降低增压柴油机NO_x排放的结构参数分析与试验研究

采用调整增压柴油机结构参数的方法降低NOx的排放量,并降低了成本。以4110型增压柴油机为例调整其燃烧室、喷油器以及喷油泵等结构参数,并进行分析、优化,对调整前、后的柴油机进行了试验。试验结果表明:优化后的柴油机能满足“欧Ⅱ”标准。     

ZS195柴油机掺氢燃烧试验研究

在标定转速下试验研究了小比例掺氢燃烧对ZS195柴油机工作过程、排放和经济特性的影响。试验结果显示:ZS195柴油机掺氢燃烧后,随着掺氢率的增加,缸内最大爆发压力和压力升高率峰值都会增加;ZS195柴油机进行小比例掺氢燃烧会降低HC、CO和烟度排放水平;富氢进气会提高缸内混合气燃烧速度,改善缸内燃烧质量,使柴油机热效率有所增加;柴油机排温和NOx排放也会随着掺氢率的增加而增加。     

柴油机燃用二甲醚复合燃烧试验

结合柴油机燃用二甲醚HCCI燃烧与缸内直喷燃烧各自的优点,提出了气道一气缸喷射复合燃烧方式,在一台改造过的柴油机上进行了试验研究.结果表明,燃烧过程包括二甲醚HCCI燃烧和缸内喷雾的预混及扩散燃烧,但随预混合率的不同呈现不同特征.随着预混合率增加,气缸压力、温度、压力升高率以及NOx排放量均先减后增.增大直喷供油提前角可改善油耗率,降低HC与CO排放量,NOx排放量会升高.与HCCI燃烧比较.采用适当预混合率和直喷供油提前角的复合燃烧,在保持NOx基本不变的条件下能有效地拓宽发动机工况范围,同时降低HC和CO排放量.     

燃烧室和喷油器结构对重型柴油机性能与排放的影响

在一台两级增压共轨重型柴油机上,重点研究燃烧室与喷油器结构参数、废气再循环(EGR)参数等因素对燃烧过程、性能和排放特性的影响。数值模拟结果表明,相比原机燃烧室（CR17.5）,CR16.8和CR16.2的缸内混合气湍动能增大,油气混合更为均匀。试验结果表明,相比CR17.5和CR16.2,CR16.8能有效提高燃烧反应速率、缩短燃烧持续期而降低有效燃油消耗率（BSFC）,CR16.2因压缩比降低过大,BSFC最高。综合数值模拟与试验结果发现,大负荷等EGR率时,CR17.5的NOx和碳烟（soot）生成量最高,但最终的碳烟排放量低于CR16.2。CR16.8缸内湍动能最高,NOx 与碳烟之间的折衷关系明显改善。喷油器优化匹配试验结果表明,相比原机直孔喷油器,带倒锥度喷孔且孔径减小的喷油器S4和S5能显著降低碳烟,明显改善NOx与碳烟之间的折衷关系。     

燃油喷射压力和EGR率对柴油机性能的影响

以某高压共轨柴油机为样机,研究了EGR率、喷油压力对NOx、Soot排放特性及燃油消耗率的影响规律。研究结果表明：EGR的引入可以有效降低NOx的排放,但随着EGR率的增加,柴油机的Soot排放也相应增加。增加喷油压力可提高缸内油气混合速率,促进燃烧,有效降低Soot排放,改善燃油经济性。通过EGR率和喷油压力的调整可以达到NOx、Soot和燃油消耗率的折中优化。     

EGR与富氢进气对柴油机性能和排放的影

试验研究了利用EGR加富氢进气改善ZS195型柴油机性能和排放的可行性,在标定转速下试验研究了不同EGR率、掺氢率对ZS195型柴油机工作过程、排放和经济特性的影响。研究结果表明：在高负荷工况,当EGR率一定时,随着掺氢率的增加,缸内峰值压力和压力升高率峰值增加。EGR加富氢进气可以降低HC、CO排放量和烟度,但NOx排放量有所增加。ZS195型柴油机采用EGR技术后,富氢进气会提高缸内混合气的燃烧速度,改善缸内燃烧质量,发动机的热效率有所增加。     

直喷柴油机燃烧过程三维模拟研究

建立了直喷柴油机燃烧过程的三维燃烧模型,通过与试验数据的对比,验证了模型的可行性。并通过模型分析了直喷柴油机燃烧过程中缸内的流场、喷油颗粒与燃油组分、压力、温度、NOx及O2浓度的分布,较详细的得出缸内各参数随时间和空间的分布变化规律。     

ZH1105W柴油机喷嘴参数优化的数值模拟研究

采用多维数值模拟软件STAR-CD及ES-ICE对直喷式柴油机ZH1105W缸内喷雾和燃烧过程进行了三维数值模拟,计算了3种不同喷嘴4×0.32,5×0.27和6×0.22 mm对柴油机燃烧过程的影响以及对NOx和Soot排放的影响,得出了3种不同喷嘴下气缸内的可燃混合物、温度、NOx和Soot的分布图,同时分析了NOx和Soot随曲轴转角的变化情况。研究结果表明,在ZH1105W柴油机中采用5×0.27 mm喷嘴,可以改善燃油雾化质量和油气混合质量,同时获得较好的燃烧和排放性能。     

双层喷孔喷油器喷油压力对增压柴油机排放影响的研究

双层喷孔喷油器能扩大喷油的空间分布范围,有利于混合气的形成.喷油压力作为此类喷油器的重要物理参数,强烈地影响着喷射燃油的雾化效果,进而对缸内燃油燃烧以及排放特性产生显著的影响.为此,利用三维CFD软件FIRE对一台带双层喷孔喷油器的增压式直喷柴油机进行了缸内燃烧和排放模拟计算;同时,分析研究了喷油压力对缸内三维流场、燃油蒸发、油滴滴径以及NOx和碳烟等的影响规律,并对模拟计算的示功图和排放结果进行了实验验证.计算结果表明,提高喷油压力能促进燃油的缸内蒸发,减小油滴的索特平均直径,提高缸内平均温度,使NOx排放升高而碳烟排放降低.实验结果证明了计算模型的可靠性.     

柴油机燃烧过程仿真平台优化设计

在对KIVA-3V源程序进行微机化移植的基础上,利用先进的计算机软硬件技术,以缸内流体动力学为基础,耦合缸内燃烧过程多维模型,通过添加计算NOx比排放量与每循环排放量的新的子程序对仿真平台进行了优化设计。某型号柴油机仿真计算结果和实验结果的比较表明,该仿真平台能够模拟柴油机缸内燃烧过程,仿真误差客观反应了外界因素对柴油机的影响。该仿真平台对了解柴油机的性能以及对柴油机进行变参数研究都具有指导意义。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。