不同年龄橡胶树各器官养分含量比较研究

本试验以开割巴西橡胶树无性系PR107为研究材料,在2a的不同月份研究了10个年龄段(2～28龄)橡胶树各器官中矿质养分N、P、K、Ca、Mg的含量情况,同时分析了树龄及季节对橡胶树各器官养分含量的影响。结果表明:(1)各养分元素在树体内含量高低顺序为:CaNKMgP;一年中的不同季节,橡胶树不同器官养分含量有所不同:树叶为冬季夏季秋季春季,胶乳为冬季秋季夏季,而树枝、树皮、树干、树根养分含量规律基本相同,为春季冬季秋季夏季。从树龄来看,各养分元素在不同月份(或季节)的差异较为明显,但其年度平均值的波动幅度则较小。(2)不同器官总养分含量高低顺序为:树叶树皮树枝树根胶乳树干。树叶和树皮(具有乳管)是橡胶树的同化器官和生物合成器,是橡胶树生理最活跃的器官,其养分含量通常是其它器官的2～4倍。     

橡胶树无性系PR107不同树龄叶片养分含量比较研究

以10种不同树龄的橡胶树无性系PR107为研究材料,在一年内不同月份采集叶片,分析叶片中的全氮、全磷、全钾、全钙和全镁百分含量,比较不同树龄PR107叶片养分含量之间的差异,研究结果表明：(1)各年龄段橡胶无性系PR107树叶全氮、全磷、全钾、全钙和全镁百分含量随月份的变化波动比较大,在一年中的不同月份差异达极显著,叶片中N、P、K、Ca、Mg百分含量受叶龄影响明显;(2)在相同月份,各年龄段橡胶无性系PR107树叶全氮、全磷、全钾、全钙和全镁百分含量变化波动比较大,不同年龄树体之间差异达极显著,叶片中N、P、K、Ca、Mg百分含量受橡胶树年龄影响明显;(3)对橡胶无性系PR107树叶养分百分含量进行回归分析,全氮、全磷、全钾、全钙和全镁百分含量与叶龄、树龄二元线性回归达极显著。     

不同年龄橡胶树胶乳矿质养分的流失

以开割橡胶无性系PR107为材料,研究2a中不同月份8个年龄段(6～28a)的橡胶树干胶中矿质养分N、P、K、Ca、Mg的含量及流失情况,同时分析了树龄及不同季节对橡胶树胶乳养分流失量的影响。结果表明:(1)在一年中的不同季节,不同树龄PR107胶乳中矿质养分含量及流失总量大小顺序为:NKPMgCa。其中,N素平均流失量在15.19(8a)～41.28(22a)g/株/a;P素平均流失量为3.11(6a)～8.90(22a)g/株/a;K素平均流失量为10.09(8a)～28.40(22a)g/株/a;Ca素平均流失量为0.246(8a)～0.720(22a)g/株/a;Mg素平均流失量为1.68(6a)～5.49(22a)g/株/a。(2)季节因素和橡胶树年龄对胶乳矿质养分的流失具有极显著的影响。橡胶树年龄不同,或在一年中的不同季节,胶乳中矿质元素百分含量和干胶产量均不同,最终导致胶乳中矿质元素的流失量存在差异。     

不同树龄橡胶树枯落物养分归还比较

以橡胶无性系PR107为材料,在为期2a的观测期内,分别于不同月份研究了9个年龄段(4～28a)的橡胶树枯枝叶凋落量及其凋落物中N、P、K、Ca、Mg的含量,分析了不同季节枯枝叶分解及养分归还的特点及树龄对其的影响。结果表明:(1)枯叶平均养分含量为0.841%,是枯枝的1.69倍;生物量为2357.7(4a)～7392.3(24 a)kg/hm2,是枯枝的1.5～8.2倍;养分归还量为147.4～498.6 kg/hm2,是枯枝的6.8～37倍。以此推算,在橡胶林30a的经济寿命期内,枯叶的养分归还总量可达6.01t/hm2,枯枝的养分归还总量可达1.94t/hm2。其中5种大量元素归还总量分别为:N 3.17、P 0.14、K 1.13、Ca 3.04、Mg 0.48t/hm2。(2)随着树龄的增长,橡胶枯枝叶养分归还量逐渐增加,4a幼龄树养分归还量仅为151.4 kg/hm2.a,24a养分归还量即增大到最大值,为431.40kg/hm2.a。5种大量元素归还量大小顺序为N>Ca>K>Mg>P。(3)养分归还效率随树龄的增长而增加,4 a幼龄树养分归还率极低,仅1.32%,24a时增加到36.55%,然后下降。5种大量元素归还效率大小顺序为:Mg>Ca>N>K>P。     

橡胶树无性系PR107种植密度试验

以橡胶树PR107为试验材料,采用固定行距,由不同的株距形成不同的种植密度,设500,667,833株/hm2 等3种种植密度。结果表明:(1)密度越大,对茎围生长的抑制作用越强烈,其个体间的分化现象也越严重;(2)树龄越长,同一群体内个体间的差异越大;(3)密度越大,单株年产干胶量越低,然而,由于单位面积有效割株与种植密度成正比,种植密度大的单位面积干胶产量也较高,667株/hm2和833株/hm2的单位面积干胶产量极显著高于500株/hm2的,前两者之间无显著差异;(4)种植密度对干胶含量有显著的影响,500株/hm2的干胶含量显著高于667株/hm2和833株/hm2的,后两者之间的干胶含量无显著差异;(5)种植密度在667株/hm2以下时,密度对树皮的生长和再生没有影响,密度达到833株/hm2时,树皮的生长受到明显的抑制;(6)不同种植密度间的风害断倒率和死皮停割率均无显著差异;(7)以提高单位面积干胶产量为主要目的多因素综合考虑,PR107的种植密度应以略低于667株/hm2为宜。      

不同产量水平橡胶树砧木胶乳养分的差异

通过测定分析不同产量水平的橡胶树(PB86)在刺激周期内每次割胶时砧木胶乳中干含、总固形物、硫醇、糖、无机磷等养分的含量,探讨砧木养分与橡胶树产量间的关系。结果表明:产量高的橡胶树砧木胶乳中干含、总固形物、硫醇、糖的含量也较高,其中超高产橡胶树与对照的差异达极显著水平;同时,高产橡胶树与对照间的干含、总固形物含量达到极显著水平;砧木中无机磷的含量则表现为超高产橡胶树最低。     

橡胶树PR107原生质体的分离和培养研究

以橡胶树PR107花药愈伤组织建立的胚性悬浮细胞为材料,进行原生质体的酶解分离和培养研究。结果表明：在酶组合为纤维素酶1.5 %+果胶酶0.15 %+离析酶0.5 %的酶解处理下,继代培养第6天、直径小于0.5 mm悬浮细胞团获得最高产量的原生质体,达到2.2×107个/mL PCV;原生质体在看护培养基上培养1周后观察到细胞开始发生分裂,培养2周后细胞分裂形成含8-10个细胞的小细胞团。看护培养45 d后原生质体持续分裂并发育成肉眼可见的小愈伤组织。     

PR107中龄开割橡胶树最佳割胶制度

采用单位面积和单株产量与劳动生产率相结合的相对经济效益评价方法,对橡胶树PR107中龄开割树5种不同的割胶制度——S／2 d／2、S／2 d／3 ET2．00％、S／2 d／4 ET2．50％、S／2 d／5 ET3．00％、S／2 d／6 ET3．50％连续3a的试验结果进行分析评价,结果表明：当割胶劳动报酬占产值的比例(Ⅰ值)在28％以下时,S／2d／3 ET是中龄PR107的最佳削制：当Ⅰ值超过29％时,其最佳割制为S／2 d／6 ET。此外,试验结果还表明,采用乙烯利刺激的4种割制涂药后,同一割次的产量无显差异：不同割制间,对茎围生长、死皮停割树的增加等副性状的影响无显差异。     

橡胶树细胞器的冷害

采用电子显微镜技术和酶的细胞化学法研究橡胶树(Hevea brasinensis)冷害细胞器结构的变化。实验结果表明,在零上低温下各种细胞器都遭到不同程度的损害,其中质膜是各种细胞器中对冷害最敏感的部位。叶绿体被膜比片层对低温更敏感,而线粒体内脊膜比外膜对低温更敏感。细胞器膜系的损害有三种形式:(1)双分子膜解体;(2)生物膜发生液化作用;(3)双分子膜撕裂。膜各种形式的伤害原因可能不同。     

平衡施肥对春玉米产量及养分吸收的影响

在吉林省玉米主产区采用田间试验研究平衡施肥对玉米产量、养分吸收利用和土壤养分表观平衡的影响。结果表明,与农民习惯施肥（FP）相比,平衡施肥（OPT）在减施氮肥17.0%～37.7%、减施磷肥39.2%～48.7%的情况下,玉米产量提高2.3%～3.1%。OPT处理的养分吸收总量和肥料利用效率有不同程度的提高,其中氮吸收量提高12.3～25.4 kg/hm²,磷吸收量提高0.8～2.9 kg/hm²,钾吸收量提高2.8～4.5 kg/hm²,肥料利用效率提高13.7～19.6个百分点。平衡施肥处理的氮、磷、钾养分平衡系数分别为0.92～1.11、0.83～0.96、0.67～0.77,均好于农民习惯施肥,说明平衡施肥的氮、磷、钾等养分投入基本合理。     

间作条件下玉米与马铃薯的养分利用特征

采用田间小区试验,通过2行玉米间作2行马铃薯、4行玉米间作4行马铃薯及相应单作试验,在玉米拔节期和大喇叭口期比较植株氮磷钾浓度和养分吸收量,研究玉米间作马铃薯中养分吸收和肥料利用效率的变化。结果表明,玉米大喇叭口期,间作玉米植株氮钾浓度显著低于单作(F_氮=6.608,P_氮=0.015;F_钾=5.148,P_钾=0.028),且根、茎、叶中氮磷钾浓度都低于单作处理,部分差异达到了显著水平,根对氮和磷的利用贡献大一些,茎对钾的利用贡献大。间作玉米的养分吸收量没有优势,但间作玉米单株产量极显著高于单作,产量与玉米大喇叭口期植株氮钾浓度极显著和显著负相关,表明提高玉米氮钾利用效率可促进增产。     

氮硫互作对玉米苗期生长及养分吸收的影响

通过设置盆栽试验,研究氮、硫养分互作对玉米苗期植株生长和养分吸收的影响.结果 表明,氮素和硫素对玉米苗期的生长和养分吸收均有显著影响,且交互作用显著.高氮处理的株高、茎粗、SPAD值、净光合速率、干物质积累量和氮素积累量与不施氮处理相比分别提高48.7％、30.0％、28.3％、18.5％、47.4％和285.3％,低...     

不同施肥模式下玉米氮、磷、钾吸收利用特性研究

通过两年田间试验,研究农民习惯施肥模式与优化施肥模式对玉米产量、氮磷钾积累分配及利用的影响。结果表明,优化施肥模式的玉米产量较农民习惯施肥模式提高了9.2%和8.5%,差异达显著水平(P0.05)。施肥可显著提高玉米苗期至成熟期氮、磷、钾积累量,优化施肥模式可提高玉米灌浆期至成熟期氮、磷、钾积累量和开花期至成熟期阶段养分分配比例。与农民习惯施肥模式相比,优化施肥模式的玉米肥料吸收利用率提高50.2%,农学利用率提高51.7%,偏生产力提高36.5%,养分收获指数提高8.3%。差异均达显著水平(P0.05)。相关分析表明,玉米苗期至开花期和开花期至成熟期氮、磷、钾积累量与玉米产量间均存在显著或极显著正相关。优化施肥模式通过控制氮、磷、钾肥总量与氮肥分期调控,使玉米产量、氮磷钾养分吸收利用均优于农民习惯施肥模式。     

Soil type,management history and current resource allocation: Three dimensions regulating variability in crop productivity on African smallholder farms

Soil fertility varies markedly within and between African smallholder farms, both as a consequence of inherent factors and differential management. Fields closest to homesteads (homefields) typically receive most nutrients and are more fertile than outlying fields (outfields), with implications for crop production and nutrient use efficiencies. Maize yields following application of 100 kg N ha⁻¹ and different rates and sources of P were assessed on homefields and outfields of smallholder farms in Zimbabwe. Soil organic carbon, available P and exchangeable bases were greater on the homefields than outfields. In each of three experimental seasons, maize yields in homefield control plots were greater than in the outfields of farms on a granitic sandy and a red-clay soil. Application of mineral N significantly increased maize yields on homefields in the first season (2.1–3.0 t ha⁻¹ on the clay soil and 1.0–1.5 t ha⁻¹ on the sandy soil) but the effects of N alone were not significant on the outfields due to other yield-limiting factors. Greatest yields of about 6 t ha⁻¹ were achieved on the clayey homefield with 100 kg N ha⁻¹ and 30 kg P ha⁻¹ applied as single super phosphate (SSP). Manure application gave greater yields (3–4 t ha⁻¹) than SSP (2–3 t ha⁻¹) in the sandy homefield and in the clayey outfield. Maize did not respond significantly to N, dolomitic lime, manure and P on the sandy outfield in the first and second seasons. In the third season, manure application (∼17 t manure ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) on the sandy outfield did result in a significant response in grain yields. Apparent P recovery in the first season was 55–65% when P was applied at 10 kg ha⁻¹ on the clayey homefield (SSP), clayey outfield (SSP and manure) and sandy homefield (manure) with apparent P recovery less than 40% when P was applied at 30 kg ha⁻¹. On the sandy outfield, P recovery was initially poor (<20%), but increased in the successive seasons with manure application. In a second experiment, less than 60 kg N ha⁻¹ was required to attain at least 90% of the maximum yields of 2–3 t ha⁻¹ on the sandy homefield and clayey outfield. N use efficiency varied from >50 kg grain kg⁻¹ N on the infields, to less than 5 kg grain kg⁻¹ N on the sandy outfields. Apparent N recovery efficiency by maize was greatest at small N application rates with P applied. We conclude that blanket fertilizer recommendations are of limited relevance for heterogeneous smallholder farms. Targeted application of mineral fertilizers and manure according to soil type and past management of fields is imperative for improving crop yields and nutrient use efficiencies.     

优化施肥对甘蔗产量、养分吸收及肥料利用率的影响

过量施用化肥不仅影响甘蔗的生长发育,而且导致化肥利用率低和污染环境。以甘蔗品种新台糖22号为材料,采用随机区组设计,通过两年（造）田间试验,探讨优化施肥对甘蔗产量效应、养分吸收和肥料利用率的影响。结果表明,优化施肥处理（N 345 kg/hm2,P2O5 195 kg/hm2,K2O 240 kg/hm2）甘蔗平均产量高于常规施肥处理（N 404 kg/hm2,P2O5 296 kg/hm2,K2O 281 kg/hm2）;甘蔗分蘖期和伸长期的氮和磷吸收量显著高于常规施肥处理;氮、磷、钾肥料利用率显著高于常规施肥,分别提高6.1％、5.5％和13.3％。适当减少化肥施用量,调整氮磷钾配比,可促进甘蔗分蘖期和伸长期对氮和磷的吸收,提高肥料利用率和产量。甘蔗优化施肥是一种兼顾经济效益和环境效益的合理施肥方案,值得推广应用。     

施肥对水分胁迫下冬小麦根系提水及养分利用的影响

为了解水分胁迫下施肥对冬小麦根系提水及养分利用的影响以及水肥在小麦生长过程中的协同效应,采用两室分根土培方法,通过对上下两个土层（上层：0~20 cm;下层：20~60 cm）含水量进行控制和观测,分析了不同水分处理间小麦根系提水量、养分积累和表现利用率的差异。结果表明,在土壤上干下湿（DW）条件下冬小麦系提水作用明显,施肥处理对冬小麦全生育期根系提水量有明显影响,表现为氮磷配施、单施磷>对照（不施肥）>单施氮。在氮磷配施条件下,小麦植株及各器官氮磷养分累积量高于其他施肥处理（单施磷、对照和单施氮）,各施肥条件下植株氮磷素累积量均表现为WW>DW>DD。氮磷肥表观利用率明显高于单施氮或单施磷处理,且表现出DW和WW（上下土层均湿润）处理的氮磷肥表观利用率均高于DD水分处理（上下土层均干燥）。由此可见,氮磷配施可明显提高水分胁迫（DW）下小麦根系从土壤深层的提水作用,同时促进植株对氮磷养分的积累和利用,实现水肥相互协同。     

Effects of plant density and nitrogen and potassium fertilization on cotton yield and uptake of major nutrients in two fields with varying fertility

As the most important cultural practices for cotton production, the single effects of plant density and [nitrogen (N) and potassium (K)] fertilization on yield and yield components are well documented but their combined effects on Bt cotton are poorly understood. Using a split–split plot design with four replications, we conducted a two-year field experiment in two fields, one with lower fertility and the other with higher fertility, in the Yellow River Valley of China. The aim was to evaluate both the individual and combined effects of plant density and nitrogen and potassium fertilization on yield, yield components and uptake of major nutrients. The main plots were assigned to plant density (4.5 and 7.5 plants/m²), while nitrogen (0 and 240 kg N/ha) and potassium fertilization (0 and 150 kg K/ha) were assigned to the sub- and sub–subplots. Lint yield was improved with high plant density (7.5 plants/m²) in the lower fertility field, particularly without N and K application, but not in the higher fertility field. Nitrogen or K application also increased lint yield, and a combination of high plant density, N and K application further improved lint yield in the lower fertility field, while only K application increased lint yield in the higher fertility field. Lint percentage was not affected by any of the variables studied. Thus, the yield increase due to plant density, fertilization or their combinations was attributed to increases in boll number or boll weight. The ratio of seed cotton to stalk (RSS) was linearly correlated with harvest index, and thus can be a simple indicator of dry matter allocation to reproductive structures. Increased yield due to plant density and fertilization was mainly attributed to the enhanced biological yield in the lower fertility field, while the yield increase due to K fertilization was mainly due to increased RSS in the higher fertility field. The plants used approximately equal N and P to produce 100 kg lint in both fields, but the uptake of K to produce 100 kg lint in the higher fertility field was about 21% more than that in the lower fertility field. Ratios of N:P:K were 1:0.159:0.604 in the lower fertility field and 1:0.159:0.734 in higher fertility field. This study suggests that K fertilization was extremely important for maintaining high yield, although luxury consumption occurred in the higher fertility field; N was applied more than required in the highly fertile field, and increased plant density would be beneficial to cotton yield in the lower fertility field.