李子果肉单宁结构及其抗氧化能力的研究

对李子果肉的总酚含量与可溶性缩合单宁含量进行了测定,并利用基质辅助激光解吸附离子化飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOFMS)联合核磁共振(NMR)技术详细研究了李子果肉单宁的类型、聚合度及平均分子质量.同时用二苯基苦基肼自由基(DPPH·)法研究了李子果肉单宁的抗氧化活性.结果表明:李子果肉中总酚质量分数为8.29%±1.30%,可溶性缩合单宁质量分数为1.43%±0.93%;构成该单宁的黄烷-3-醇结构单元主要是表儿茶酚,在化学结构上属于原花青定类型,且大部分聚合物的结构单元之间存在A型和B型2种连接方式,平均聚合度为5.3,平均分子质量为1583.7u;李子果肉单宁具有较高的自由基清除能力,其半数有效浓度(EC50)为57.98mg/L.     

杨梅不同部位单宁含量与结构研究

对杨梅的叶、枝和树皮的总酚含量与可溶缩合单宁含量进行了测定,并利用基质辅助激光解吸附飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOFMS)详细研究了不同部位中缩合单宁的类型、聚合度及聚合物的分布情况。结果表明:树皮的总酚含量最高(43.56%),叶次之(34.69%),枝最低(18.53%);树叶的可溶缩合单宁含量最高(25.67%),皮次之(17.93%),枝最低(8.01%);3组分的缩合单宁都以(表)棓儿茶素-3-O-棓酸酯(EGCG/GCG)为基本结构单元的原翠雀定,且大部分聚合物的结构单元之间存在A型和B型两种连接方式,但其中叶和枝缩合单宁的聚合度要大于树皮。     

落叶松树皮单宁组分的研究(凝缩类单宁组分研究之一)

从兴安落叶松(Larix gmelini)树皮提取物中分离出来的水溶性单宁,通过花色素反应、硫解反应、间苯三酚反应、~(13)C-核磁共振、旋光、紫外光谱和红外光谱等方法研究,判定为原花青定。落叶松树皮原花青定的终端单元由(+)—儿茶素及(—)—表儿茶素组成,二者的比例为8:2,延伸单元由(+)—儿茶素及(—)—表儿茶素组成,二者的比例约为3:7,水溶性单宁分子的平均聚合度约为8。     

薯莨及红根皮单宁组分的研究(凝缩类单宁组分研究之四)

从薯莨(Dioscorea cirrhosa)块茎及红根(Rosa spp.)根皮提取物中分离出来的单宁,通过各种降解反应及波谱方法研究,均判定为原花青定。其中的终端单元及延伸单元,都由(+)-儿茶素及(-)-表儿茶素组成,但(-)-表儿茶素单元在薯莨原花青定中占大部分,(+)-儿茶素单元在红根原花青定中占大部分。     

樟树叶精油组成分析及抗氧化活性研究

采用气相色谱-质谱法对不同化学类型樟树叶精油组成进行分析,对比4种樟树叶精油的成分差异;采用DPPH、ABTS、FRAP法对樟树叶精油的体外抗氧化活性进行评价,并使用丁基羟基茴香(BHA)作为阳性对照。研究结果表明:4种类型樟树叶精油共检测出46种主要化学成分,其中,异樟叶精油检测出35种化学成分,主要成分异橙花叔醇为29.48%;芳樟叶精油检测出33种成分,主要成分芳樟醇为71.91%;脑樟叶精油检测出33种化学成分,主要成分樟脑为46.28%;油樟叶精油中共检测出33种化学成分,主要成分1,8-桉叶油素为30.31%。4种樟树叶精油均具有一定的抗氧化活性,且随着精油浓度增加抗氧化能力增强,但其抗氧化能力均低于BHA。其中,脑樟叶精油的DPPH自由基清除能力及Fe 3+还原能力最强,当质量浓度为8 g/L时,脑樟叶精油的DPPH自由基清除率为30.34%±1.25%,FRAP值为(1.44±0.13)mmol/L;而异樟叶精油的ABTS自由基清除能力最强,当质量浓度为8 g/L时,异樟叶精油的ABTS自由基清除率为14.93%±2.32%。     

应用生物活性追踪法对香椿抗氧化活性的研究

采用生物活性追踪法,将香椿老叶甲醇提取物划分为4个不同极性部位,通过测定其总还原力、1,1-二苯基-2-苦基-肼(DPPH)自由基清除能力和三价铁还原抗氧化能力(FRAP)测试值,确定香椿老叶提取物抗氧化活性及其组成.结果表明:香椿老叶提取物中的强抗氧化活性物质主要集中在乙酸乙酯部位,该部位的总还原力相当于467.53mg/gVc的总还原值,FRAP值相当于10578μmol/g硫酸亚铁的FRAP值,质量浓度50mg/L的DPPH自由基清除率为92.84%,均比同浓度的2,4-二叔丁基甲基苯酚(BHT)强.相关性研究表明,香椿老叶提取物的抗氧化活性主要在于其含有较高的黄酮类化合物所致.TLC和HPLC分析表明:香椿老叶提取物强抗氧化活性物质主要由4个黄酮-糖苷类化合物组成.     

黄皮种质资源抗氧化特性的鉴定与评价

【目的】了解黄皮种质资源的抗氧化特性及其抗氧化作用的物质基础,为高抗氧化能力黄皮新品种的选育和利用提供参考依据。【方法】以农业农村部广州黄皮种质资源圃中保存的120份种质为材料,测定并比较了不同种质的抗坏血酸含量、总黄酮含量、总多酚含量和1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical,DPPH)清除能力、铁离子还原抗氧化能力(Ferric reducing antioxidant power,FRAP)之间的差异,并利用统计分析软件进行了聚类分析和相关性分析。【结果】测定结果表明:120份黄皮的抗坏血酸含量、总黄酮含量、总多酚含量和DPPH清除能力、FRAP抗氧化能力的变幅分别为328.8～1862.3、3.8～371.6、535.6～3 964.4与135.3～1 255.3、86.8～1 387.5 mg·L~(-1),表现出明显的基因型差异;不同来源地和不同类型黄皮种质之间其抗坏血酸含量、总黄酮含量、总多酚含量和DPPH清除能力、FRAP抗氧化能力均存在较大差异。采用K-mean cluster快速聚类法可将120份黄皮种质聚为6大类群,第1、第2、第3、第4、第5与第6类群分别由32、11、3、26、7和41份种质组成。相关性分析结果表明:DPPH清除能力、FRAP抗氧化能力与其抗坏血酸含量、总黄酮含量、总多酚含量间均呈极显著正相关(P 0.01)。【结论】不同黄皮种质的抗氧化能力和抗氧化物质含量间均存在明显的差异,说明其遗传多样性丰富。抗坏血酸、总黄酮和总多酚是黄皮抗氧化作用的重要物质基础。     

微生物降解葡萄皮单宁研究

为降低葡萄皮单宁的分子量和聚合度,选取青霉(Penicillium sp.)和米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)为微生物菌株对葡萄皮单宁进行生物降解。以儿茶素的生成量和转化率为指标,分析碳源、氮源、时间、温度、pH和诱导培养基中单宁质量浓度对降解效果的影响。结果表明:外加碳源和氮源有利于青霉和米曲霉菌株的生长;时间为葡萄皮单宁降解得到不同中间产物的关键参数;温度、pH和葡萄皮单宁的质量浓度对菌株活性和降解能力均有不同程度影响;青霉对葡萄皮单宁的降解效果好于米曲霉。青霉最佳降解条件:培养时间24 h,温度28℃,pH6.5,单宁质量浓度12.5 g/L,儿茶素最大生成质量浓度0.32 mg/mL,转化率52.3%;米曲霉最佳降解条件:培养时间36 h,温度28℃,pH 6.5,单宁质量浓度10.0 g/L,儿茶素最大生成质量浓度0.16 mg/mL,转化率32.2%。因此,可通过生物降解法调控葡萄皮单宁的化学组成,适当降低单宁的分子量和聚合度。     

The Radical Scavenging Activity of Flavonoids from Buddleja officinalis Maxim

为了解密蒙花总黄酮清除自由基的能力,利用紫外-可见分光光度法对比研究了密蒙花总黄酮对1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼自由基(DPPH·)、羟基自由基(·OH)、2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐自由基(ABTS+·)和超氧阴离子自由基(O-2·)的清除作用.结果表明,密蒙花总黄酮能有效清除DPPH·、·OH、ABTS+·和O-2·.当密蒙花总黄酮质量浓度达到4.8 mg/L时,对DPPH·、·OH、ABTS+·和O-2·清除率分别可达77.88％、35.42％、85.08％和56.91％.     

响应面法优化微波辅助提取成熟叶老鹰茶总黄酮及其抗氧化研究

以成熟叶老鹰茶为原料,在单因素试验的基础上,以总黄酮得率为指标,采用响应面法优化微波辅助提取其总黄酮的最佳工艺条件,并通过老鹰茶总黄酮对1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼自由基(DPPH·)的清除和铁离子还原能力(FRAP)来评价其抗氧化能力。结果表明,经过优化后的工艺参数为:成熟叶老鹰茶1 g微波时间61 s,微波功率560 W,液料比10∶1(mL∶g),乙醇体积分数80.3%,此条件下总黄酮得率为6.52%。成熟叶老鹰茶总黄酮具有较强的DPPH·清除和铁离子还原能力,质量浓度20 g/L时,DPPH·清除率66.66%,铁离子还原能力相当于2.05 mmol/L FeSO4,并呈一定的量效关系。     

改性松香-缩合单宁酯的制备及性质

在微波辐照下,以吡啶作催化剂,通过缩合单宁与改性松香酰氯的O-酰化反应,以改性松香和不同级分或树种的缩合单宁为原料,合成了一系列改性松香-缩合单宁酯.利用UV、IR、TG-DTA和元素分析等方法对目标产物进行了分析和表征,并测试了它们的抗氧化性及其钠盐的表面活性.结果表明,改性松香-缩合单宁酯的油溶性普遍好于缩合单宁,在花生油中表现出良好的抗氧化性,且去氢枞酸-毛杨梅树皮缩合单宁酯的抗氧化性能最佳.改性松香-缩合单宁酯的钠盐比缩合单宁的钠盐具有更优良的表面活性,其降低表面张力能力强弱顺序为:HR-WT钠盐＞HR-ET钠盐＞DR-ET钠盐＞DR-WT钠盐＞DHA-WT钠盐≈DHA-MET钠盐＞DHA-ET钠盐＞ET钠盐;不同松香改性产物钠盐的表面张力和临界胶束浓度有一定差异,但差别不大,其中氢化松香改性产物钠盐的表面活性最好,歧化松香改性产物钠盐的表面活性次之,去氢枞酸改性产物钠盐的表面活性最差.改性松香-缩合单宁酯钠盐对苯的乳化力都超过了60min,具有很好的乳化能力.改性松香-缩合单宁酯钠盐起泡比顺序为:氢化松香-黑荆树树皮缩合单宁酯钠盐＞歧化松香-黑荆树树皮缩合单宁酯钠盐＞去氢枞酸-黑荆树树皮缩合单宁酯钠盐＞去氢枞酸-毛杨梅树皮缩合单宁酯钠盐＞毛杨梅树皮缩合单宁钠盐.     

Chemical structures of the condensed tannins in the fruits of Diospyros species

The structural variety of the condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins) in the fruits of 16Diospyros species are reported. Eleven species contained condensed tannins mostly consisting of a mixture of catechin (CA) and gallocatechin (GCA) repeating units; the other five species did not. The GCA content in the CA-GCA total varied from 0.3% to 84.6%. The number of esterified gallic acid per one flavan repeating unit (degree of galloylation, DG) ranged from 0.01 to 0.89. The GCA content was found to be proportional to the DG values. Thus, 16Diospyros species tested may be classified into five groups by the analytical data of their condensed tannins. It may be interesting to compare their structural characteristics with those of the condensed tannins in other fruits, leaves, woods, and barks from the viewpoint of their biosynthesis and function in the plants.Part of this paper was presented at the 46th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 1995     

Seasonal variation and ecological importance of tannin and nutrient concentrations in Casuarina equisetifolia branchlets and fine roots

In this study, we investigated the effects of environmental factors on plant phenolic variability, seasonal dynamics of total phenolic content(TP),extractable condensed tannins(ECT), protein-bound condensed tannins(PBCT), fiber-bound condensed tannins(FBCT), total condensed tannins(TCT), protein precipitation capacity(PPC) and nutrient content in the branchlets and fine roots of Casuarina equisetifolia. TP and TCT concentrations in branchlets were lowest in the spring, then increased in summer and autumn, similar to the seasonal dynamics in air temperature. TP and TCT concentrations in fine roots were highest in summer, coinciding with heavy precipitation. In general, TP and TCT concentrations were higher in branchlets than in fine roots. No significant difference was found in C concentration among various seasons for either branchlets or fine roots. Branchlets had significantly higher N and P concentrations than fine roots in most seasons. The C/N and N/P ratios in branchlets were significantly lower than in fine roots in all seasons, except summer. The relationship between branchlets and fine roots was significant for C, P and FBCT, but no significant relationships were found for N, TP, ECT, PBCT and TCT.Additionally, TP and TCT content were each significantly correlated with PPC in branchlets and in fine roots. Both TP/N and TCT/N ratios were highest in the autumn for the branchlets and in the summer for fine roots. The results indicate that high temperatures lead to increased tannin production in branchlets, but that the tannin content in fine roots is mainly affected by precipitation. Tannin content was greater in branchlets than in fine roots, which may indicate that selective pressure is greater on branchlets than on fine roots.     

Condensed tannins in Leucaena and their relation to psyllid resistance

Leucaena species and hybrids were examined to determine the relative content of condensed tannins and its relationship to susceptibility to defoliation by the Leucaena psyllid (Heteropsylla cubana). The interspecific Leucaena hybrid KX2 (L. leucocephala × L. pallida) was examined for variability of condensed tannin levels. A broad range of condensed tannin values were found which indicate potential for improved forage value through selection for KX2 trees with lower condensed tannin while maintaining psyllid resistance. A significant correlation was not found linking condensed tannins and psyllid resistance.     

A new diglycosyl megastigmane from Carallia brachiata

A new megastigmane diglycoside was isolated from the leaves of Carallia brachiata. The structure was determined by spectroscopic methods as 3-hydroxy-5,6-epoxy-beta-ionol -3-O-beta-apiofuranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-glucopyranoside (1). Additionally, 29 known compounds consisting of two megastigmanes, one 1,2-dithiolane derivative, seven aromatic compounds, five condensed tannins, 12 flavonoids, and two glyceroglycolipids were isolated and identified.     

水解单宁的微生物降解

单宁为高等植物的次生代谢产物,是相对分子质量为300到3 000的多酚类化合物,主要分为水解单宁和缩合单宁两大类。根据水解单宁结构特性的差异,又将其分为棓单宁和鞣花单宁。自然界中的某些微生物具有忍耐单宁的特性,甚至可以将单宁降解成具有一定生理或药理活性的小分子单宁或其衍生物。由于缩合单宁的分子结构复杂,对其微生物降解的研究远不及水解单宁深入。本文综述了近年来关于细菌和真菌降解棓单宁和鞣花单宁的研究情况,阐述了其降解机理,提出了微生物降解单宁需要解决的问题,可为单宁生物降解的进一步研究提供参考。     

五倍子单宁对啤酒稳定性的影响

单宁是植物的次生代谢产物。酿酒时单要从大麦和酒花转入啤酒，成为啤酒的重要成分。大麦单宁为缩合单元，以原花色素的二聚体、三聚体为主。在糖化和洗糟时低聚的原药色素因氧化聚合成高分子单宁而急剧减少。酒花单宁出由水解单宁、缩合单宁构成，其中含有活泼羟基的花色苷和类单宁能延迟啤老化口味的产生和提高胶体稳定性。五倍子单宁是 的资源，添加五倍子单宁６ｇ／１００Ｌ于麦汁和啤酒中，可降低麦汁中子区氮５ｍｇ／１００ｍ     

Chemistry and ecological significance of tannins

IntroductionChemicaldefenseisoneofanumberofwaysthatpIantsaredefendedfrommammalianherbivore.SuchchemicaldofenseinvolvestheelaborationandaccumuIationoforganicsubstanceswhenthepIanttissueiseaten.Thesubstancesmaybebittertasting,poisonous,oftenodour,orhaveantinutritionaIeffects.Thegreatmajorityofdeferentsubstancesaretheproductsofsecondarymetabolism.TheyrepresenttheammuIacationofendproductsfromarelativeIyIengthpathwayofenzyme-cataIyzedstepsinbio-synthesis.TheproductsarethenchannelIedwithinthepl…     

Contribution of soil fauna to the degradation of recalcitrant components in Cinnamomum camphora foliar litter in different-sized gaps in Pinus massoniana plantations

Forest gaps are important in forest dynamics and management, but little is known about how soil fauna influence the degradation of recalcitrant litter components in different-sized forest gaps. This investigation uses litterbags with two different mesh sizes (0.04 and 3 mm) to control the meso- and microfauna entering the bags to quantify the contribution of soil fauna to the degradation of recalcitrant components (including condensed tannins, total phenol, lignin and cellulose) during litter decomposition. The experiment was conducted in seven different forest gap sizes in Pinus massoniana plantations over 1 year. One closed-canopy site (CC) and forest gap sizes of 100, 225, 400, 625, 900, 1225 and 1600 m^2 were created in a P. massoniana plantation in the Sichuan basin of China;the CC was treated as the control. Cinnamomum camphora foliage from local native trees was used in all forest gap experiments. We found the following:(1) Gap size had significant effects on the degradation rates (E) of condensed tannins and lignin and on the contributions of soil fauna;medium-sized gaps also presented high degradation rates. Soil fauna obviously contributed to the degradation of recalcitrant foliar litter components in medium-sized gaps.(2) The highest contribution to degradation (40.98%) was recorded for lignin, and the lowest contribution (0.29%) was recorded for condensed tannins. The results indicate that medium-sized gaps (900 m^2) were conducive to the degradation of recalcitrant litter components by soil fauna.