养殖虾类红体病和红体症状的研究概况和探讨

本文通过对红体病易感的南美白对虾、日本沼虾、斑节对虾和罗氏沼虾进行分析阐述,从病毒、细菌和环境因素等方面,总结了虾类红体病的病原和病理特征,归纳了相应的防治方法,以期为该病的进一步研究以及临床诊断和控制提供参考。     

小反刍兽疫的诊断与治疗

文章全面分析总结了小反刍兽疫病毒的病原及发病机理、流行特点及临床症状、病理检验、诊断以及治疗方法。为有效预防治疗小反刍兽疫提供了参考依据。     

虹鳟传染性造血器官坏死病的防控

传染性造血器官坏死病毒是一种严重危害鲑鳟鱼类养殖的重要病原,具有传播快、发病急等特点,主要损伤鱼类的造血器官,因此称为传染性造血器官坏死病。结合国内外研究现状对其临床症状、病理损伤、流行规律、传播途径、诊断方法和预防措施进行总结,以期为该病的防控提供理论基础和实践经验。     

中华鳖腐皮病及防治方法研究

研究了中华鳖腐皮病的病原、病理，认为腐皮病的病原是气单胞菌属的两个种（或亚种），并通过具有病例阐述了腐皮病的防治方法。     

病原微生物检验新技术研究进展

传统的微生物检验法的最大弱点是慢,难以适应诊断与治疗。传统的细菌分离、培养及生化反应,已远远不能满足对各种病原微生物的诊断以及流行病学的研究。随着现代科学技术的不断发展,特别是免疫学、生物化学、分子生物学及计算机技术的不断发展,新的微生物诊断技术和方法己广泛被应用。近年来国内外学者不断努力,已创建不少快速、简便、特异、敏感、低耗且适用的微生物诊断方法,尤其是DNA探针和以PCR为代表的分子生物学技术的发展及自动化仪器的应用已明显加快了微生物检验的速度,明显提高了微生物的诊断水平。本文就微生物诊断新技术研究进展作一综述。     

我国鲍养殖病害研究进展

本文综述了我国鲍养殖病害的现状，流行病学、病原学、诊断和防治等方面的最新研究进展。近来在病毒和细菌性病原研究方面取得一些进展，一些常见暴发性传染病的致病原得到了确认，但有关这些病原的分子生物学特性、快速诊断方法以及有效的防治方法等方面尚等深入研究。     

黄喉拟水龟源临床分离菌株种类

正黄喉拟水龟各种疾病频发,特别是细菌病,如肠道出血性败血症、腐皮病、肺炎等,病原的种类复杂,严重制约龟鳖业的发展。一、研究结果近年来,本研究团队成员对送检病龟类进行病害诊断与病原分离,收集大量的临床分离菌株。本研究则对2015~2016年从不同患病黄喉拟水龟的口腔、肛门、病灶、肝脏等组织分离的优势菌落进行纯化,获得128株临床菌株,并采用分子生物学方法进行分类鉴定。结果显示128株菌株     

对虾养殖的曙光

本文综述了我国在虾病病原、病理及诊断方面的进展,例举了一些虾病防治方面的成功经验,并认为对虾养殖业的发展出现了曙光。     

鸡新城疫并发大肠杆菌病的诊治报告

2001年5月,河北省唐山市某600只蛋鸡养殖场相继出现大批产蛋鸡死亡,病鸡以呼吸困难、翅膀下垂、闭目,腹泻为主要病症特征.经临诊检查,病理剖检及病原的实验室分离培养,诊断为鸡新城疫并发大肠杆菌病.     

试验性抗菌药对仔猪水肿病治疗效果

保定市某猪场暴发疫病,经病理剖检、病原分离、生化试验、毒力试验等诊断方法获知此次疫情为致病性埃希氏大肠杆菌引起的猪水肿病。药敏实验表明,细菌分离物对青霉素、链霉素等常用抗生素有耐药性,对氟苯尼考、卡那霉素、环丙沙星等药物极敏。感染猪选用氟苯尼考治疗后康复。     

Visceral necrosis of goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.): a new bacterial disease

Abstract. Recent shipments of goldfish into Canada have suffered major mortality within a short time of arrival. The pathology and bacteriology of several of these diseased fish are described. Lesions were either acute and necrotizing with haemorrhage, or they were granulomatous. In either case, the spleen was a prime target, although in severely affected animals other organs were similarly involved; these included anterior and posterior kidney (plus endocrine elements), liver, intestine, mesentery and brain. Associated with these lesions were intracellular bacteria, which were often arranged in a Chinese letters-like configuration, and which are presumed to be the cause of the disease. The Gram-negative bacterium was isolated from all fish, but its characteristics were such that it was not easily classified and its taxonomy therefore remains uncertain.     

The significance of myxosporean infections in roach, Rutilus rutilus L., in different habitats

Abstract. Two Myxobolus species, M. pseudodispar and M. ellipsoides , and two Myxidium species, M. rhodei and M. pfeifferi , were found in roach, Rutilus rutilus L., from three different locations in northern Greece, northern England and Scotland. Their prevalence, distribution in the host and pathology were studied. In the ease of M. rhodei , the pathological changes were quantitatively evaluated by computer-based image analysis, and the results expressed in terms of area and volume of organs affected. The pathology of M. pfeifferi was associated with trophozoites in the bile duets and the infection ranged from mild to severe. In the severe eases, degeneration of duetal mucosa sometimes progressed to focal hepatitis. Myxidium rhodei was found in the kidneys as large cysts containing mature and immature spores (Type A cysts), and less often, in the form of small concentric cysts (Type B) which contained no obvious spores but which were characterized by a marked host response giving the appearance of focal granulomas. Type A cysts were also found in liver and spleen, and Type B cysts in the heart. Trophozoites of M. rhodei were observed in only a few eases and occurred in enlarged renal corpuscles in which the capillary tuft was atrophied and compressed. The pathology of M. rhodei was significant due to the enlargement of glomeruli from four to seven times their normal size and with an estimated increase in volume of 54 to 78 times. In addition to the functional damage to the glomeruli, there was also damage of the surrounding interstitial tissue and tubules as a result of the pressure from these enlarged glomeruli. The two myxobolid species were considered to be mainly specific to the kidney with no serious pathology in this organ, but caused significant pathology in the muscles ( M. pseudodispar ) and gills ( M. ellipsoides ).     

Pathology of the retina]

Degenerations (atrophies) of the retina are divided into primary (hereditary) and secondary forms including glaucomatous retinopathy of retinal atrophy. The pathogenesis of inflammation of the retina is considered. This condition generally appears in association with inflammation of the choroid (chorioretinitis), but can also occur as an isolated inflammatory condition during infectious disease (distemper). The functional conditions for retinal detachment, its rhegmatogenous and nonrhegmatogenous types, as well as the consequences of retinal detachment are described. Comparison of the pathology of retinal tumors shows that retinoblastoma is not known in animals. However, neuroepithelial tumors like the so-called acquired adenoma and adenocarcinoma of the mature ciliary epithelium as well as the rare congenital tumors of the embryonic neuroepithelium i.e. the medulloepithelioma and the ganglioneuroma are seen in animals. Finally, the rare but not unusual parasitic retinopathies are mentioned.     

A rapid onset, post-capture muscle necrosis in the Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L.) from the West coast of Scotland

A post-capture, abdominal muscle necrosis of rapid onset has been identified in Norway lobsters, Nephrops norvegicus (L.), captured off the West coast of Scotland. Economic losses, as a result of the mortality of these animals in transport, were encountered by Scottish wholesalers during the summer and autumn of 1999. Affected animals show a characteristic whitening of individual muscle fibres and fibre bundles of the abdomen within hours of capture, with a progression towards complete opacity of the abdominal musculature within a number of days. The pathology causes a loss of the normal function of the abdomen; thus, preventing the normal 'tail flip' swimming. Electron microscopy failed to reveal any obvious causative agent but showed that affected tissue displayed a progressive disruption of sarcomere organization, loss of Z-line material, condensation of myofibrils and infiltration of necrotic regions by granulocytes. SDS–PAGE of affected muscle tissue showed that there was a great reduction of most of the major contractile proteins. The condition most closely resembles idiopathic or spontaneous muscle necrosis, a pathology previously reported from both wild and cultured crustaceans. Damage to the integument in conjunction with exposure to various stressors during and immediately after capture is the most likely cause of the pathology. The rapid onset of the pathology has implications for the post-capture handling procedure for N. norvegicus and their subsequent vivier transport to market. It may also be partially responsible for the high mortality rate of undersized N. norvegicus returned to the sea after capture and aerial emersion.     

Development of a novel histopathological gill scoring protocol for assessment of gill health during a longitudinal study in marine-farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Gill health and disease in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were studied at a marine site on the west coast of Ireland. Fish were sampled on a regular basis during the summer and autumn of 2009. A novel histopathological scoring system was devised to give a semi-quantitative measure of gill pathology. The index criteria for gill histopathology were lamellar hyperplasia, lamellar fusion, circular anomalies (necrosis or sloughing) and lamellar oedema, a score from 0 to 3 being assigned for each parameter. Ancillary criteria, such as hypertrophy, haemorrhage and the presence of specific pathogens, were assigned a score of 0 or 1. Environmental monitoring undertaken included zooplankton and phytoplankton sampling, as well as temperature and oxygen recordings for the site. Epitheliocystis was frequently observed at low levels but was not associated with any significant gill pathology. Clinically significant gill pathology was observed on one occasion during the sampling period, coinciding with the occurrence of Pelagia noctiluca, Muggiaea atlantica and Solmaris corona. Throughout the longitudinal study, the scoring system provided an accurate and effective means of assessing gill health, demonstrating the ability of this practical tool to be used in future studies of gill health and disease.     

Effect of chloride on nitrite‐induced methaemoglobinemia in Atlantic sturgeon,Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus (Mitchill)

We evaluated the effects of chloride concentration on the clinical pathology in juvenile Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus (Mitchill), following semi‐static exposures to 1 mg L^?1 nitrite for 96 h. In spring water naturally low in chloride (5 mg L^?1), plasma nitrite concentrated to more than 40× environmental levels resulting in a severe methaemoglobinemia characterized by torpid behaviour, 30‐fold increase in methaemoglobin fraction, anaemia, leucopenia and hyperkalaemia. Loss of intracellular water and potassium to extracellular space may have resulted in hyperkalaemia and haemodilution. Fish survived nitrite exposure, but 60% of torpid fish died following capture and tissue sampling. Fish acclimated to 10‐fold higher chloride content (55 mg L^?1) did not concentrate nitrite in the plasma above environmental levels or develop methaemoglobinemia, but did exhibit similar haematology and plasma chemistry changes. Plasma nitrite returned to preexposure levels by 14 days following nitrite exposures, but severity of clinical pathology changes persisted or increased, suggesting that Atlantic sturgeon have reduced capacity to recover from methaemoglobinemia. Fish that survive methaemoglobinemia may be susceptible to mortality from the cumulative effects of intoxication, handling and other stresses for two or more weeks following nitrite remediation. Chloride buffering in aquaculture systems reduces the toxic effects of nitrite accumulation.     

闽东海水网箱养殖大黄鱼的病害及防治方法

闽东大黄鱼（pseudosciaena crocea)养殖业发展迅速，已成为渔业生产的支柱产业，但目前生产上尚存在诸多问题。在对海水网箱养殖大黄鱼的疾病种类、主要症状、病理变化、流行规律及综合防治等调查研究的基础上，报道了引起其发病的主要原因，剖析了存在问题的症结，提出了大黄鱼病害预防的主要措施及主要病害和防治方法。     

副溶血弧菌引起中国对虾红腿病的组织病理及防治

用５２种药物对中国对虾红腿病致病菌－副溶血弧菌进行药物敏感试验,结果表明：氯霉素,复方新诺明,红霉素,痢特灵等抑菌能力最强。选择氯霉素,复方新诺明作为预防和治疗的首选药物,结果,用二者制作药饵,预防效果好,但治疗效果较差,用二者药浴效果也差,池塘生产试验证明,二者可有效控制病情,组织病理显示,病虾心脏,鳃,肝组织均可见大量细菌。     

Environmental risk factors associated with amoebic gill disease in cultured salmon, Salmo salar L., smolts in Ireland

A 2-year study was carried out on amoebic gill disease (AGD) involving monthly samples of 1+ Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., smolts, histological assessment of the gills and analysis of environmental data. Gill pathology was seen before amoebae could be detected microscopically. These changes in gill integrity were associated with marine environmental conditions, particularly elevated ammonium, nitrite and chlorophyll levels. The results suggest that the environmental changes predispose salmon to colonization by amoebae and ciliates. High densities of histophagous scuticociliates were observed in the gills during periods of advanced gill pathology. A number of different amoebae were observed in close association with gill pathology. Neoparamoeba was not seen in high densities, nor was it associated with gill pathology, indicating that Neoparamoeba may not be the primary agent of the AGD in Irish salmonid culture.