OPA柱前衍生HPLC测定白茶游离氨基酸

氨基酸是茶叶中重要化学成分,对茶叶品质有重要的影响.本试验采用OPA柱前衍生高效液相色谱法检测分析白茶中游离氨基酸的含量.在白茶中游离氨基酸总量占茶叶干重的1.37％,在样品中共检测出14种游离氨基酸,其中茶氨酸的含量最高,占氨基酸总量的66.96％,其次是精氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸等.结果表明,用OPA柱前衍生高效液相色谱法是一种快速、简便检测白茶中游离氨基酸含量的方法.     

氧弹燃烧-离子色谱法测定茶叶中氟的含量

采用氧弹燃烧-离子色谱方法研究茶叶中氟离子的测定。结果表明:用充氧3 MPa的氧弹燃烧分解样品,然后用离子色谱法测定茶叶中氟离子的含量,建立了KOH梯度淋洗程序为5~40 mmol/L,流速为1.0 mL/min。氟离子的线性范围为0.05~30 mg/L,茶叶中氟的检出限为5μg/kg;平均回收率为90.7%~103.4%,相对标准偏差为0.93%~2.02%;测定国家茶叶标准物质氟含量与标准值相符。结论:本方法具有操作简便,检测干扰小,结果准确可靠的优点。     

微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定人参中铅和镉

目的建立一种快速准确的微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定人参中铅和镉的含量。方法采用微波消解对样品进行前处理,应用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定人参中铅和镉的含量。结果铅在0μg/L~40μg/L范围,镉在0μg/L~3μg/L范围具有良好的线性,相关系数均大于0.999,检出限分别为3.6μg/kg和0.42μg/kg,相对标准偏差(RSD)为9.11%和4.70%,加标回收率在93.3%~106.7%之间。结论该方法简便快速、准确灵敏,适用于测定人参中铅和镉的含量。     

邻苯二甲醛柱前衍生反相高效液相色谱法测定茶叶中17种游离氨基酸

采用邻苯二甲醛作为柱前衍生化试剂,结合反相高效液相色谱,优化了色谱条件,实现对茶汤中17种一级氨基酸的精确定性和定量分析。17种氨基酸的保留时间和峰面积的RSD分别在0.02%~0.70%与0.11%~1.15%之间,经方法学考察,该方法具有良好的稳定性和重现性。     

HPLC法测定红麻青贮饲料中的有机酸

运用高效液相色谱法对红麻青贮饲料中乳酸、乙酸、丙酸和丁酸4种有机酸的含量进行同时测定。采用0.02 mol/L NaH_2PO_4(pH=2.70)与甲醇作为流动相,在Dionex Ultimate 3000液相色谱仪,色谱柱为Thermo Hypersil BDS C18柱,流速1 mL/min,柱温30℃,检测波长210 nm,进样体积20μL条件下对青贮样品有机酸含量进行定性分析。结果表明,4种待测有机酸在预定检测范围内线性关系良好(R2≥0.9982),精密度变异系数5%,样品回收率在98.73%~102.79%之间。该方法操作简单准确,重复性好,可用于红麻青贮饲料中有机酸的测定。     

茶渣中蛋白质和氨基酸分析及其营养价值评价

测定春、秋两季福鼎大白茶、福云6号、铁观音等7个茶树品种茶渣蛋白质和水解氨基酸组分含量。结果表明,茶树品种间和季节间蛋白质含量的差异都达到显著水平。其中春梢蛋白质含量27.53%~31.70%,秋梢蛋白质含量1 6.90%~24.20%。春梢水解氨基酸总量31.38%~36.46%,秋梢水解氨基酸总量21.42%~27.59%,茶树品种间水解氨基酸含量差异未达到显著水平,而季节间春梢水解氨基酸含量显著高于秋梢。在检出的17种氨基酸中,谷氨酸含量最高,其次是亮氨酸,必需氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量的38.81%~41.47%。氨基酸比值系数评价结果显示,第一限制性氨基酸为蛋氨酸+胱氨酸,氨基酸比值系数SRC为57.51~68.01。     

铜基营养叶面肥对花生生长和产量的影响

采用大田试验研究了不同种类铜基营养叶面肥及其不同喷施浓度对花生生长的影响。结果表明:含锌硼铜基营养叶面肥喷施浓度为2g/L处理的花生产量与含铁铜基营养叶面肥喷施浓度为1g/L处理差异不显著,较其他处理显著增产6.12%~9.45%。3种铜基营养叶面肥有效地矫治了花生叶片的缺铜、锌症状。喷施铜基营养叶面肥可使成熟期(121d)花生叶片全铜含量显著提高36.89%~47.77%,含锌硼铜基营养叶面肥的喷施浓度为1g/L和2g/L处理的花生叶片全锌含量较其他处理分别显著提高40.65%~50.45%和31.66%~40.83%。喷施3种铜基营养叶面肥对花生籽粒的全铜、全锌及全铁含量的影响差异不显著。     

分散固相萃取法测定黄瓜中的喹啉铜残留量

建立了分散固相萃取（d-SPE）-高效液相色谱（HPLC）分析测定黄瓜中喹啉铜残留量的方法。样品采用乙腈和0.1 mol/L盐酸混合溶液提取,C₁₈填料净化,高效液相色谱仪分离,紫外检测器检测。其色谱条件为：色谱柱SunFireC₁₈（4.6×150 mm,5 μm）,流动相为十二烷基硫酸钠磷酸盐缓冲液-乙腈（65∶35）体系,流速0.6 mL/min,检测波长250 nm。结果表明：在0.02、0.2、2 mg/kg三个添加水平下,喹啉铜回收率在92.3%~107.7%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）在2.0%~7.7%之间。该方法操作简单、灵敏度和准确度高,能够用于黄瓜中喹啉铜的残留分析。     

茶叶中氨基酸的测定

茶汤样品在旋转蒸发器上干燥（〈50℃）,加入内标,用高纯水涡旋混匀后。按Accq·Tag法进行柱前衍生后进样的前处理（茶汤样品制备处理）,以代替茶汤样品中加入内标直接按Accq·Tag方法进行柱前衍生后进样的前处理（茶汤直接测定处理）来测定茶叶中的游离氨基酸,更能准确地反映茶叶中的游离氨基酸含量。采用（110±1）℃温度下加10mL酸解剂（6mol／L HCl）酸解24h的水解方法测定茶叶和茶汤中除茶氨酸外的其他17种氨基酸,是目前测定茶叶氨基酸含量的较理想方法。     

分散固相萃取-反相高效液相色谱法测定蔬菜、水果中10种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留

建立分散固相萃取-反相高效液相色谱同时测定蔬菜和水果中10种氨基甲酸酯类农药(涕灭威，涕灭威砜，涕灭威亚砜，克百威，3-羟基克百威，灭多威，甲萘威，异丙威，速灭威，仲丁威)残留的分析方法。样品经乙腈提取，PSA分散固相萃取净化，液相色谱柱后衍生分离，荧光检测(λex＝330 nm, λem＝465 nm)测定，外标法定量。10种农药在0.005～0.50 mg/L范围内线性关系良好；检出限在0.004～0.008 mg/L；平均加标回收率在75.6%～112.3%，相对标准偏差(RSD)在 0.8%～10.2%。该方法具有快速、灵敏、准确、重现性好以及操作简单等特点，适合日常大批量蔬菜和水果样品中10种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的测定。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).