籼稻体细胞无性系雄性不育突变体后代遗传及其恢保关系 …

对野败型保持系珍汕９７Ｂ、恢复系ＩＲ２４、ＩＲ２６和泰引１号等４个水稻材料的幼穗在不同的培养基上培养、再生植株及对其后代进行育性和测定鉴定及其它遗传分析,探讨了雄性不育变异株的恢保关系,结果表明：Ｄ ＩＲ２６、泰引１号和珍汕９７Ｂ的Ｒ１、Ｒ２群体中都获得了不同比率的雄性不育变异株。这些不育株的花粉败育可分为无花粉、典败、圆败和染败４种类型。     

籼稻直立穗突变体的培育、鉴定及其突变性状的遗传分析

采用60Coγ射线辐射诱变技术,首次育成了1个籼稻直立穗突变体。该突变体穗型直立,与亲本品种9311的弯曲穗型显著不同。与9311相比,该突变体的株高显著下降,穗粒数减少、穗子缩短、剑叶变短、谷粒变宽变短,但千粒重没有发生变化。遗传分析表明,直立穗突变性状受1对隐性单基因控制。利用该突变体与培矮64S组配的杂种与原杂交稻品种之间的主要农艺性状和产量构成因素差异不显著。     

一种基于花器形态特征、育性、恢保关系和分子标记的新型甘蓝型油菜雄性不育材料的鉴定和分类

细胞质雄性不育(cytoplasmic male sterility,CMS)材料的创制已成为油菜(Brassica napus)遗传改良和杂种优势利用的有效手段.通过甘蓝型油菜品种Pfnergy(PF)与陇油2号(Longyou 2)的杂交,在后代中发现了植物学形态特征不同于油菜品种玻里马(Polima cytoplasmic male sterility,Pol CMS)的雄性不育材料PL (Pfnergy×Longyou 2)CMS.为了明确PL CMS不育系是否为一种不同于现有雄性不育系的新型不育材料,本研究以Pol CMS和Ogura不育系(Ogura cytoplasmic male sterility,Ogu CMS)为对照,分别从花器表型特征、不育性、恢保关系和DNA分子标记这4个方面进行了对比分析.结果表明,雄性不育系PL CMS的植物学形态特征与Ogu CMS和Pol CMS的不同.PL CMS的不育株率和不育度都达到了100％,而Ogu CMS的不育株率和不育度分别是98.5％和99.71％,Pol 5A的不育株率和不育度分别是93.84％和99.36％.PL CMS的恢保关系与Pol CMS、Ogu CMS的完全不同.Pol CMS的保持系和恢复系都是PL CMS和Ogu CMS的保持系,而PL CMS的恢复系是Pol CMS和Ogu CMS的保持系,且Ebolite-04冬134和Ebleme-04冬151仅是PL CMS的恢复系.mtDNA的随机扩增多态性DNA(randomamplified polymorphic DNA,RAPD)标记结果表明,研究中所用的3类不育系被聚为3类.研究表明,PLCMS为一种不同于Pol CMS和Ogu CMS的新型不育系,这一结果有助于扩大油菜种质资源的类型,避免不育材料的单一化和遗传脆弱性.     

Regulation of anthocyanin accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L. subsp. indica) using MgSO4 spraying and low temperature

Pericarp pigmented grains of rice have been reported as anthocyanin enriched source of antioxidants. The aim of this investigation was to regulate anthocyanin accumulation in pericarp pigmented rice cv. ‘Hom Nil’ using 0, 10, 50, and 100 mM MgSO₄ foliar spray. The level of magnesium content in the leaf tissues treated with 100 mM MgSO₄ for 2 d increased 2.6 times over control (0 mM MgSO₄). After growing the treated plants under 16°C for 28 d, photosynthetic abilities were reduced by 17?93%, leading to retarded plant height (39?42% less than control). In addition, grain yield per panicle of the plants grown under 16°C for 28 d was reduced by 26?75% compared to the plants grown under 32°C.Total anthocyanin concentration, cyanidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside in the pericarp of the grains derived from the rice treated with 100 mM MgSO₄ was increased 3.8 times over the control. Peonidin-3-glucoside, a dominant compound was reported for the first time. The study concludes that Mg?enrichment may play a key role as a metalloid in stabilizing anthocyanin, a secondary metabolite in the leaf sheath tissues and pericarp of grains in ‘Hom Nil’ rice cultivar.     

Black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) pigmented fraction suppresses both reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in chemical and biological model systems

Anthocyanins, present in fruits and vegetables as natural colorants, have been well characterized to possess bioactive properties. Anthocyanin components extracted from black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) separated by gel filtration and identified using LC-MS were cyanidin 3-glucoside and peonidin 3-glucoside. A standardized extract of black rice pigmented fraction (BRE) containing known proportions of cyanidin 3-glucoside and peonidin 3-glucoside exhibited marked antioxidant activities and free radical scavenging capacities in a battery of in vitro model systems. Significant (p < 0.05) prevention of supercoiled DNA strand scission induced by reactive oxygen species (specifically, peroxyl radical and hydroxyl radicals) and suppression of the oxidative modification of human low-density lipoprotein was obtained with BRE. In addition, BRE reduced (p < 0.05) the formation of nitric oxide by suppressing inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells, without introducing cell toxicity. The results of this study show that black rice contains anthocyanin pigments with notable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties for potential use in nutraceutical or functional food formulations.     

Uptake and metabolism of isouron in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings

Summary Isouron, a pre-emergence herbicide, inhibited the growth of rice seedlings in a nutrient solution; the critical concentration was about 0.10 mg l^-1. Isotope studies showed that isouron, added to the nutrient solution, was observed by the rice roots and translocated rapidly to the shoot. In rice seedlings, isouron was converted to six known metabolites, 3-(5-(1-dimethyl-2-hydroxy-ethy)-3-isoxazolyl]urea, 3-(5-tert-butyl-3-isoxazolyl)-1-methylurea, 3-(5-tert-butyl-3-isoxazolyl)ure, 3-amino-5-tert-butylisoxazole, 3-[5-(1,1-dimethyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-1-dimethylurea, and 3-[5-(1,1-dimethyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-1-methylurea, and two unknown metabolites.     

籼稻2个杂种F1种子活力和劣变处理后生化性状的比较

为明确杂交稻种子在储藏过程中品种间抗老化能力的差异,采用人工老化方法研究了杂交籼稻“汕优63”F1;和“特优559”F1种子活力,比较了2品种劣变后9个生化性状的变化。结果表明：种子活力,SOD、POD、CAT、脱氢酶活性,可溶性蛋白含量随种子老化而降低,种子浸出液电导率、可溶性糖和MDA含量随种子老化增加。劣变后“特优559”的SOD、POD、CAT、脱氢酶活性降低程度及可溶性糖和MDA含量增加程度比“汕优63”低,说明“特优559”抗老化能力比“汕优63”强。SOD、POD、CAT、脱氢酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量与种子活力极显著正相关,电导率、可溶性糖、MDA含量与种子活力极显著负相关。     

Cultivar identification of rice (Oryza sativa L.) by polymerase chain reaction method and its application to processed rice products

As the cultivars of rice markedly affect eating quality, processing suitability, and price, identification or differentiation of rice cultivar is very important. We developed suitable 14 STS (sequence-tagged site) primers for PCR (polymerase chain reaction), and it became possible to differentiate 60 Japanese dominant rice cultivars from each other using template DNA extracted and purified from rice grains. A multiplex primer set was shown to be useful to effectively differentiate rice cultivars produced in various countries by PCR. A novel multiplex primer set for PCR has been developed to differentiate KoshihikariBL, which is closely related with the premium cultivar, Koshihikari, in Japan. The application of the cultivar identification method by PCR method to commercially processed rice products was investigated. We developed an enzyme treatment method, in which the gelatinized starch is decomposed by the heat-stable alpha-amylase at 80 degrees C, followed by the hydrolysis of proteins by proteinase K with sodium dodecyl sulfate and purification of extracted DNAs by phenol/chloroform/iso-amyl alcohol. It became possible to identify the material rice cultivars of the commercially processed rice products, such as cooked rice, rice cake, or rice cracker, by a PCR method using template DNA prepared by the enzyme treatment method and novel multiplex primer sets.     

Areal variation in the relationship between natural 15N abundances of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and soil

This study was performed to clarify whether areal variation exists in the relationship between natural ¹⁵N abundances (δ¹⁵N values) of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and soil without an applied nitrogen (N) source, and to explore possible reasons for any areal variation. We investigated the relationships between δ¹⁵N values of rice and those of unamended soil with no applied N source in two locations; Daisen and Ogata, in Akita Prefecture, Japan. The δ¹⁵N values of rice in Daisen were higher than those in Ogata from 2007 to 2009, irrespective of the cropping year. Results demonstrated areal variation in the relationship between δ¹⁵N values of rice and those of unamended soil. The variation might be attributed to variation in the δ¹⁵N of natural N input and to ammonia nitrification and subsequent denitrification. When the relationship between δ¹⁵N values of rice and those of unamended soil is used to discriminate between organic and conventional rice, the areal variation of the relationship in the target area should be taken into account, from the point of the δ¹⁵N value of natural N input and N transformation in the soil.     

Morphological and molecular evaluation of Turkish rice (Oryza sativa L.) landraces

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution - This study was carried out to evaluate Turkish rice landraces, in 2016 and 2017. Twenty-nine morphological traits were used for morphological evolution and 10...