新疆棉铃虫的抗寒性研究

研究了新疆地区不同气候带棉铃虫种群的抗寒能力。结果表明,新疆棉铃虫滞育蛹的过冷却点分布于－２１．６９￣－２１．１１℃,明显低于湖南省衡阳市种群（－１７．１１℃）、河北省南宫市种群（－１９．１９℃）和辽宁省锦州市种群（－１９．１３℃）。新疆棉铃虫不足育蛹在－１４、－１８、－２０和－２２℃下的５０％个体致死时间分别为２２９、５１、２．７９和０．６８ｈ,其低温生存能力显著强于内地种群。土壤含水量增加显著     

内蒙古主要草原植物群落地上生物量和理论载畜量及其与气候的关系

本文应用除趋势对应分析方法（ＤＣＡ）对内蒙古草原中东部草原植被１２０个群落样地的分析表明：该区六种主要的草原群落类型在生境干燥度梯度上的顺序依次为：小针茅草原→短花针茅草原→克氏针茅草原→大针茅草原→贝加尔针茅草原和羊草草原。在上述分析基础上，研究了每种草原的群落组成、地上生物量及其种群结构，以及各类草原的理论载畜量。六种草原群落的地上生物量介于１１２Ｋｇ．ＤＭ．ｍ￣（－２）──１６２０Ｋｇ。ＤＭ．ｍ￣（－２）之间；相应地，理论载畜量变化于０．１０─１．５７羊单位／公顷。研究地区草原地上生物量（Ｂ）与年降水量（Ｐ）、年平均气温（Ｔ）和与≥１０℃的积温（Ｔａｃ）的关系分别为：Ｂ＝－１３４．９２＋０．８４Ｐ，Ｂ＝１３６．３７－２５．６８Ｔ，Ｂ＝３５１．６１－０．１２Ｔａｃ；与气候干燥度（依Ｐｅｎｍａｎ方法计算）的关系为Ｂ＝０．２６＋４．３３ｅ．     

浙中沿海稻区瘟病菌生理小种的种群消长和分布研究

１９９６年至１９９８年,对分离来自浙中沿海台州各市县所获得１７６个单孢菌株,用全国统一鉴别品种共鉴定出７群２２个稻瘟病生理小种。其中中Ｂ和中Ｄ群是台州稻区２个主要的优势小种群,总的出现频率分别为５３．９８％和２３．８６％,它们中的中Ｄ１、中Ｂ１３、中Ｂ１５和中Ｂ１这四个小种在我地分布范围广,出现频率分别高达２０．４５％、１４．２０％、１４．２０％和１０．８０％,且对多数栽种水稻致病,为优势小种。     

美国白蛾生物学上的几个重要特性

本文对青岛市美国白蛾Hyphandria cunez种群的几个重要生物学特性进行了调查，获得了如下有意义的结果。（1）在生态光周期范围内，该虫显示了一个典型的长日照型昆虫，临界日长为14h 30min。然而在全光条件下，有41.2％的个体滞育；在全暗条件下则有83．7％的个体发育。（2）第1代蛹在自然条件下羽化的结果表明，部分个体的蛹期显著延长，呈现了夏季滞育。（3）滞育蛹置于25℃，LD16：8下滞育能够解除，但死亡率极高。（4）雄虫前翅黑斑的出现是由光周期控制的，只有在短日照下诱导的滞育蛹，滞育解除后羽化出来的雄虫才会出现黑斑。     

松毛虫赤眼蜂种群间生物学特性的比较研究Ⅴ．对滞育诱导的反应

对我国松毛虫赤眼蜂北方的吉林种群和南方的浙江种群，以麦蛾卵作寄主养，利用低温、短光照诱导滞育，比较两种群对滞育诱导反应的差异。虽然两种群的滞育率始终都较低，在５～３３％之间波动，但结果仍表明，吉林种群比浙江种群对滞育诱导更为敏感，滞育率在一些代次中显著为高。但同时种群内代次间滞育率有显著差异，导致有些代次内两种群间的滞育率差异不显著。作为本系列论文的最后一篇，本文还对我国松毛虫赤眼蜂种下变异的状况及其影响因子、种群间生物学特性比较试验的方法问题等做了简要讨论。     

食料对大猿叶虫不同地理种群滞育诱导的影响

［目的］ 探求食料对大猿叶虫不同地理种群滞育的影响。［方法］ 在室内一定的温湿度条件下,观察比较大猿叶虫哈尔滨种群、泰安种群和龙南种群取食白菜、油菜、雪里蕻、萝卜和独行菜5种不同食料的滞育反应。［结果］ 食料对哈尔滨种群的滞育诱导作用不依赖于光周期,而对泰安种群和龙南种群的滞育诱导作用依赖于光周期。取食白菜、油菜、雪里蕻、萝卜和独行菜5种食料,大猿叶虫哈尔滨种群在25 ℃的滞育率为89.5%~100%,在28 ℃的滞育率为76.9%~100%;泰安种群在25 ℃的滞育率为21.7%~100%,在28 ℃的滞育率为4.5%~90.1%;龙南种群在25 ℃的滞育率为2.5%~100%,在28 ℃的滞育率为1.1%~90.9%。哈尔滨种群和泰安种群在25 ℃和28 ℃取食独行菜滞育率较低;龙南种群在25 ℃取食萝卜滞育率较低;在28 ℃取食白菜滞育率较低。［结论］ 食料对不同地理种群的大猿叶虫滞育诱导的影响显著。     

双季稻区稻水象甲的生物学特性研究

稻水象甲在浙江双季稻区每年发生２代，以成虫滞育越冬。春季越冬成虫迁入早稻田繁殖，形成１代致害种群；夏季１代成虫生殖滞育，绝大部分个体（９５％以上）迁出早稻田行夏蛰并越冬；秋季２代成虫羽化后，大部分迁飞山上草地越冬。     

硫丹对抗性棉铃虫某些生物学特性的影响

利用硫丹杀虫剂对夏津抗性棉铃虫进行室内选育１７代,棉铃虫对氰戊菊酯的抗性没有提高,而对硫丹的抗性却明显提高了５．８７倍。将硫丹选育种群（Ｅｄｏ－Ｒ种群）和未用任何杀虫剂的对照种群（ＣＫ种群）的某些生物学特征进行比较发现：Ｅｄｏ－Ｒ种群的幼虫发育历期较ＣＫ种群平均延长了２．３０ｄ（显著性检验ｐ＜０．０１）。Ｅｄｏ－Ｒ种群和ＣＫ种群未成熟期的存活率分别为３６．６７％和５４．１７％（显著性检验ｐ＜０．０１）。其它的一些生物学指标则不存在显著差异。Ｅｄｏ－Ｒ种群相对于ＣＫ种群具有０．６４的适合度。     

国外水葫芦生物防治研究概况

国外水葫芦生物防治研究概况陈志群（中国农业科学院生物防治研究所，北京１０００８１）ＳＴＡＴＵＳＯＦＴＨＥＢＩＯＣＯＮＴＲＯＬＲＥＳＥＡＲＣＨＯＦＷＡＴＥＲＨＹＡＣＩＮＴＨＡＢＲＯＡＤＣｈｅｎＺｈｉＱｕｎ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＢｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＣｏ...     

温周期对苍白草蛉的滞育的影响

苍白草蛉（Ｃｈｒｙｓｏｐａ ｐａｌｌｅｎｓ）属于昆虫纲脉翅目（Ｎｅｕｖｏｐｔｅｒａ）草蛉科（Ｃｈｒｙｓｏｐｉｄａｅ）。我们在研究温度对草蛉滞育的影响时,发现苍白草蛉具有温周期反应（Ｔｈｅｒｍｏｐｅｒｉｏｄｉｃ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｅｓ）。在无光条件下,在不同的温周期内Ｃｈ．ｐａｌｌｅｎｓ的滞育率明显下降：从一昼夜高温持续１２ｈ条件下的４６％￣５４％,下降到了每天１８ｈ高温,６ｈ低温的０％。但它被温周期为２     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.