Normal haematological parameters of pigs in Papua new guinea

Summary The normal haematological parameters of pure Native and Crossbred Native pigs under intensive management are listed. The values for both groups are within the wide range of normal values for conventional breeds under intensive management. The “normal” haematological values of 5-month and 11-month Village pigs are also listed. Compared with the corresponding age group of both pure Native and Crossbred Native pigs, the Village pigs had significantly lower haemoglobin, red blood cell counts and haematocrit values. The cause of the lower values in Village pigs is thought to be due to the malnutrition-parasite complex of Village pigs. The significantly higher leucocyte count of Village pigs is thought to be due to chronic pneumonia and parasitism of the Village pigs.

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Resumen Se enumeran los parámetros hematológicos normales de cerdos Nativos puros y mestizos bajo manejo intensivo. Los valores encontrados en ambos grupos caen dentro de los valores normales establecidos para razas convencionales sometidas a un manejo intensivo. Se enumeran los valores hematológicos normales de cerdos de Villorrio de 5 y 11 meses de edad. Comparando estos valores con los del grupo correspondiente de la misma edad de Nativos puros y mestizos, los cerdos de Villoriio presentaron valores bajos de hemoglobina, eritrocitos y hematocrito. La causa de estos valores bajos se cree sea debida al complejo malnutrición-parasitismo. El aumento significativo leucocitario en los cerdos de Villorrio podría tener relación con neumonías crónicas y parasitismo.

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Résumé Les paramètres hématologiques normaux de porcs indigènes et de porcs métis en élevage intensif sont passés en revue. Les valuers de ces deux groupes se situent aux environs de celles constatées pour les races classiques entretenues en élevage intensif. Les valeurs hématologiques normales des porcs villageois, agés de 5 et de 11 mois sont également précisées. Leur richesse en hémoglobine, en hématies et en hématocrite est significativement inférieure à celle constatée chez les porcs des deux autres groupes. Cette différence en moins semble être due à l'action conjuguée de la malnutrition et du parasitisme auxquels sont soumis les porcs de village alors que la plus grande richesse en leucocytes de leur sang semble résulter de la pneumonie chronique et du parasitisme qui les frappent.

     

Some biochemical parameters for qualification of bull semen

Summary Since the macroscopical and microscopical examination of bull semen does not in all cases appear to give conclusive indications concerning the fertilizing capacity, an investigation of some biochemical parameters was undertaken. It was shown that the following biochemical examination could furnish some more information about the quality of the semen: 1. Determination of the phenylalanine- α-ketoglutarate transaminase activity both in the seminal plasma and in the whole semen. A high transaminase activity in the plasma points to leakage out of the spermatozoa, thus indicating an affection of the spermatozoa. In that case larger amounts of basic amino acids and of leucine were often found in the seminal plasma than would normally be observed. 2. Gas chromatographic examination of the steroids occurring both in the seminal plasma and in the spermatozoa. In a number of infertile bulls small peaks of progesterone were found together with those of other, unidentified compounds. 3. Investigation of the carbohydrate metabolism in the semen. In a number of fertile bulls the following deviations were found: a. the presence of quite a lot of fructose in the spermatozoa; b. the presence of glucuronic acid and / of other foreign compounds in the spermatozoa or in the plasma; c. an elevated pH in the seminal plasma some 2 to 3 hours after ejaculation; d. a low phenylalanine-α -ketoglutarate transaminase activity in the whole semen (the spermatozoa had been disrupted by freezing). 4. Investigation of the presence of reducing aldehydes (glycolaldehyde and glyceraldehyde) inside the spermatozoa. The determinations mentioned under 1, 3c and 3d can easily be carried out in the laboratories of each District Animal Health Service and of the A.I. stations; the same is true of the occurrence of amino acids in the seminal plasma and of fructose and aldehydes inside the spermatozoa if facilities are available for electrophoresis and chromatography.     

Some biochemical parameters for qualification of bull semen

Summary

Since the macroscopical and microscopical examination of bull semen does not in all cases appear to give conclusive indications concerning the fertilizing capacity, an investigation of some biochemical parameters was undertaken. It was shown that the following biochemical examination could furnish some more information about the quality of the semen: 1. Determination of the phenylalanine‐ α‐ketoglutarate transaminase activity both in the seminal plasma and in the whole semen. A high transaminase activity in the plasma points to leakage out of the spermatozoa, thus indicating an affection of the spermatozoa. In that case larger amounts of basic amino acids and of leucine were often found in the seminal plasma than would normally be observed.

2. Gas chromatographic examination of the steroids occurring both in the seminal plasma and in the spermatozoa. In a number of infertile bulls small peaks of progesterone were found together with those of other, unidentified compounds.

3. Investigation of the carbohydrate metabolism in the semen. In a number of fertile bulls the following deviations were found: a. the presence of quite a lot of fructose in the spermatozoa;

b. the presence of glucuronic acid and / of other foreign compounds in the spermatozoa or in the plasma;

c. an elevated pH in the seminal plasma some 2 to 3 hours after ejaculation;

d. a low phenylalanine‐α ‐ketoglutarate transaminase activity in the whole semen (the spermatozoa had been disrupted by freezing).

4. Investigation of the presence of reducing aldehydes (glycolaldehyde and glyceraldehyde) inside the spermatozoa.

The determinations mentioned under 1, 3c and 3d can easily be carried out in the laboratories of each District Animal Health Service and of the A.I. stations; the same is true of the occurrence of amino acids in the seminal plasma and of fructose and aldehydes inside the spermatozoa if facilities are available for electrophoresis and chromatography.     

三江白猪Hal基因型及其血液生化指标的测定

随机选取216头三江白猪，提取基因组DNA进行聚合酶链式反应，获得了氟烷基因（Hal）特异片段．测得其显性等位基因Hal、的基因频率为92．13％，隐性等位基因Hal^n的基因频率为7．87％。然后对不同氟烷基因型三江白猪的14项血液生化指标进行了测定，结果表明：Hal、Hal、基因型三江白猪的葡萄糖含量、丙氨酸氨基转移酶活性与Hal^N Hal^n、Hal^n Hal^n基因型的相应指标之间差异显著（P〈0．05）．Hal^N Hal^n与Hal^n Hal^n两指标之间差异不显著（P〉0．05）。3种基因型之间乳酸脱氢酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、胆碱酯酶、碱性磷酸酶活性以及总胆固醇、总胆红素、总蛋白、白蛋白、钙、磷、甘油三酯、肌酐含量差异显著（P〈0．05）。     

益生菌发酵饲料对生长育肥猪生长性能及部分血液生化指标的影响

试验研究益生菌发酵饲料对生长育肥猪生长性能及部分血液生化指标的影响。选用三元杂交(杜×长×大)生长育肥猪180头,随机分成4个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复15头猪。4个处理为对照组、抗生素组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组,分别饲喂玉米-豆粕型日粮不含抗生素、玉米-豆粕型日粮添加抗生素、益生菌发酵饲料0h组、益生菌发酵饲料24h组。试验结束时前腔静脉采血,测定血清生化指标,试验期28d。试验结果表明:①在生长性能方面,试验Ⅱ组与对照组和试验Ⅰ组相比,平均日增重分别提高了46.15%和35.71%,料肉比分别降低了15.24%和8.8%(P0.05)。②试验Ⅱ组分别与对照组、抗生素组和试验Ⅰ组相比,血清碱性磷酸酶活性分别提高了15.25%、13.00%和10.31%(P0.05),尿素氮含量分别降低了31.52%、33.18%和31.75%(P0.05)。     

Rotavirus excretion by village pigs in Papua New Guinea

Cohort studies were conducted on 29 pigs from 3 villages in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea. Animals ranged in age from 9 d to 5 m old. Three hundred and twenty nine faecal samples were collected from individual pigs followed over 3 to 6 w periods, and were examined for group A rotavirus antigen by ELISA, and rotaviral genomic RNA by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Electron microscopy was also conducted on selected samples. Group A rotavirus was detected in the faeces of 16 pigs with infected individuals coming from all villages. Non-group A rotavirus resembling group C was found in faeces from pigs from 2 villages. All of the group A rotaviruses examined had the same electrophoretype and this was distinct from that of the common type infecting humans in the area at the time of the study. None of the group A positive samples reacted with monoclonal antisera specific for human group A rotaviruses of serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, or 8. The non-group A rotaviruses also all had identical electrophoretypes. In contrast to previous findings in intensive piggeries, rotavirus infection did not occur in all young pigs and was not limited to young animals under 2 m of age. Infected pigs varied in age from 12 days to 20 weeks of age. This pattern of infection was attributed to the non-intensive husbandry situations in the villages, with less opportunity for transmission to occur than in intensive piggeries.     

Associations of cord metabolome and biochemical parameters with the neonatal deaths of cloned pigs

Neonatal cloned pigs generated via somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) have high incidences of malformation and mortality. The mechanisms underlying the massive loss of cloned pig neonates remain unclear. We compared the cord serum metabolic profiles and biochemical indexes of SCNT-derived piglets that died within 4 days (SCNT-DW4), SCNT-derived piglets that survived over 4 days (SCNT-SO4) and artificial insemination (AI)-generated piglets that survived over 4 days (AI-SO4) to investigate the associations of serum metabolomics and biochemical indexes in umbilical cord (UC) sera at delivery with the neonatal loss of cloned pigs. Results showed that compared with SCNT-SO4 and AI-SO4 piglets, SCNT-DW4 piglets had lower birth weight, placental indexes, placental vascularization scores, UC scores, vitality scores, serum glucose and levels but higher creatinine, urea nitrogen and uric acid levels in cord sera. Metabolomics analysis revealed alterations in lipid, glucose and purine metabolism in the cord sera of SCNT-DW4 piglets. These results indicated that the disturbance of the cord serum metabolome might be associated with the low birth weight and malformations of cloned neonates. These effects were likely the consequences of the impaired placental morphology and function of SCNT-derived piglets. This study provides helpful information regarding the potential mechanisms responsible for the neonatal death of cloned pigs and also offers an important basis for the design of effective strategies to improve the survival rate of these animals.