zymogram of petioles of poplars was consisted of twelve kinds of isoenzymes, in which 35% zymogram was just the same and represented the specialized zymograms of poplars. The results of the experiments showed that the closer the affinity relationships of the species were, the greater the similar values between the zymograms were. There were very great similar values among natural hybrid species. But in sect.Tacamahaca Spach, the similar values betweenPopulus koreana Rehder andP. nakaii Skv. were obviously smaller. Isoenzyme analysis provided new information for plant classification on the molecular level. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong