植物寄生线虫体内病毒检测方法研究进展

线虫作为植物病毒重要的传播媒介之一,引起病毒病的传播和蔓延。本文综述了近年来线虫介体体内植物病毒的检测方法,有电子显微镜检测法、血清学检测法、PCR检测法等,以期为我国开展该方面工作提供参考。     

植物寄生线虫效应蛋白调控寄主防卫反应分子机制研究进展

在植物寄生线虫与寄主互作过程中,线虫分泌器官如食道腺细胞分泌的效应蛋白在寄主细胞壁修饰和调控寄主免疫反应以及取食位点形成和维护中发挥着关键作用。解析植物寄生线虫关键效应蛋白的功能及其与寄主互作机制将为探索植物寄生线虫防控新策略提供重要的理论基础。本文从效应蛋白降解寄主细胞壁、调控寄主基础免疫反应、诱导免疫反应机制和介导翻译后修饰调控寄主免疫反应以及植物激素代谢途径的调控机制等方面进行了概述。     

植物寄生线虫效应蛋白调控寄主防卫反应分子机制研究进展

 在植物寄生线虫与寄主互作过程中,线虫分泌器官如食道腺细胞分泌的效应蛋白在寄主细胞壁修饰和调控寄主免疫反应以及取食位点形成和维护中发挥着关键作用。解析植物寄生线虫关键效应蛋白的功能及其与寄主互作机制将为探索植物寄生线虫防控新策略提供重要的理论基础。本文从效应蛋白降解寄主细胞壁、调控寄主基础免疫反应、诱导免疫反应机制和介导翻译后修饰调控寄主免疫反应以及植物激素代谢途径的调控机制等方面进行了概述。     

Daniconema anguillae gen. et sp. n., a new nematode of a new family Daniconematidae fam. n. parasitic in European eels

A new nematode genus and species, Daniconema anguillae gen. et sp. n., is described from the serosa of the swimbladder and from the intestine of eels (Anguilla anguilla (L.] from Denmark (Lake Esrum, northern Zealand); a new family Daniconematidae fam. n. is established to accommodate it. The hitherto monotypic family Daniconematidae shows affinities with the Skrjabillanidae; in contrast to the latter, the new family is characterized by the absence of a buccal capsule, by the presence of anus in the female, and by different structure of the male tail (shape of the tail, absence of bursa-like caudal alae, number and distribution of papillae, presence of the peculiar genital projection). D. anguillae has recently been recorded also from eels in Czechoslovakia (Mácha Lake, northern Bohemia).     

一种植物线虫的快速分离方法

目前 ,我国口岸检验检疫机关对于检疫性植物线虫的分离 ,大多数仍然采用贝尔曼漏斗法。该方法的优点是灵敏度高 ,分离物杂质少 ;缺点是分离时间较长 ,大约需要1 0～ 2 4ｈ ,分离效果才达到最佳 ,而且仅限分离活动性的蠕虫形线虫 ,对死虫、不活动的线虫 (如胞囊线虫和根结线虫的雌虫 )则是无效的。我们经过长期的研究与探索 ,找出了一种植物线虫的快速分离方法。将植物线虫的分离时间缩短至 40ｍｉｎ ,并且分离线虫的数量与贝尔曼漏斗法 1 0～ 2 4ｈ的分离数量接近。这种方法适用于目前检疫对象名单上所有的检疫性的线虫分离 ,满足了口岸植物…     

植物对线虫胁迫的生理生化响应机制

植物寄生线虫是危害农业生产的重要因素之一,线虫危害可以看作是一种胁迫。本文从生理生化的角度就植物在线虫胁迫下的水分代谢、内源激素变化等不同水平的生理生化响应做了简要概述。     

Changes in the structure of Arabidopsis thaliana roots induced during development of males of the plant parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii

Plant parasitic nematodes of the genus Heterodera show a high degree of sexual dimorphism, which is reflected by different nutritional demands and differences in the structure of the induced specific syncytial feeding site in the plant. The determination of the sex of the nematode Heterodera schachtii and other related species was repeatedly reported to be dependent on trophic factors, which are provided by the induced syncytia. The structural differences of syncytia induced by H. schachtii in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana were analysed at the anatomical and ultrastructural level. Syncytia of males were induced in the root pericycle. The developing syncytium then expanded into procambial or cambial cells of the vascular cylinder. Differentiated vascular elements were not included. The expansion of the syncytium triggered the proliferation of cambial and peridermal tissues, in a manner similar to secondary growth, and the formation of additional xylem and phloem elements. In comparison to syncytia associated with females, syncytia associated with males were less hypertrophied and were composed of more cells. Distinct cell wall openings were mostly found between the few strongly hypertrophied syncytial elements at the actual feeding site in the pericycle. The ultrastructure was very similar to female-associated syncytia but showed conspicuous differences in the structure and localization of cell wall ingrowths. These ingrowths were rare and weakly developed and occurred not only at the interface with xylem elements but also at the internal and external walls of the syncytia. After feeding had ceased at the end of the third developmental stage the syncytia degenerated.     

Importing plants into the Netherlands: an assessment of the risk of plant parasitic nematodes and a survey on their entry with adhering soil

Few plant parasitic nematodes are currently included in the European Union (EU) regulated pest lists. However, many plant parasitic nematodes not present in the EU are known to be damaging and present a risk to Europe. Therefore a study was performed to assess the risk of importing plant parasitic nematodes with the soil attached to plants for planting, with emphasis on plants in pots. Prior to the survey, a list of harmful plant parasitic nematodes not present within Europe was prepared per continent based on a literature review. This resulted in a Risk List of 26 species. Additionally, over a 3‐year period a survey was carried out on plants for planting imported to the Netherlands with adhering soil, focusing on all plant parasitic nematodes and with special attention to the nematodes on the Risk List. A total of 258 soil samples were studied, originating from 54 different plant species and 20 different countries. Despite the small number of samples, several quarantine nematodes and species from the Risk List were detected, including new nematode–plant combinations. This survey illustrates that plants with adhering soil can be a pathway for the introduction of listed nematodes, including those from the Risk List, to the EU/EPPO region. This information might encourage a more risk‐based approach to performing import inspections.     

Toxicity of fungal endophyte secondary metabolites to plant parasitic nematodes and soil-borne plant pathogenic fungi

Fungi isolated from the cortical tissue of surface sterilized tomato roots collected from field plots produced secondary metabolites in nutrition broth that were highly toxic toMeloidogyne incognita. Especially strains ofFusarium oxysporum were highly active with 13 of 15 strains producing culture filtrates toxic to nematodes. The mechanism of action of the toxic metabolites produced by the non-pathogenicF. oxysporum strain 162 with proven biological control ofM. incognita in pot experiments was investigated. These metabolites reducedM. incognita mobility within 10 min of exposure. After 60 min, 98% of juveniles were inactivated. Juveniles were initially inactivated within a few minutes of exposure, but with exposure of 5 h 50% of the juveniles were dead and 24 h exposure resulted in 100% mortality. In a bioassay with lettuce seedlings metabolite concentrations > 100 mg/l reduced the number ofM. incognita juveniles on the roots comparing to the water control. TheF. oxysporum toxins were highly effective towards sedentary parasites and less effective towards migratory endoparasites. Nonparasitic nematodes were not influenced at all. Metabolites of strain 162 also reduced significantly the growth ofPhytophthora cactorum, Pythium ultimum andRhizoctonia solani in vitro. Secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi on plant-parasitic nematodes and soil-borne fungi should be considered for control of plant parasitic nematodes and plant pathogenic fungi. The results also show the need for proper selection of target nematodes inin vitro bioassays.     

福建省蝴蝶兰根部寄生线虫种类鉴定

为明确福建省蝴蝶兰线虫发生情况,利用改良贝尔曼漏斗法从蝴蝶兰根部及根际介质中进行分离,经形态学鉴定,共有6种植物寄生线虫双尾滑刃线虫(Aphelenchoides bicaudatus)、斯坦纳长尾线虫(Seinura steineri)、奥阿胡长尾线虫(S.oahuensis)、蘑菇滑刃线虫(A.composticola)、普通丝尾垫刃线虫(Filenchus vulgaris)和食菌茎线虫(Ditylenchus myceliophagus).优势种群是双尾滑刃线虫,其次是蘑菇滑刃线虫.     

Surveillance and monitoring for plant parasitic nematodes – a challenge

Surveillance of pests is an important activity for (a) early detection and prevention of spread of indigenous and exotic pests, (b) delimiting pest distribution, (c) searching for pest free areas for meeting the requirements of national and international trade and (d) to achieve effective management of pests that affect crop production. Recent developments on these topics are reviewed with special reference to plant parasitic nematodes in India.     

根结线虫在中国的新纪录种——西班牙根结线虫(Meloidogyne hispanica Hirschmann)

 A root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hispanica Hirschmann, was first described and illustrated from roots of papaya in Danzhou, Hainan province in China. The perineal pattern of female was characterized by oval shaped to rectangular with a low dorsal arch; dorsal striae varied from fine and wavy to coarse; lateral lines forked with fringe-like striae between lines and phasmidial ducts distinctly appeared. Male had high and rounded head region with labial disc and medial lips fused to form elongate lip structures. Second-stage juve-nile had distinct body annules and stylet with rounded, posteriorly sloping knobs, and the tail terminus was slender with indistinct hyaline. This Chinese new record of M. hispanica had a unique esterase phenotype (S2-M1) which was different from that of other Meloidogyne species.     

Meloidogyne luci,a new root‐knot nematode parasitizing potato in Portugal

In 2013, during a field survey conducted in Portugal on potato, Solanum tuberosum, an unusual esterase (EST) phenotype was detected in a root‐knot nematode (RKN) from potato roots collected in Coimbra. This Portuguese isolate was purified and maintained on tomato, S. lycopersicum, and morphological, biochemical and molecular characteristics were studied. Perineal pattern morphology was highly variable, similar to Meloidogyne ethiopica and not useful for identification. The EST phenotype, from young egg‐laying females, displayed three bands similar to the Brazilian M. luci (L3) and distinct from M. ethiopica (E3). Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I and the mitochondrial DNA region between COII and 16S rRNA genes revealed that the Portuguese isolate grouped with M. luci isolates close to M. ethiopica isolates. However, considering the ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2 region, the Portuguese isolate grouped with isolates of M. luci, M. ethiopica and M. hispanica, which limits the confidence of this region for M. luci diagnosis, and its differentiation from other species with morphological similarities. The M. luci pathogenicity to potato was also assessed in 16 commercial cultivars and compared with M. chitwoodi, considered to be a quarantine RKN species by EPPO. All potato cultivars were susceptible to both Meloidogyne species with gall indices of 5 and higher reproduction factor values ranging from 12.5 to 122.3, which suggests that M. luci may constitute a potential threat to potato production. In the present study, M. luci is reported for the first time attacking potato in Portugal.     

烯唑醇有望成为新生长抑制剂

烯唑醇原是一种杀菌剂,主治白粉病、锈病等病害.笔者1993年应用烯唑醇在花生田进行叶斑病防治试验,结果防效与多菌灵相仿.但意外发现,烯唑醇有明显降低花生株高、控秧旺长的作用.     

食线虫真菌蠕虫埃斯特菌对植物寄生线虫的侵染特性

为评价食线虫真菌蠕虫埃斯特菌Esteya vermicola菌株NKF 13222的生防应用价值,采用2%水琼脂培养基平板接种法测定了该菌株对7种植物寄生线虫的诱引、黏附和侵染能力,并比较了其对不同线虫的侵染特性.结果显示,该菌株的菌丝对松材线虫、拟松材线虫、腐烂茎线虫和水稻干尖线虫均有诱引作用,而对南方根结线虫、禾谷孢囊线虫和穿刺短体线虫无诱引作用;菌株的粘性分生孢子对有诱引现象的4种线虫都能黏附,接种24 h后的黏附率达到82%～99%,对无诱引现象的3种线虫不能黏附;粘性分生孢子黏附虫体后对不同线虫的侵染力存在差异,接种7 d后的松材线虫死亡率可达98%,而拟松材线虫、腐烂茎线虫和水稻干尖线虫死亡率分别为43%、35%和9%.表明蠕虫埃斯特菌不仅是松材线虫的强内寄生真菌,而且对其它重要植物寄生线虫也具有一定的应用潜力.     

广西香蕉植物线虫病发生情况调查

作者于2009-2010年,对广西香蕉线虫病发生情况进行了实地调查,分别采集根际土壤和根系样本共253份,调查结果表明：广西香蕉主要有害线虫有根结线虫、矮化线虫、短体线虫、肾状线虫、螺旋线虫、滑刃线虫、纽带线虫、垫刃线虫和小环线虫,其中根结线虫发生最普遍也最严重,根结病指最高达60,土壤根结线虫虫口密度最高达307头/100 mL土。〖JP〗     

上海盆景植物寄生线虫种类与群体动态

调查上海地区出口盆景，发现15属植物寄生线虫，其中垫刃线虫、螺旋线虫、环线虫、根结线虫、毛刺线虫、短体线虫、剑线虫、矮化线虫、滑刃线虫等是上海口岸盆景植物主要寄生线虫种类。盆景根围线虫群体密度在1年中的变化与气候变化明显相关。从春到秋，种群数量呈增长趋势，群体结构呈多样化发展，秋天是线虫种群数量、种类最为繁盛时期。