玉米库源关系的研究

1993～1994年在新疆石河子、北京大兴、山东济南和江苏扬州4种截然不同的生态条件下进行春播试验。采用多花型的掖单13和中花型的鲁玉10两个品种,于开花期间分别剪去1/2叶片和1/2果穗。试验结果表明,减源(剪叶)和减库(剪穗)都对产量造成巨大损失,但相比之下,减库对产量影响比减源更大。减源对产量影响呈多花品种＞中花品种,减库对产量的影响则反之。     

源库限制对寒地玉米产量及品质的影响

本试验采用4个品种(四单19、本玉9号、DH808、DH3149),2种密度(52500株/hm2、75000株/hm2),并在吐丝期分别进行减源限库处理,研究源库限制对玉米生长发育和产量品质的影响。结果表明:减源处理降低了单株叶面积,也降低了单株干物重。限库处理因库容减少,使得干物质略有增加,但不同品种对源库处理反应不一致。限库处理导致玉米子粒蛋白质含量明显增加,减源处理基本不变或略有增加;减源限库处理导致平展型玉米子粒的脂肪含量增加,而紧凑型品种保持不变或略有降低;减源处理导致淀粉含量的增加,而限库处理的影响相反,导致淀粉含量减少。     

受异花授粉饰变的玉米胚乳的干物质和N素积累

玉米籽粒产量受许多复杂过程的影响。但同化物源的强弱和籽粒库的大小通常被认为是决定最终产量的两个主要因子。在玉米上,关于究竟是源还是库限制产量的证据还有争议。一些研究已证明源的代谢活动影响籽粒产量(Egharevba等,1976;Tollenaar和Daynard,1978;Hunter,1980;Schoper等,1982)。既便是组培玉米果穗顶端的小籽粒也比田间果穗的大3倍多(Hanft等,1986)。这     

寒地高产玉米源库性状及与产量的关系

试验采用4因素最优试验设计,探讨寒地高产玉米的源库特点及其与产量的关系。结果显示,群体条件下高产处理的叶面积和干物质积累均高于低产处理。高产玉米的光合势始终高于低产处理,而且花后光合势与产量之间存在极显著的正相关(r=0.891)。花后光合势和净同化率对经济产量的直接通径系数分别为0.910和0.028。生物产量和收获指数对经济产量的直接通径系数为0.438和0.374。高产处理玉米截获更多的光能,子粒光能利用率比低产处理平均提高37.6%。建立花后平均LAI和单位粒数与产量的回归模型(复相关系数R=0.9701),分析表明,在库或源水平较低的情况下,增源或增库均明显提高产量,随着库或源水平的逐渐提高,增源或增库的增产效果逐渐降低,当库或源水平较高时,提高源或库水平均导致产量的降低。     

筛选源势强的甘薯品种

作物的产量取决于“源”的同化产物,及其在以收获器官表示的“库”中所能累积的程度。甘薯(Ipomoea batatas L.)累积同化产物的块根是主要的“库”,而生产同化物的秧蔓(主要是叶片)是“源”。利用一套品种所有组合的交互嫁接,可定量地研究甘薯源及库之间的关系,并能测定源对库和库对源的反应.     

不同粒重类型玉米品种耐密性的群体库源特征研究

利用作物生长分析法,研究了不同粒型玉米品种产量、产量构成和群体库源特征等指标与种植密度的关系。结果表明,种植密度为30000～60000株/hm²,鲁单981(LD981)的单位面积实收穗数是决定群体子粒产量的限制因素;高于60000株/hm²,穗粒数与千粒重则是决定群体子粒产量的限制因素。泉兴2101(QX2101)群体子粒产量的限制因素是单位面积实收穗数。LD981的单株产量、群体产量与产量构成因素对种植密度的敏感度要高于QX2101,前者在较低密度时,易获得较高的群体库源比值与群体叶面积指数,产量潜力较高;后者则在较高密度时,易获得较高的群体库源比值与群体叶面积指数,产量潜力较高。群体库容量与源供应能力均是两种粒重类型玉米品种产量的限制因素,但群体库容量始终占主导作用。     

大豆群体结构的研究

对大豆群体冠层上部实施不同比例的剪叶、去荚处理和运用二元多项式模型作了大豆群体“源、库”及产量的生长分析。结果表明:大豆群体的叶面积指数控制在5.1左右为最适宜。创造合适的群体“源、库”比,协调光合性能诸因素,是获取高产的关键。通过调整冠层叶面积的分布,提高群体中、下部的光强,可以达到提高产量的效果。文中还讨论了利用“源、库”理论来探索最适叶面积指数和群体结构的问题。     

减源对不同穗型小麦品种干物质积累及其运转的影响

为给小麦育种在源、流、库性状改良方面提供理论依据,以三种穗型的6个小麦品种为材料,研究了减源对不同穗型小麦干物质积累及其运转的影响.结果表明:(1)叶源亏缺导致干物质累积量和穗粒重降低,减源越多、减源叶位越高,二者降低幅度越大;(2)叶源亏缺可以大幅度提高剩余叶源的光合速率和营养器官花前储藏物质对籽粒的贡献率,但其效应不能完全补偿叶源亏缺造成的光合损失;(3)小麦籽粒产量的80%(中穗型和多穗型)～90%(大穗型)来自花后光合产物的积累,叶源是小麦籽粒库扩建的核心光合源;(4)营养器官花前储存物质可以大幅度被调运用于籽粒库的扩建,小麦生育后期叶源的光舍速率不但可以被提高,而且随生育期推进而下降的速度也可以减缓;(5)三种穗型小麦比较,在相同减源条件下,大穗型小麦的光合积累量和穗粒重的降低幅度及光合速率随生育期推进的降低幅度远小于中穗型和多穗型小麦,大穗型小麦营养器官花前储存物质对籽粒库的贡献率远小于中穗型和多穗型小麦,且花后光合产物的分配也不够合理,说明大穗型小麦源、流、库性状改良的产量潜力远高于中穗型和多穗型小麦.适当减小叶面积、提高分蘖成穗率、增加群体穗数,以及在群体水平上增源、畅流、扩库,可能是大穗型小麦源、流、库性状改良的方向.     

产量与源库的关系及其在作物高产中的意义

作物生长发育过程中,源库关系在动态变化中相互协调取得平衡,是作物获得高产的基础。“源”的大小对“库”的建成及其潜力的发挥具有明显的作用,“库”原有的生产潜力能否转化为最终的籽粒产量,取决于同化“源”的供应量。因此,探讨“库”潜力,“源”的供应能力及“库”“源”的关系,对于充分发挥“库”的潜力,提高产量是十分必要的。本文简要的分析了源库关系对产量的影响。     

寡照地区玉米高产光合生理研究初探

通过对两品种在不同群体下光合生理参数、群体库源与产量形成关系的研究,结果表明,寡照地区玉米高产必须增源扩库,即应适当提高叶面积指数,增加种植密度,扩大群体库容。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation and its effect on wheat quality and protein composition measured by SE-FPLC and proteomics

Soil sulphur deficiency, which is increasingly prevalent in Western Europe, lowers wheat yields, and also affects the gluten quality of the flour. Differences in S availability may change the proportion of S-poor to S-rich gliadins and glutenin subunits. This may cause unpredictable and unwanted variations in wheat quality. The combined effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilisers and split application of S and N on wheat gluten quality and composition were investigated. The results revealed effects of S fertilisation on dough quality. At high N fertilisation levels significant responses to S fertilisation were found which emphasised the need for precision application of S in intensive wheat production systems. Protein fractionation by SE-FPLC showed that quality differences were associated with changing proportions of high M_r polymeric proteins. Changes in protein composition of salt soluble proteins were also confirmed by proteomics. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and one of the serpin protein spots increased at high N, combined with the lower S level. The enzymes also increased in samples with increased S fertilisation combined with low N, but was not changed at higher N levels. Furthermore, at high N the serpin protein spot, and also a 27 K protein and one unidentified protein spot decreased with increasing S.     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.