Pyrazole and induction of fatty liver by a single dose of ethanol

Pyrazole (4 millimoles per kilogram or 272 milligrams per kilogram of body weight), given to fasted rats 10 minutes before gavage with ethanol (4 grams per kilogram), completely prevented both the disappearance of ethanol from the blood over a 16-hour period and the ethanol-induced reduction in the ratio of oxidized to reduced hepatic nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide. However, it did not affect the accumulation of triglycerides in the liver after the administration of ethanol. These results indicate that metabolism of ethanol is not required for production of fatty liver by a single, large dose of ethanol.     

Reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase: activity enhanced by ethanol consumption

Prolonged consumption of ethanol enhances the activities of the hepatic microsomal ethanol oxidizing system and of reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, but not of catalase. The oxidase-catalase system is not part of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system since catalase inhibitors dissociate ethanol oxidation by the two pathways. Enhanced reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity may contribute to liver injury, possibly by favoring lipoperoxidation.     

乙醇等有机溶剂对肿瘤细胞PC12的毒性剂量分析

分析一定浓度的甲醇、乙醇、丙酮和甘油作用下肿瘤细胞 PC12形态和生存率的变化,确定上述有机溶剂对细胞的毒性剂量。研究发现,PC12细胞对上述溶剂表现出不同的耐受性,其中乙醇的毒性剂量最低,20 ml/L浓度作用24 h细胞生存率就下降近40%;该浓度的丙酮和甲醇干预 PC12细胞24 h对应的细胞生存率则分别下降约20%和15%;甘油的作用相对缓和,但随着干预浓度逐渐增大时,也表现明显的细胞毒性。该研究可为后续药理研究提供参考资料。     

蜂胶对高脂血症大鼠血液和肝脏脂质的影响

测定和比较蜂胶水提液、醇提液对实验性高脂血症SD大鼠血液和肝脏脂质的影响. 结果表明:蜂胶醇提液和水提液均能有效抑制高脂血症SD大鼠血清中的甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)的升高,并且能有效抑制肝脏组织中的TC、TG、MDA的升高,但对血清中的高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)的影响不明显;蜂胶醇提液能有效降低高脂血症SD大鼠的体重、肝重及肝指数,蜂胶水提液对体重、肝重及肝指数的影响则不显著. 表明蜂胶能够改善高脂血症大鼠的脂质代谢,并具有一定的抗氧化作用.     

牛磺酸解酒防醉作用的研究

[目的]探讨牛磺酸的解酒防醉效果。[方法]通过防醉和解酒试验,检测牛磺酸对醉酒后小鼠血液乙醇含量、肝脏中ADH和AL-DH活性的影响。[结果]牛磺酸可显著延长小鼠对酒精的耐受时间,缩短醉酒的维持时间,并可明显降低醉酒小鼠血液中乙醇浓度,显著提高肝脏中ADH和ALDH的活性。[结论]牛磺酸具有良好的解酒防醉效果,其作用机制可能是牛磺酸提高肝脏内ADH和ALDH的活性,加速乙醇和乙醛的代谢,减轻了二者对机体的毒性反应。     

Carbohydrate supply as a regulator of rat liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity

Administration of glucose, fructose, and glycerol to fasted rats produced a significant depression of liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity within 4 to 8 hours; galactose and ribose were much less effective. All the compounds yielded appreciable quantities of liver glycogen. The depression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity by glucose and glycerol was diminished by the concomitant administration of 2-deoxyglucose. The latter depressed glycogen formation from administered carbohydrate in muscle but not in liver. In rats made diabetic by alloxan, depression of elevated phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity by insulin was dependent upon a dietary source of carbohydrate. These results were interpreted to indicate that depression of certain gluconeogenic enzymes after carbohydrate ingestion is initiated by the metabolism of carbohydrate in some extrahepatic site.     

Peroxidation of liver lipids in the pathogenesis of the ethanol-induced fatty liver

Administration of an acutely intoxicating dose of ethanol produced significant increases in the concentration of liver triglyceride and enhanced the peroxidation of liver lipids in rats. Adipose triglyceride and lipid peroxide concentrations were unaltered. Coenzyme Q(4), an effective antioxidant, significantly inhibited accumulation of liver triglyceride following ethanol intoxication and prevented the peroxidation of liver lipids. These results, which demonstrate the selective ability of ethanol to induce peroxidation of liver lipids, together with the effectiveness of antioxidants, support the previously proposed hypothesis that peroxidation of liver lipids following ethanol intoxication is a factor in the pathogenesis of ethanol-induced liver injury.     

邻苯二甲酰亚胺乙氧基环甘油硫代磷脂缀合物的合成

以碘活化的六乙基亚磷酰三胺为磷酰化及环化试剂 ,经“一锅法”合成了邻苯二甲酰亚胺乙氧基环甘油硫代磷脂缀合物 ,收率达 90 %左右     

柽柳保肝解酒颗粒剂的功效

为研究柽柳保肝解酒颗粒对小鼠乙醇性肝损伤的保护作用,试验观察了高、低浓度柽柳提取液与颗粒剂对乙醇性肝损伤模型小鼠血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)含量及肝匀浆溶液中白蛋白(ALB)和总蛋白(TP)含量的影响。结果表明:柽柳高浓度颗粒剂可显著地降低模型小鼠血清中的ALT、AST的含量(P<0.01),并能显著地提高ALB和TP的含量(P<0.05)。这说明柽柳颗粒剂对小鼠的乙醇性肝损伤具有保护作用。     

A portal blood factor as the humoral agent in liver regeneration

It was demonstrated, by use of extracorporeal cross-circulation, that a humoral factor responsible for liver regeneration does not arise from the liver remnant. While intact livers of normal rats incorporated [methyl-(3)H]- thymidine in proportion to the amount of liver removed in the partner, the greatest response occurred after a total hepatectomy. Evidence from portacaval-shunted,partially hepatectomized animals connected to normal members indicates that the factor is in portal blood and that the onset of regeneration is the result of a quantitative imbalance between the available portal blood factor and the number of liver cells present.     

Inhibition by alcohols of the localization of radioactive nitrosonornicotine in sites of tumor formation

Oral administration of ethanol, n-butanol, or t-butanol to mice 20 minutes before injection of carbon-14-labeled nitrosonornicotine inhibited the localization of radioactivity in bronchial and salivary duct epithelium and in the liver. Localization of radioactivity in the nasal epithelium and esophagus was not significantly reduced. These alcohols therefore may selectively inhibit tumor formation in three of the five sites where this carcinogen typically acts.     

6-二甲基氨基嘌呤对体外成熟山羊卵母细胞孤雌激活及发育的影响

体外成熟的山羊卵泡卵母细胞用7%的乙醇和5μmol/L的离子霉素刺激处理后,分别置于含2 mmol/L 6-二甲基氨基嘌呤(6-DMAP)和不含6-DMAP的培养液中培养4 h,研究6-DMAP对体外成熟山羊卵泡卵母细胞孤雌激活率、原核形成以及孤雌胚体外发育潜能的影响。结果表明:6-DMAP能显著提高山羊卵母细胞的激活率,乙醇 6-DMAP和离子霉素 6-DMAP处理卵母细胞激活率分别为75.6%和71.1%,均显著高于单独使用乙醇(54.3%)和离子霉素(56.8%)处理;显著抑制卵母细胞第二极体的排出,乙醇 6-DMAP和离子霉素 6-DMAP处理仅含1个极体的孤雌胚分别为90.3%和96.3%,显著高于单独使用乙醇(26.3%)离子霉素(33.3%)处理。孤雌胚体外培养7 d,乙醇 6-DMAP和离子霉素 6-DMAP处理4-细胞发育率为45.6%和47.9%,8-细胞孤雌胚发育率为25.0%和29.6%,桑/囊胚形成率为7.4%和9.9%,均显著高于单独使用乙醇和离子霉素处理(P<0.05)。     

Induction of liver acetaldehyde dehydrogenase: possible role in ethanol tolerance after exposure tobarbiturates

Mice were injected twice a day for 4 days with saline or phenobarbital or ethanol. Treatment with phenobarbital, but not ethanol, increased the amount of liver acetaldehyde dehydrogenase activity. More rapid removal of acetaldehyde, which is a toxic metabolic intermediate of ethanol, may contribute to the alcohol tolerance exhibited by persons who use barbiturates regularly.     

ynergy of ethanol and a natural soporific--gamma hydroxybutyrate

gamma-Hydroxybutyrate and ethanol, as well as gamma-butyrolactone and ethanol are potentiative with respect to duration of loss of the righting reflex (sleep time). The concentration of ethanol in the liver decreases from 30 to 90 minutes after rats are injected with ethanol, but there is no change when ethanol is injected with gamma-butyrolactone. In view of the fact that gamma-hydroxybutyrate is a natural intermediate in brain, the effects of ethanol on the central nervous system may be mediated through its interaction with gamma-butyrolactone.     

A method to refresh dried larval specimens of Erythraeidae

The article reports a method of making dried larval specimens of Erythraeidae,ectoparasitism of insect,refreshed for taxonomic study.The dried larvae are let in cuvettes with 50%ethanol.The cuvette plat is then put into a beaker with water in appropriate amount,fulling to 1/3-2/3 high of the cuvette plat.The beaker is heated until the water boiling,and then stop to heat.After that,the treated larvae are immersed into a container with ethanol-glycerol solution(50%ethanol:glycerol=20:1),and then the container is warmed in a Water-Bath at 60℃for 2h to‘refresh’the larvae.The refreshed larvae are as mollescent as fresh ones and easy to be prepared for morphologic observation and long-term preservation.     

Reactivity of the gold/water interface during selective oxidation catalysis

The selective oxidation of alcohols in aqueous phase over supported metal catalysts is facilitated by high-pH conditions. We have studied the mechanism of ethanol and glycerol oxidation to acids over various supported gold and platinum catalysts. Labeling experiments with (18)O(2) and H(2)(18)O demonstrate that oxygen atoms originating from hydroxide ions instead of molecular oxygen are incorporated into the alcohol during the oxidation reaction. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the reaction path involves both solution-mediated and metal-catalyzed elementary steps. Molecular oxygen is proposed to participate in the catalytic cycle not by dissociation to atomic oxygen but by regenerating hydroxide ions formed via the catalytic decomposition of a peroxide intermediate.     

5种碳源对核盘菌丝生长及菌核形成的影响

[目的]探究5种碳源对核盘菌菌丝生长和菌核形成的影响。[方法]设固体培养条件下5种碳源(葡萄糖、淀粉、甘油、甘露醇、乙醇)和空白对照,3次重复,观测不同浓度(2%、4%、8%、16%、20%)碳源对核盘菌的菌丝生长和菌核产生的影响。[结果]碳源种类及浓度对核盘菌的菌丝生长和菌核形成均有较大影响。葡萄糖和淀粉是核盘菌的适宜的碳源,既适合于菌丝营养生长也适合于菌核形成,但菌丝生长和菌核形成的最适浓度不一致;甘油、甘露醇和乙醇3种碳源适宜于菌丝营养生长,但抑制菌核的形成。[结论]该研究为找到可以控制核盘菌生长或菌核形成的靶标位点提供了依据。     

Alcohol breath tests: gross errors in current methods of measuring alveolar gas concentrations

Transitory contact of ethanol with the mucous membranes of the mouth or nasal passages, or both, is sufficient to drastically alter measurements of concentrations of ethanol in so-called "alveolar" gas for more than 20 minutes after such contact. Various concentrations of ethanol were taken into the mouth by human subjects and were expectorated. Readings of so-called "blood alcohol" were then taken at short intervals by means of the Breathalyzer(R) and were continued up to 1 hour after exposure. These readings were compared with blood-alcohol concentrations measured by quantitative chemical analysis of venous blood. When true concentrations of blood alcohol were at or close to zero (plus possible error of 0.0001 gram per 100 milliliters), readings of greater than 0.40 gram per 100 milliliters were obtained on the Breathalyzer. Repeated mouth washing and gargling with water, changes in the nature of the solvent, and stomach loading each had only a slight effect in diminishing these errors.     

Regulation of fasted blood glucose by resistin

The association between obesity and diabetes supports an endocrine role for the adipocyte in maintaining glucose homeostasis. Here we report that mice lacking the adipocyte hormone resistin exhibit low blood glucose levels after fasting, due to reduced hepatic glucose production. This is partly mediated by activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and decreased expression of gluconeogenic enzymes in the liver. The data thus support a physiological function for resistin in the maintenance of blood glucose during fasting. Remarkably, lack of resistin diminishes the increase in post-fast blood glucose normally associated with increased weight, suggesting a role for resistin in mediating hyperglycemia associated with obesity.     

Brain alcohol dehydrogenase

Significant alcohol dehydrogenase activity has been demonstrated in the soluble fraction of rat brain and is very similar to the liver enzyme in kinetic properties and responses to inhibitors. A cerebral mechanism that oxidizes ethanol may play a significant role in local adjustments during exposure to ethanol and in the pathogenesis of the neural disorders associated with chronic alcohol ingestion or withdrawal.