Effect of nitrogen source in high-concentrate, low-protein beef cattle diets on microbial fermentation studied in vivo and in vitro

In Exp. 1, four Holstein heifers (112+/-5.5 kg BW) fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square to evaluate the effects of N source on ruminal fermentation and urinary excretion of purine derivatives. A 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used; the factors were the type of protein source (soybean meal, SBM, vs a 50:50 mixture of fish meal and corn gluten meal, FMCGM) and the partial substitution of protein source by urea (with vs without). Heifers were allowed to consume concentrate and barley straw on an ad libitum basis. Barley straw:concentrate ratio (12:88) and average ruminal pH (6.25) were not affected (P > 0.05) by treatment. Ruminal NH3 N concentration and urinary excretion of purine derivatives were not affected (P > 0.05) by supplemental N source. In situ CP degradability of supplemented SBM was very low (50%). In Exp. 2, eight dual-flow continuous-culture fermenters were used to study diet effects on microbial fermentation and nutrient flow, using forage:concentrate ratio, solid and liquid passage rates, and pH fluctuation to simulate in vivo conditions. The treatment containing SBM without urea reached the greatest total VFA concentration (P < 0.01), molar percentage of acetate (P < 0.05), and NH3 N concentration (P < 0.05), followed by treatments with partial substitution of protein source by urea, and finally by the treatment containing FMCGM. True OM digestion tended to increase (P = 0.13) in treatments containing SBM. These results suggest that amino N from SBM and NH3 N concentration stimulated nutrient digestion. Microbial protein synthesis was lowest in treatments with FMCGM and without urea, indicating that rapidly available N limited microbial growth. The low CP degradability of SBM observed may have contributed to the limitation in N supply for microbial growth. Efficiency of microbial protein synthesis increased in treatments containing urea (P < 0.05). Protein source affected total (P < 0.05) and essential AA (P < 0.10) flows, which were greater in treatments containing FMCGM. Partial replacement of protein supplements by urea did not affect total and essential AA flows. Because mean dietary protein contribution to total N effluent was 46%, the AA profile of supplemental protein sources had a great impact on total AA flow and its profile.     

Pilocarpine and digestive efficiency in beef cattle fed a high-concentrate diet

The effect of pilocarpine HCl, a parasympathetic muscarinic agonist, on digestive characteristics was evaluated in growing beef steers fed a high-grain diet. Oral doses of 0, 2 or 4 mg/kg BW were administered daily to each of eight steers immediately prior to offering an 88% concentrate: 12% hay diet in this three-period crossover design (19 d/period). Treatments did not improve digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter and nitrogen, ruminal liquid volume and fractional dilution rate, body weight gain or feed efficiency. Although daily voluntary feed intake was not altered by treatment (P = .25), there was a dose-dependent slowing of the rate at which feed was consumed (P less than .01). Also, ruminal fluid pH was increased with increasing dose (5.36, 5.55 and 6.11 respectively; P = .10). These observations indicate that the digestive improvements due to pilocarpine reported to occur in mature, nongrowing cattle consuming a high-forage diet are not observed in growing steers fed a production-type diet.     

Effects of tylosin on concentrations of Fusobacterium necrophorum and fermentation products in the rumen of cattle fed a high-concentrate diet.

OBJECTIVE: To determine effects of tylosin on ruminal concentrations of Fusobacterium necrophorum and fermentation products in cattle during rapid adaptation to a high-concentrate diet. ANIMALS: 6 steers fitted with ruminal cannulas. PROCEDURE: Steers were assigned randomly to 2 treatment groups and switched from a 0 to an 85% concentrate diet during a 4-day period. Cattle received this diet, with or without tylosin (90 mg/steer/d), for 4 weeks. Samples of ruminal contents were collected daily beginning 2 days before the treatment protocol and in the first week of concentrate feeding. Four subsequent samples were collected at weekly intervals. Concentration of F. necrophorum in samples was determined, using the most-probable-number technique. Ruminal pH and concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA), lactate, and ammonia also were determined. All steers received both treatments separated by 4 weeks (cross-over design), during which time they were fed alfalfa hay only. RESULTS: In control steers, concentration of F. necrophorum increased in response to the high-concentrate diet. Tylosin-fed steers had lower concentrations of F. necrophorum than control steers at all times during concentrate feeding. However, ruminal pH and concentrations of lactate, VFA, and ammonia did not differ between treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Tylosin caused a significant reduction in ruminal concentrations of F. necrophorum during rapid adaptation to a high-concentrate diet but had no effect on fermentation products. The reduction in ruminal concentration of F. necrophorum helps explain the reduction in prevalence of hepatic abscesses reported in tylosin-fed feedlot cattle.     

日粮中不同水平甘露寡糖对锦江黄牛瘤胃微生物体外发酵的影响

通过体外法研究不同水平的甘露寡糖(0、0.8%、1.0%及1.2%)对锦江黄牛瘤胃微生物发酵功能的影响。结果表明:日粮中添加甘露寡糖可以显著提高培养液中微生物蛋白(MCP)含量(P0.05);可以降低培养残渣中中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量,但未达到差异显著水平(P0.05);能增加瘤胃产气量;降低氨态氮(NH3-N)含量。研究初步表明,日粮中添加甘露寡糖可以在一定程度上提高锦江黄牛的瘤胃微生物发酵功能,并以1.2%添加量较为适宜。     

竹叶提取物对肉牛生产性能、瘤胃发酵特征及微生物数量的影响

试验研究竹叶提取物对肉牛生产性能、瘤胃发酵特征及微生物数量的影响.选取24头6月龄、体重(259.30±12.17) kg的西门塔尔杂交公牛,随机分为4组,每组6个重复.各组肉牛日粮中分别添加0(对照组)、40、80、120 g/d竹叶提取物,试验期180 d.结果 显示,80 g/d组肉牛的平均日增重和平均干物质采食...     

莫能菌素对肉牛育肥期瘤胃发酵和日粮主要成分消化率的影响

采用单因子试验设计,以青贮和大麦为基础日粮,在基础日粮中分别添加莫能菌素0、1000和1400mg(20%预混料),研究肉牛育肥期日粮中添加莫能菌素对瘤胃pH值、NH3-N、VFA和日粮主要成分消化率的影响。研究结果表明:各组牛瘤胃液pH值差异不显著(P>0.05);添加莫能菌素1000mg组NH3-N浓度显著低于添加莫能菌素1400mg组和对照组(P<0.05);添加莫能菌素1000mg显著提高了TVFA和丙酸浓度(P<0.05),降低乙酸/丙酸比值(P<0.05);添加莫能菌素1000mg显著提高日粮粗蛋白的消化率(P<0.05),但对其它主要成分消化率有降低趋势,且差异不显著(P>0.05)。根据试验结果推断肉牛育肥期日粮莫能菌素的添加水平为1000mg(20%预混料)为佳。     

体外法研究不同功能性低聚糖对瘤胃发酵与微生物蛋白合成的影响

试验旨在研究不同功能性低聚糖对瘤胃发酵与微生物蛋白合成的影响,试验选用3头体况良好、体重约600 kg,装有永久性瘘管的中国荷斯坦奶牛作为瘤胃液供体动物,利用体外批次培养方法,以苜蓿和玉米为饲料源做体外发酵基质,然后添加大豆寡糖、果寡糖、甘露寡糖(添加水平分别为0%、0.5%、1.5%、3.0%)三种功能性低聚糖。结果表明,随着三种功能性低聚糖添加水平的提高对瘤胃体外潜在产气量、快速降解部分、慢速降解部分均极显著增加(P<0.01),但对产气速率没有显著影响(P>0.05)。对于发酵参数,功能性低聚糖种类、低聚糖添加量均对总挥发性脂肪酸和氨态氮影响显著(P<0.05),随着三种功能性低聚糖添加水平的提高,使总挥发性脂肪酸极显著增加(P<0.01),使氨态氮极显著降低(P<0.01),乙酸/丙酸值显著增加(P<0.05)。对于乳酸虽没有显著影响(P>0.05),但是有降低的趋势。对于微生物蛋白的合成,与对照组相比,添加三种功能性低聚糖不仅极显著提高微生物蛋白的量(P<0.01),而且使微生物蛋白的合成率显著增加(P<0.05)。综上所述,功能性低聚糖有助于改善瘤胃发酵和提高微生物蛋白合成。     

不同油脂对瘤胃微生物发醇及蛋白合成的影响

试验主要研究不同油脂对体外培养瘤胃微生物发酵及其蛋白合成的影响。试验以3头瘘管山羊为试验动物,分不加油脂的对照组和分别添加4%菜籽油(A)、豆油(B)、玉米油(C)、花生油(D)的试验组等5组进行体外培养。结果表明:培养液pH值组间差异不显著,但各组的动态变化模式有所不同。NH3-N浓度组间差异显著,以A组最低并显著低于对照组,其他各组都显著或极显著高于对照组,其动态变化模式也有所差异。细菌蛋白以B组最高,显著高于对照组,C、D组也有高于对照组的趋势;原虫蛋白组间无明显差异,但4个试验组都低于对照组;而总的微生物蛋白以B组最高,明显高于对照组。原虫与细菌区系的比值在组间差异显著,以对照组最高,显著高于4个试验组。A组纤维素降解率最低并显著低于对照组,而其他各组间差异都不显著(P>0.05)。总之,4%的各油脂对微生物发酵影响不大,除豆油外,均可在不同程度上提高细菌蛋白量。     

In vitro effects of individual fatty acids on protozoal numbers and on fermentation products in ruminal fluid from cattle fed a high-concentrate, barley-based diet

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of sodium salts of individual fatty acids on protozoal numbers and ruminal fermentation variables in vitro. Ruminal inoculum was obtained from two heifers fed a finishing diet consisting of (DM basis) 90% rolled barley grain, 4% barley silage, 5% soybean meal, and 1% mineralized salt. Fatty acids (FA) were included individually in the inoculum as follows: C6:0, C8:0, and C10:0 at concentrations (wt/vol) of 0.0625, 0.125, and 0.25%; C14:0 and C18:0 at concentrations of 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5%; and C12:0, C16:0, C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3 at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0%. 15N-Labeled casein was included as a N tracer. In the presence of medium-chain saturated FA (particularly C10:0 and C12:0), no ciliate protozoa (99.8%Entodinium spp.) were recovered from the incubation medium. Long-chain unsaturated FA (C18:3, C18:2, C18:1) also decreased (P < 0.05) protozoal numbers. At all concentrations tested, C10:0 and C12:0 decreased (P < 0.05) ammonia and total VFA concentrations (by 29 and 22%, respectively) and increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of total free amino acids, reducing sugars, and soluble protein. At the greatest concentrations of these FA, xylanase and amylase activities of the incubation media were decreased (P < 0.05). The C18 unsaturated FA increased (P < 0.05) the polysaccharide-degrading activities of the media. These in vitro results suggest that long-chain unsaturated FA in combination with medium-chain saturated acids have the potential to decrease protozoal numbers and ruminal ammonia utilization in cattle fed high-grain diets.     

Changes in rumen microbial fermentation are due to a combined effect of type of diet and pH

Low ruminal pH may occur when feeding high-concentrate diets. However, because the reduction in pH occurs at the same time as the amount of concentrate fed increases, the changes observed in rumen fermentation may be attributed to pH or the type of substrate being fermented. Our objective was to determine the contribution of pH and type of substrate being fermented to the changes observed in rumen fermentation after supplying a high-concentrate diet. Eight dual-flow, continuous culture fermenters (1,400 mL) were used in 4 periods to study the effect of pH and type of diet being fermented on rumen microbial fermentation. Temperature (39 degrees C), solid (5%/h), and liquid (10%/h) dilution rates, and feeding schedule were maintained constant. Treatments were the type of diet (FOR = 60% ryegrass and alfalfa hays and 40% concentrate; CON = 10% straw and 90% concentrate) and pH (4.9, 5.2, 5.5, 5.8, 6.1, 6.4, 6.7, and 7.0). Diets were formulated to have similar CP and ruminally undegradable protein levels. Data were analyzed as a mixed-effects model considering the linear, quadratic, and cubic effects of pH, the effects of diet, and their interactions. Semipartial correlations of each independent variable were calculated to estimate the contribution of each factor to the overall relationship. True digestion of OM and NDF were affected by pH, but not by type of diet. Total VFA were reduced by pH and were greater in CON than in FOR. Acetate and butyrate concentrations were reduced by pH but were not affected by diet. Propionate concentration increased as the pH decreased and was greater in CON than in FOR. Ammonia-N concentration decreased with decreasing pH and was lower in CON than in FOR. Microbial N flow was affected by pH, diet, and their interaction. Dietary N flow increased as pH decreased and was greater in CON than in FOR. The degradation of CP followed the opposite pattern, increasing as pH increased, and was less in CON than in FOR. The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (g of N/kg of OM truly digested) was slightly reduced by pH and was less in CON than in FOR. These results indicate that the effects of feeding a high-concentrate diet on rumen fermentation are due to a combination of pH and substrate. Furthermore, the digestion of OM in high-concentrate diets is likely limited by the pH-induced effects on the microbial population activity.     

不同粗饲料组合对晋南牛瘤胃体外发酵特性的研究

旨在研究全株玉米青贮(WCS)、小麦秸秆(WS)和苜蓿青贮(AS)不同组合比例对晋南牛瘤胃体外发酵特性的影响,筛选不同饲料组合应用的最适比例.将全株玉米青贮、小麦秸秆、苜蓿青贮以不同比例组合(80:10:10,70:10:20,70:20:10,60:10:30,60:20:10,60:30:10,50:10:40,5...     

植物提取物对瘤胃发酵调控的研究进展

瘤胃微生物虽然可发酵饲料产生挥发性脂肪酸和微生物蛋白为反刍动物供应能量和蛋白质,但是这种发酵过程会造成能量(甲烷排放)和蛋白质(氨氮流失)的损失,从而降低反刍动物的生产性能和污染环境。离子载体抗生素在减少瘤胃能量和蛋白质损失方面效果显著,但是其应用越来越受到限制。因此,寻求抗生素替代物来调控瘤胃发酵成为科学家们研究的热点。近年来,大量研究表明,植物提取物中含有皂苷、挥发精油和单宁等多种生物活性成分,具有抗菌、促生长、提高免疫力和抗氧化等功能,同时具有调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵模式,降低饲料蛋白质损失,减少甲烷排放的功能。文章针对应用于反刍动物饲料的植物提取物的来源、种类、组成特性和应用做了综述,以期为我国植物提取物的产品开发和利用提供参考。     

植物提取物对反刍动物生产性能及瘤胃发酵的影响

长期使用抗生素会引发耐药菌的产生,对动物和人的健康带来安全隐患,因此,研究开发新的天然饲料添加剂成为近年来的热点。本文讨论了植物及植物提取物（单宁、挥发油等）对反刍动物生产性能及消化,特别是对瘤胃发酵作用方式的影响。     

粮对肉牛小肠pH值及胰蛋白酶话性的影响

对肉牛饲喂不同日粮玉米秸,５０％玉米秸加５０％精料后小肠不同部位（十二指肠、空肠和回肠）ｐＨ值及胰蛋白酶活性进行了测定,结果表明：肉牛小肠不同部位的ｐＨ值不同,回肠ｐＨ值高于空肠,回肠和空肠ｐＨ值显著高于十二指肠（Ｐ〈０．０５）,饲喂５０％玉米秸加５０％精料日粮的牛小肠ｐＨ值低于喂单一玉米秸日粮;肉牛小肠不同部位的胰蛋白酶活性不同,空肠高于回肠,空肠和回肠显著高于十二指肠（Ｐ〈０．０５）,饲喂５０     

Effect of plant oils and aspartate on rumen fermentation in vitro

The effect of plant oils and aspartate (ASP) on rumen fermentation in vitro. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of plant oils (rapeseed - RO, sunflower - SO; linseed - LO; 10% wt/wt) and 8 mmol sodium aspartate on rumen fermentation of a diet (250 mg) consisting of hay, barley and sugar beet molasses (60 : 30 : 10). Rumen fluid was collected from two Slovak Merino sheep fed the same diet twice daily. Mixed ruminal micro-organisms were incubated in fermentation fluid (40 ml) containing rumen fluid and McDougall's buffer (1 : 4). Incubations were carried out in batch cultures for 72 h at 39 degrees C two times in a 3-week intervals. When compared to the control, all supplemented diets (RO, SO, LO, ASP) significantly increased the pH, the mol% of propionate (LO + 8.7%; SO + 10.12%; RO + 8.65%; ASP + 5.86%) and the acetate : propionate ratio and numerically decreased methane production (SO -32.8%; LO, RO -30.08%; ASP -21.56%). Lactate production was also significantly decreased. Addition of plant oils to aspartate-treated incubations partly inhibited the decrease of n-butyrate, lactate and the increase of pH and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) caused by ASP treatment. The effect of combined additives (RO + ASP, SO + ASP, LO + ASP) on methane production SO + ASP (-19.23%) and mol% propionate SO + ASP (+2.66%), LO + ASP (+4.28%) was less effective. All combined additives caused a significant decrease in digestibility of the given feeds. No effect of plant oils and ASP could be observed on the parameters of rumen fermentation (mainly methane and propionate).     

Effect of monensin withdrawal on rumen fermentation,methanogenesis and microbial populations in cattle

This study was designed to obtain information on the residual influence of dietary monensin on ruminant fermentation, methanogenesis and bacterial population. Three ruminally cannulated crossbreed heifers (14 months old, 363 ± 11 kg) were fed Italian ryegrass straw and concentrate supplemented with monensin for 21 days before sampling. Rumen fluid samples were collected for analysis of short chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles, monensin concentration, methanogens and rumen bacterial density. Post‐feeding rumen fluid was also collected to determine in vitro gas production. Monensin was eliminated from the rumen fluid within 3 days. The composition of SCFA varied after elimination of monensin, while total production of SCFA was 1.78 times higher than on the first day. Methane production increased 7 days after monensin administration ceased, whereas hydrogen production decreased. The methanogens and rumen bacterial copy numbers were unaffected by the withdrawal of monensin.     

胍基乙酸对锦江黄牛瘤胃体外发酵参数的影响

为研究饲料中添加胍基乙酸对牛瘤胃体外发酵参数的影响,试验选取3只身体健康、2岁左右、体重为(200~250)kg、安装瘤胃瘘管的锦江黄牛供采集瘤胃液。采取体外产气法对添加不同水平胍基乙酸(0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%)体外发酵培养,测定24 h培养液中pH、氨态氮(NH3-N)、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)、微生物蛋白(MCP)浓度及干物质消化率等瘤胃发酵指标。结果表明:(1)随着胍基乙酸添加量的增加,0.4%添加组产气量显著提高40.82%(P<0.05)。胍基乙酸添加组的pH显著低于空白对照组(P<0.05),但均在正常范围内;NH3-N浓度随着添加剂量的增加呈先降低后升高趋势,其中0.1%、0.2%添加组显著低于空白对照组(P<0.05),分别降低了10.55%、15.29%。瘤胃微生物蛋白含量随着胍基乙酸添加量的增加而增加,0.4%添加组显著提高了1.41%(P<0.05)。干物质消化率(IVDMD)随着胍基乙酸添加量的增加先增加后减少,其中0.4%添加组显著提高了11.24%(P<0.05)。(2)胍基乙酸组挥发性脂肪酸总量、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸有上升趋势,并且0.4%添加组显著高于空白对照组(P<0.05),其中TVFA提高了6.58%,丙酸含量提高了9.08%。但是乙酸/丙酸各组无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,胍基乙酸添加可以促进瘤胃发酵功能。     

3种不同瘤胃缓冲剂对肉牛消化利用的影响

[目的]评价3种瘤胃缓冲剂对肉牛的采食量和消化利用率的影响。[方法]试验对24头425 kg左右西门塔尔肉牛服用缓冲剂后的采食量、粪筛数据以及养分表观消化率进行分析。[结果]日粮中添加0.8%巴菲特处理的采食量较日粮中添加2%小苏打和1%瘤胃缓冲剂分别增加了2.6%和1.94%,日粮中添加0.8%巴菲特处理粪便筛上层、中层、下层占比试验后较试验前分别降低了44.7%,59.14%以及增高了55.92%。日粮中添加0.8%巴菲特处理肉牛的DM、GE、CP、NDF和ADF的表观消化率都有不同程度提高(P<0.05)。[结论]日粮中添加0.4%巴菲特瘤胃修复剂可提高肉牛的采食量,对其饲料表观消化率有明显的促进作用。     

Effects of dietary supplementing tannic acid in the ration of beef cattle on rumen fermentation,methane emission,microbial flora and nutrient digestibility

Four adult Simmental male cattle (376 ± 9.0 kg initial BW), fitted with permanent rumen cannulas, were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to investigate the effects of dietary supplementing tannic acid (TA) on rumen fermentation, methane (CH₄) production, rumen microbes, nutrient digestibility and plasma biochemical parameters. Four levels of TA, that is 0, 6.5, 13.0 or 26.0 g/kg dry matter (DM), were added to the basal ration (composed of corn silage and concentrate mixture) as experimental treatments respectively. Each experimental period consisted of a 12‐day adaptation phase followed by a 3‐day sampling phase. The results showed that supplementing TA at 26.0 g/kg DM decreased the relative abundance of protozoa, methanogens and Ruminococcus albus to the total ruminal bacterial 16S rDNA in beef cattle (p < 0.05). The results also showed that supplementing TA at 6.5, 13.0 or 26.0 g/kg DM decreased (p < 0.01) the CH₄ production (l/kg DM intake) by 11.1%, 14.7% and 33.6% respectively. Supplementing TA at 13.0 or 26.0 g/kg DM decreased the ratio of acetate to propionate and ammonia nitrogen (NH₃–N) (p < 0.05) and tended to decrease the total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration of rumen fluid (p = 0.07). Supplementing TA at 26.0 g/kg DM decreased DM and organic matter (OM) digestibility (p < 0.05), supplementing TA at 6.5, 13.0 or 26.0 g/kg DM decreased (p < 0.01) crude protein (CP) digestibility by 5.0%, 8.6% and 15.7%, respectively, and supplementing TA at 6.5, 13.0 or 26.0 g/kg DM increased (p < 0.05) the plasma total antioxidant capability. It was concluded that supplementing TA in the ration of beef cattle decreased the CH₄ production and digestibility of CP of beef cattle. Supplementing TA could be an effective option to mitigate CH₄ emission form cattle, further research is necessary to study the effects of TA on the performance of cattle.     

不同发酵处理甘蔗渣在肉牛瘤胃中的降解特性研究

[目的]本试验旨在研究不同发酵处理甘蔗渣在肉牛瘤胃中的降解特性。[方法]试验选择3头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔杂交公牛为试验动物,采用尼龙袋法测定未发酵甘蔗渣、发酵甘蔗渣1(添加0.3%乳酸杆菌(含量≥10×10⁸CFU/g)青贮发酵甘蔗渣)和发酵甘蔗2(添加0.3%菌种组合(菌种组合以酿酒酵母菌(含量≥4×10⁸CFU/g)、黑曲霉菌(含量≥2×10⁸CFU/g)、米曲霉菌(含量≥2×10⁸CFU/g)、乳酸杆菌(含量≥2×10⁸CFU/g)按2:1:1:1配制)和0.1%纤维素酶(酶活≥2万IU/g)进行菌酶协同发酵甘蔗渣)的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)在瘤胃内的降解率。[结果]结果表明：1)干物质基础上,未发酵甘蔗渣和两种发酵甘蔗渣在DM和粗脂肪(EE)水平上差异不显著(P>0.05),而发酵甘蔗渣2的粗纤维(CF)、NDF、ADF和酸性木质素(ADL)水平显著低于未发酵甘蔗渣和发酵甘蔗渣1(P<0.05)...