抗真菌蛋白Rs—AFPs的生物学特性的研究

采用浸渗法制备萝卜种子抗真菌蛋白白Ｒｓ－ＡＦＰｓ粗提液进行抑菌试验,结果表明：在萝卜种子发育过程中,Ｒｓ－ＡＦＰｓ是在一定时期开始合成并逐步积累的,因此充分成熟的萝卜种子Ｒｓ－ＡＦＰｓ粗提液具有较强的抑菌活性。Ｒｓ－ＡＦＰｓ的耐酸性,。耐碱性,热稳定性及对不同病原真菌的抗性研究结果表明,在ｐＨ为４和１０时,Ｒｓ－ＡＦＰｓ能保持９０％的活性,在８０℃水浴６０ｍｉｎ其活性仍为１００％,在１００℃水浴３     

生防细菌的抑菌谱和对大豆根腐病的防治

用8株生防细菌对15种病原真菌进行室内平板对峙试验,试验结果表明8株生防细菌都具用较广的抑菌谱,其中B021a、B072b对14种病原真菌具有较宽抑菌带,B09、B131对13种病原真菌具有较宽抑菌带。抑菌率为15.6％～67.5％。对大豆根腐病病原菌尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium axyspo-rum）和茄腐镰刀菌（Fusarium solani）分别进行盆栽试验。防效最高为m4b（F．axysporum）达62.7％和mg（F.solani）达60％。各生防菌株对大豆种子发芽均有一定促进作用,同时在种子发芽过程中还能抑制尖孢镰刀菌的生长。田间试验大豆根腐病防效34.6％～47.6％,各菌株对大豆植株有一定的促生作用。     

橘色糖丝菌XA-1防治大豆种传病菌研究

采用稀有放线菌的橘色糖丝菌（Saccharothrix tangerinus）XA-1菌株发酵过滤液和孢子悬浮液浸种，对大豆种传病原真菌防治效果进行了初步测定。研究结果表明橘色糖丝菌XA-1菌发酵滤液和孢子悬浮液对大豆种子致病的真菌均有良好的防治作用。橘色糖丝菌XA-1菌发酵过滤液的抑菌效果明显好于孢子悬浮液的抑菌效果，其可抑菌作用机理可能是生防橘色糖丝菌XA-1菌产生具有杀菌作用的活性物质。通过橘色糖丝菌XA-1菌发酵过滤液和孢子悬浮液分别浸种处理经3％次氯酸表面消毒和未经表面消毒的大豆种子，结果表明，生防橘色糖丝菌XA-1菌产生杀菌活性物质不仅对种子表面真菌具有杀灭作用，而且对种皮内部的病菌亦有很好的杀灭作用。     

昆虫病原线虫共生菌对小麦根腐病菌和小麦赤霉病菌的抑菌活性

为探索小麦根腐病和小麦赤霉病可持续控制的有效生防途径,以小麦根腐病菌和小麦赤霉病菌作为供试真菌,评价了昆虫病原线虫共生菌及其毒素的抑菌活性,并对高毒力菌株抗逆性进行了初探。结果表明,供试的28个昆虫病原线虫共生菌发酵液和毒素均有一定的抑菌活性,其中,高毒力共生菌菌株SY5发酵液和毒素对小麦根腐病菌的抑菌率分别为56.05%和67.41%,对小麦赤霉病菌的抑菌率分别为82.41%和83.32%;菌株SY5发酵液经50℃处理60 min及18 W紫外灯照射120 min后对小麦根腐病菌的抑菌率无明显变化,但对小麦赤霉病菌的抑菌率有所下降;常温保存150 d,抑菌活性略有下降。说明共生菌菌株SY5对小麦根腐病菌和小麦赤霉病菌抑菌活性显著,且具有一定的抗逆性,极具应用潜力。     

五倍子粗提液对棉花黄萎病的防治效果

以五倍子为对象,研究其粗提液对大丽轮枝菌的抑菌效果及对棉花黄萎病的田间防治效果,为研制用于棉花黄萎病防治的新型植物源制剂提供技术支持。结果表明,当五倍子粗提液体积分数达到0.6%时,其对分离自不同棉区的大丽轮枝菌强致病力菌株Vd080、Vd147、Vd021的菌落生长抑制率和产孢量抑制率均达到100%。田间叶面喷施五倍子粗提液对棉花黄萎病的防治效果最高可达到58.8%,40、80倍液处理能显著提高棉花纤维的断裂伸长率,且前者能显著提高籽棉产量。推荐生产上在棉花黄萎病发生前或发生初期叶面喷施40～80倍的五倍子粗提液进行防治。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌HAB-7对18株植物病原真菌的抑制作用

HAB-7是一株分离自豇豆根际土壤、具有较强抑菌作用的解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)。研究HAB-7对18株植物病原真菌及其发酵液粗提蛋白对植物病原的抑制作用，并测定其对番茄种子的促生作用。采用平板对峙法测定其对18株植物病原真菌的抑制活性，以橡胶树炭疽菌为指示菌，对其发酵上清液经60%、80%硫酸铵盐析获得的抗菌粗蛋白进行测试；并将HAB-7菌液稀释成6个浓度梯度，分别用来对番茄种子进行促生测试。结果显示：HAB-7对18株植物病原真菌的平均抑菌率为61.03%；     

红参粗多糖提取工艺的研究

以红参粗多糖提取率为指标,采用苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖含量,比较水提、酸提、碱提3种不同提取方法的提取效果,并优化最佳提取工艺.结果表明,最佳提取工艺为：1∶8的料液比,100℃水浴提取3次,每次3h,红参粗多糖提取率达22％.     

纳豆芽胞杆菌抑菌活性研究

为了研究纳豆芽胞杆菌高抑菌活性的最佳发酵条件,以苏云金芽孢杆菌和大肠杆菌为指示菌,采用滤纸片法,分别考察了培养时间、培养温度、培养基盐度、碳源、氮源及纳豆菌发酵粗提液浓度等因素对两种指示菌的抑制效果。结果表明：随着培养时间和粗提液浓度的提高,苏云金芽孢杆菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径先增后减;培养温度为37℃时苏云金芽孢杆菌的抑菌圈最大,42℃时大肠杆菌的抑菌圈最大;盐度为1%时,粗提液对苏云金芽孢杆菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌效果最好;碳源为牛肉膏时苏云金芽孢杆菌的抑菌圈最大,碳源为乳糖时大肠杆菌的抑菌圈最大;氮源为蛋白胨时苏云金芽孢杆菌的抑菌圈最大,氮源为硫酸铵时大肠杆菌的抑菌圈最大。正交法考察纳豆菌抑菌物质粗提液抑制两株指示菌的最优条件为培养时间36 h,粗提液浓度为100%,培养基盐度为1.5%。     

青枯菌无毒自发突变株接种花生引起的生化变化

花生经青枯菌无毒自发突变株ＡＰ７接种后，体内过氧化物酶的活性会增高。经无毒自发突变菌株ＡＰ７接种后的花生叶片组织粗提液对青枯菌的致病菌株有强烈的体外抑菌作用。将这种粗提液与致病菌株同时注入花生叶片内，亦表现出抑制发病作用，而且这种抑病作用随着粗提液浓度下降而减弱．     

藏茴香种子休眠机理的初步研究

采用种子吸涨试验、种子浸提液对萝卜种子萌发的抑制试验以及不同贮藏期种子的萌发试验,来探寻藏茴香种子休眠的原因。结果表明：藏茴香种子休眠与种皮的机械阻力无关;种子中存在的内源抑制物质和后熟作用是造成种子休眠的主要原因。藏茴香种子的内源抑制物质,在35℃条件下的水浸提液对萝卜抑制活性最强,25℃下最弱;并且在同一温度下的抑制活性随着浸提次数的增加而减弱。藏茴香种子随着贮藏时间的延长,发芽率逐渐提高,贮藏到18个月时,种子的发芽率达到61.3%。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).