文冠果嫁接技术研究

为解决文冠果嫁接过程中的关键性技术问题,对嫁接方法、接穗类型、嫁接人和嫁接的天气条件进行了研究.结果表明:不同的嫁接方法对嫁接成活率有极显著影响,腹接的嫁接成活率最高,达90.5％;接穗类型对嫁接成活率无影响;不同的嫁接人和天气条件对嫁接成活率有极显著影响,采用腹接的方法,最好的嫁接者在各种天气条件下平均嫁接成活率达到86.8％,在阴天无风的条件下所有的嫁接者平均嫁接成活率达82.0％.     

紫叶稠李育苗方法研究

紫叶稠李是新引进沈阳地区的具有较高观赏与应用价值的彩叶树种.为准确指导育苗生产,我们在林职院林盛基地和沈阳东陵区君宝彩叶苗圃进行了芽接、枝接、扦插等方面的试验,结果表明,芽接方法以T芽接、嵌芽接成活率最高;T芽接以6月效果最好,嵌芽接以4～5月及9月上旬效果最好;枝接以劈接、插皮接成活率最高;枝接以涂保湿剂效果最好;硬枝和软枝扦插均不适宜.     

辣椒不同嫁接方法及栽培对比试验

用劈接、斜切接2种方法进行辣椒嫁接,记录每1 h嫁接株数、调查成活率,比较2种嫁接方法培育的嫁接苗的株高、茎粗等。试验结果表明,斜切接法省工、速度快,嫁接苗成活率高;嫁接方法对嫁接苗长势和辣椒产量没有影响。     

In vitro micrografting of apical and axillary buds of cacao

This study aimed to evaluate in vitro grafting of Theobroma cacao where seedlings of the UF 677 genotype were used as the rootstock and apices or axillary buds of a Trinitarian genotype were used as scion. Three methods of grafting using scions from seedlings were evaluated. Apical grafts using apex and side grafts using apex displayed better graft success (95 and 80%, respectively). However, side grafts using axillary buds reached a greater height on average and a higher number of leaves per plant (1.76 cm and 3.72, respectively). Histological studies revealed new vascular elements at the graft union area. Side grafts with axillary buds provided the highest survival rate (82%) after the acclimatization step. A shoot of at least 1 cm with two leaves is required for plant survival after transfer to ex vitro conditions. Side grafting was carried out with axillary buds from adult trees and nursery plants. Only the grafts with buds from nursery grafted plants were successful, with a rate of 26%. Overall, side grafting with axillary buds is the most appropriate method for cacao micrografting. This method can be used for clonal propagation and for the establishment of in vivo and/or in vitro cacao germplasm collection.     

野生欧洲李嫁接育苗技术研究

为探索野生欧洲李嫁接繁殖技术,提高其嫁接成活率,以野生欧洲李为研究对象,采用4种不同嫁接方法,研究不同嫁接砧木、嫁接时间、嫁接方法、砧木粗度和嫁接高度对接穗成活率及新梢生长量的影响。结果表明:适合野生欧洲李嫁接的4种不同砧木的优先顺序依次为:栽培欧洲李品种‘女神’>野生樱桃李>野杏>山桃。春季4月中旬以野生樱桃李为砧木嫁接时,适合采用劈接法和嵌芽接法,最高成活率达90.37%;夏季6月中旬、7月中旬嫁接则适合采用T形芽接法,成活率最高为90.93%,且新梢生长快。根据接穗嫁接成活率和成活后生长量筛选出适合野生欧洲李嫁接的砧木粗度为大于14.00 mm。野生欧洲李在7月中旬以‘女神’作砧木,采用T形芽接法嫁接后成活率最高达93.52%。     

低接换头苹果五年生幼树树体生长状况的研究

以1995年建园、2006年嫁接的4个品种苹果树为试材,调查其树体生长特性,为低接换种和高纺锤形培养提供理论依据.结果表明:矮砧苹果低接换种和培养高纺锤形树体条件下,“红夏”、“红富士”、“嘎啦”、“粉红女士”4个品种幼年苹果树中心干生长速度快,低接换种后5a生树高2.8～3.3 m,中心干侧生分枝数量40～57个,且侧生分枝主要集中在2a生和3a生的中心干段上.其中“嘎啦”的总枝量最高为651个,“红富士”和“红夏”次之,分别为563和554个,“粉红女士”总枝量最低为440个.经过低接换种改造以后改变和增加了结果部位,促进花芽形成;改善了树冠的通风透光环境,增加了光合产物的积累,为提高果实品质和产量奠定了基础.     

A review of nursery production systems and their influence on urban tree survival

Urban trees face a myriad of complex challenges growing in the built environment. The most common environmental conditions influencing urban tree mortality are water availability, nutrient deficiency and soil compaction. Long-term survival of recently installed trees has been directly attributed to site conditions, planting technique, and post-transplant maintenance. Tree survival is also dependent on selection of healthy, suitable plant material. Production methods for woody plants include traditional plastic containers (CG), pot-in-pot containers (PIP), and in-ground fabric containers (IGF). Field grown trees may be produced as bare-root (BR) or root ball-excavated and burlap-wrapped (B&B) trees. Each of these methods offers unique advantages in relation to production and installation. Many of the studies reviewed reveal varying post-transplant establishment and survival responses to production methods at a species-specific level.     

葡萄绿枝嫁接改良技术

葡萄夏季绿枝嫁接具有接口伤流相对较少、成活率高、嫁接后抽生新梢在秋季能确保成熟并木质化等优点。通过5年多的葡萄绿枝嫁接试验,对葡萄嫁接过程中嫁接时间、接穗的木质化程度、绑缚方法、浇水保湿等环节做了详细的探讨,总结出来一套葡萄绿枝嫁接的关键技术,极大地提高了葡萄嫁接成活率,是一项葡萄老果园快速更新换代的实用技术,值得广泛推广。     

不同砧木和嫁接方式对嫁接苦瓜植株生长的影响

采用插接和劈接2种方式,分别以3个地方品种丝瓜1号、4号、5号作为砧木,与蓝山苦瓜进行嫁接试验。试验结果表明,3种砧木与苦瓜劈接后成活率均达90%以上;插接成活率低于劈接;嫁接明显促进了苦瓜植株的生长,株高、茎粗及生物质量均显著高于对照;嫁接后苦瓜增产明显,增产率达131.6%~258.5%,以丝瓜4号砧木嫁接后苦瓜产量最高。     

Both native and invasive bark beetles threaten exotic conifers within the spa towns in the Czech part of “The Great Spas of Europe”

Exotic coniferous trees in forests adjacent to spa towns and in parks within spa towns are increasingly being attacked by outbreak populations of native bark beetles in western Bohemia (Central Europe). In the 12 localities in western Czech Republic the current study, we detected a total of 19 native bark beetle species infesting more than 10 % of exotic tree species in the genera Abies, Picea, Pinus, and Pseudotsuga in 1 year. Several exotic tree species were identified as new hosts for native European bark beetles. We also identified three non-native bark beetles, including Phloeosinus aubei, a species that transmits the pathogens that cause cypress canker disease.The numbers of infested trees in the localities were not correlated with the distance from surrounding bark beetle outbreak sites in commercial forests, because all forests adjacent to spas and all forests in spa towns (i.e., “urban forests”) are close to commercial forests with infested trees. Infestations were greater in spa towns than in the forests adjacent to spa towns. We therefore assume that trees within spa towns will be further attacked due to the increasing abundance of native bark beetles.     

Determination of genetic stability of grafted marula trees using AFLP markers

Genetic stability of grafted marula trees within seven lines, some of which exhibiting interline phenotypic variations, was evaluated using the AFLP technique. The study was conducted in two-fold using samples from the DR, LP, MR, OS, PH, SW and TR lines. The genetic analysis using leaf materials indicated varying levels of genetic variations between genotypes within the OS, MR, LP and PH lines. The genotypes of the DR, TR and SW lines showed high intraspecific genetic similarity and formed tight clusters on the UPGMA-based dendrogram. The genetic analysis using a subset of the initial sample set constituting both leaf and bark materials which represented the scion and the rootstock components of grafted trees showed high genetic similarities between the graft partners of some genotypes within the OS and PH lines. These high levels of genetic similarity between scion and rootstock partners of a grafted tree suggested that the rootstock graft developed shoots and grew into a tree following graft failure. The observed results imply that grafting is not always successful even within compatible species, however, it can be reliably monitored using molecular markers.     

迟熟蕉柑茎尖嫁接及其病毒鉴定

采用田间结果树上的芽作为接穗进行茎尖嫁接,最终获得7株茎尖嫁接苗。对所获得的茎尖嫁接苗,应用指示植物腊斯克枳橙、墨西哥来檬和伊特洛格香橼亚利桑那861-S-1分别鉴定柑橘碎叶病、衰退病和裂皮病,用PCR检测技术鉴定柑桔黄龙病。结果表明：1、3、4、5、6号迟熟蕉柑单株不带碎叶病、衰退病、裂皮病和黄龙病,可用作繁殖无病毒苗木的备选材料。     

不同砧木嫁接对黄瓜品质、产量和抗根结线虫的影响

为了比较不同砧木嫁接对黄瓜品质、产量和抗根结线虫的影响,分别采用南非砧木和中国白籽南瓜作为砧木对黄瓜进行嫁接,分析其对黄瓜苗期生长特性、果实品质、产量和抗病性的影响。结果表明,采用南非砧木嫁接的黄瓜苗根冠比和一级侧根数最大,种苗质量较好;果实可溶性糖、VC含量、可溶性蛋白均较对照有显著性提高;且黄瓜产量及抗病性均强于对照及中国白籽南瓜。综合比较,南非砧木具有较强的抗病性、改善品质和增产功能。     

茶梅芽苗砧嫁接繁育技术研究

利用芽苗砧嫁接繁育茶梅苗比扦插法缩短育苗周期2～3年,可实现油茶籽当年播种催芽、当年嫁接、当年出圃.同时,芽苗砧嫁接不受自然条件和天气的制约,技术操作简单可行,成活率高达90％以上,是加速优良园林苗木繁育进程、提高育苗经济效益的一条有效途径.     

6个枣品种枣疯病抗性与枣疯植原体迁移特性差异研究

【目的】探究6个枣树品种枣疯病抗性差异以及枣树体内植原体迁移特性差异,为抗枣疯病枣树品种的选择利用以及枣疯病的防治提供基础数据。【方法】通过采集携带植原体的鸡心脆枣接穗,嫁接到健康枣树砧木上,采用田间调查与普通PCR技术相结合方法,比较不同品种抗枣疯病情况与植原体在不同枣树品种中迁移情况。【结果】不同枣树品种发病时间不同,发病率差异显著,蜂蜜罐枣、尜尜枣和猴头枣为抗病类型,冬枣、红螺脆枣和鸡心脆枣为感病类型。植原体在不同枣树品种中迁移速度不同,植原体在鸡心脆枣和冬枣内迁移速度最快,其后依次为蜂蜜罐枣、红螺脆枣、尜尜枣,在猴头枣内迁移速度最慢。【结论】6个枣树品种中蜂蜜罐枣、尜尜枣和猴头枣表现一定的抗病能力,初步确认了植原体在不同枣树品种体内迁移特征的差异,可为抗枣疯病品种的选择利用和枣疯病防治提供科学依据。     

欧李嫁接成活率的比较研究

以欧李为材料,研究了不同时期,采用不同嫁接方法嫁接欧李的成活率。结果表明:欧李嫁接所用砧木以毛樱桃、毛桃成活率较高,山桃次之,山杏最低。在同一砧木上,嵌芽接、腹接、劈接的成活率依次降低。每种嫁接方法都有其最佳嫁接时期,在昌黎地区,嵌芽接在3月20～25日成活率最高;腹接和劈接在3月25～30日成活率最高;T形芽接在6月20～25日成活率最高。     

靠接换砧矫治枳砧甜橙缺铁黄化研究

靠接红桔、酸桔和枸头橙砧,矫治枳砧甜橙缺铁黄化有明显效果。其中,以枸头橙效果最好,以下依次为酸桔和红桔,靠接砧苗后树势逐年恢复,产量成倍增加,靠接红桔、酸桔和枸头橙分别比对照增产3.3、1.4和1.5倍;对提高果实含糖量、果汁率和降低含酸量亦有良好效果。     

四种嫁接方法对甜瓜嫁接苗生长的影响

以‘特选一号’甜瓜为接穗,‘银光’南瓜为砧木,采用了顶插接、改良插接、断根插接和断根贴接4种嫁接方法,研究了不同嫁接方法对甜瓜嫁接苗生长的影响,以期为甜瓜育苗提供指导。结果表明:甜瓜顶插接嫁接速率最快、嫁接工效最高,嫁接后在昼/夜温度为28℃/18℃条件下,改良插接的嫁接成活率最高,改良插接和断根贴接的愈合时间短。在一叶一心时期,改良插接和顶插接的嫁接苗有明显的生长优势,改良插接的嫁接苗根系生长最好;而到三叶一心时期,断根插接和断根贴接的甜瓜嫁接苗生长快,壮苗指数显著高于顶插接和改良插接,断根插接的嫁接苗叶面积最大。不同嫁接方法所需除萌蘖次数和时间也存在差异,断根插接除萌蘖次数最少,除萌蘖用时仅为顶插接的46.3%。     

金花茶嫁接繁殖试验研究

以普通金花茶、显脉金花茶和细叶金花茶为接穗,以普通油茶为砧木,进行影响金花茶嫁接繁殖成活率因子的试验研究。结果表明:不同金花茶品种类型、嫁接时期、接穗木质化程度、光照和湿度等因子对金花茶嫁接繁殖成活率均存在较大影响。3种不同的金花茶品种类型中,细叶金花茶的嫁接成活率最高;5~6月是金花茶嫁接的最佳时机;金花茶嫁接接穗以半木质化至木质化为好;温度25℃左右,光照(透光度)15%~25%、空气相对湿度85%~90%是金花茶嫁接苗的适宜培养环境条件。     

Quantification of Leaf Water Potential,Stomatal Conductance and Photosynthetically Active Radiation in Rainfed Hazelnut

Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is mostly grown in rainfed condition in Turkey as well as other some countries in the world without more yield reduction. However, there is not enough information about how to give yield without more reduction in rainfed hazelnut orchard. In an endeavor to search this question, quantifications of leaf water potential (LWP), stomatal conductance (g_s) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) of hazelnut tree were investigated in rainfed hazelnut orchard in the summer of 2013 and 2014. Additionally, possible effects of those quantifications on rainfed hazelnut trees vs. soil water content (SWC) was investigated. Results of this study exhibited that yearly ET (evapotranspiration) of rainfed hazelnut trees was higher in 2014 than 2013 even though seasonal ET of rainfed hazelnut trees was higher in 2013 than 2014. Hence, yield, LWP and g_s were higher in 2014 than 2013 but PAR and SWC (even all the study season) were mostly higher in 2013 than 2014. Moreover, relationships of LWP, g_s and PAR and responses of LWP, g_s and PAR to SWC were non stronger. These differences could be attributed differences of climate variability such as precipitation and temperature during the observed period throughout the season in the studied years. However, rainfed hazelnut trees may be required supplement irrigation in dry summer, such as year of 2013, to avoid summer water stress. Finally, it can be concluded that hazelnut trees can be grown well and give normal yield for the areas which have about 950 mm precipitation.