褐飞虱和白背飞虱在水稻品种上的为害特性

褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens Stal)和白背飞虱(Sogatella furcifera Horvath)均为国内各稻区的主要害虫。国内外有关稻飞虱为害发生的报道大多以单种飞虱为对象,然而这两种飞虱常年混合发生,且在水稻品种上的为害差异较大;因此,弄清这两种飞虱在不同类型水稻品种的为害特性及差异,对预测预报和合理防治稻飞虱具有较大的理论意义。作者于1988～1989年在浙江省农科院养虫室及萧山和桐庐病虫观察圃对两种飞虱在一些已推广和即将推广的水稻品种上的为害和发生特点进行了初步研究。     

聚合白背飞虱和褐飞虱抗性基因创制杂交水稻恢复系

【目的】为了创制兼抗白背飞虱和褐飞虱的水稻恢复系,【方法】分别以抗褐飞虱材料B5(携带褐飞虱抗性基因Bph14和Bph15)及携带白背飞虱抗性位点qsI-4的籼型恢复系福恢7011为供体亲本,以骨干恢复系福恢676为轮回亲本,应用低世代分离群体田间表型结合单株鉴定与高世代稳定株系室内筛选和分子标记辅助选择相结合的方法,并对抗虫株系及其测交后代进行考查和农艺性状分析。【结果】选育出聚合Bph14、Bph15和qsI-4的恢复系材料3份,携带2个抗虫基因的恢复系材料3份。其中6份恢复系的褐飞虱抗性鉴定结果均表现中抗以上。通过抗性鉴定和杂交后代农艺性状分析筛选出具有生产应用潜力的恢复系材料2份。【结论】为褐飞虱和白背飞虱抗性聚合新种质的创制和应用提供了基础材料。     

聚合白背飞虱和褐飞虱抗性基因创制杂交水稻恢复系

【目的】为了创制兼抗白背飞虱和褐飞虱的水稻恢复系，【方法】分别以抗褐飞虱材料B5（携带褐飞虱抗性基因Bph14和Bph15）及携带白背飞虱抗性位点qsI-4的籼型恢复系福恢7011为供体亲本，以骨干恢复系福恢676为轮回亲本，应用低世代分离群体田间表型结合单株鉴定与高世代稳定株系室内筛选和分子标记辅助选择相结合的方法，并对抗虫株系及其测交后代进行考查和农艺性状分析。【结果】选育出聚合Bph14、Bph15 和qsI-4的恢复系材料3份，携带2个抗虫基因的恢复系材料3份。其中6份恢复系的褐飞虱抗性鉴定结果均表现中抗以上。通过抗性鉴定和杂交后代农艺性状分析筛选出具有生产应用潜力的恢复系材料2份。【结论】为褐飞虱和白背飞虱抗性聚合新种质的创制和应用提供了基础材料。     

水稻抗褐飞虱新基因

对某些水稻品种进行抗褐飞虱遗传研究,发现了以往尚未鉴定过的抗性基因。等位性测验表明,泰国品种‘Col 5’和‘Col 11’以及缅甸品种‘Chin‘Saba’的抗性是由一对和隐性基因控制,定名为bph8(t),斯里兰卡品种‘Balamawee’,Kaharamana’和‘Pokkali’的抗性是由一对显性基因控制,定名为Bph9(t)。     

迁入种群对褐飞虱种群动态影响的模拟研究

 历史资料分析表明，浙江嘉兴8月上旬灯下褐飞虱诱虫量和连晚田间迁人代高峰虫量与四代高峰虫量显著相关，但与主害代高峰虫量的相关性不显著。模拟研究揭示迁人种群的初始迁入时间、迁入总虫量和迁入格局等三个特征均可通过密度制约作用和改变迁入成虫及其后代所处生态条件而直接或间接地影响到迁入后种群的增长动态。因此，加深对迁人种群与环境因子综台作用的理解，将有助于提高预测准确性。     

褐飞虱近似种伪褐飞虱和拟褐飞虱的寄主植物

 通过室内笼罩饲养法观察了褐飞虱\[Nilaparvata lugens (Stl)\]的两种同属近似种伪褐飞虱(N. muiri China)和拟褐飞虱\[N. bakeri (Muir)\]在水稻、游草\[Leersia hexandra (李氏禾)\]、秕谷草(L. sayanuka)等禾本科常见作物或杂草上的成虫繁殖力、卵和若虫发育情况。结果表明,伪褐飞虱、拟褐飞虱的适宜寄主不同于褐飞虱,前两者为游草和秕谷草,褐飞虱则为水稻。水稻上的伪褐飞虱和拟褐飞虱均能完成世代发育,但种群趋势指数分别仅0.2和0.02,不能持续繁衍。3种褐飞虱的繁衍能力有明显差别,褐飞虱明显高于伪褐飞虱和拟褐飞虱,三者的最高种群趋势指数分别为水稻上褐飞虱的333.82、秕谷草上伪褐飞虱的82.06和游草上拟褐飞虱的39.28。     

气温对褐飞虱种群动态影响的模拟研究

 对浙江省嘉兴市新丰乡1976~1988年褐飞虱种群与8、9月当地气温的关系进行了研究。模拟研究表明气温是影响褐飞虱迁人后种群发展的重要因子，单一年度间气温的差异可分别导致四、五代高峰期5和10 d的差异， 高峰虫量1．63和2 25倍的差异；9月份气温对褐飞虱种群增长的影响大于8月份的气温；而9月中旬是发生上述影响的关键时期，这一结果与嘉兴市历年发生实况相符。模拟分析也揭示了气温对种群动态的影响不仅与褐飞虱生物学特性有关， 亦与某一特定地点的种群发展和气温变化特点有关。     

褐飞虱越冬种群和田间种群的致害性比较

比较研究了当年采自田间的褐飞虱种群与上一年虫源在室内越冬繁殖种群对不同抗虫品种的致害性差异。结果表明室内越冬种群和田间种群对水稻苗期的致害性相同,均表现为明显的生物型２特性。高龄若虫对不同抗性品种ＴＮ１、ＩＲ２６和ＡＳＤ７的选择性无显著差异,但均以ＡＳＤ７的最低。室内种群在３个品种上的若虫历期均比田间种群短２～３ｄ,但同一种群在不同品种之间的若虫期存活率和历期的差异不明显。     

水稻品种RP1976-18-6-4-2对褐飞虱和稻瘿蚊的抗性评价及其遗传分析

对水稻品种RP1976-18-6-4-2进行褐飞虱和稻瘿蚊的抗性评价及其遗传分析。结果表明,该品种抗褐飞虱生物型Ⅱ、孟加拉型及稻瘿蚊中国Ⅱ型和中国Ⅳ型,它对褐飞虱生物型Ⅱ和孟加拉型的抗性由1对显性基因和1对隐性基因控制;对稻瘿蚊中国Ⅱ型和中国Ⅳ型的抗性由1对显性基因控制。     

不同氮肥水平下转Bt基因水稻对褐飞虱和白背飞虱生态适应性的继代影响

在目前氮肥施用量依然偏多的大背景下,氮肥与转 Bt 基因水稻的相互作用是否会对稻田中非靶标节肢动物产生影响是转基因水稻安全评价的重要内容。本研究在室内条件下用0 kg/hm²、100 kg/hm²和250 kg/hm²3个氮肥水平处理的转 Bt 基因水稻T1C-19和T2A-1以及非转基因亲本水稻明恢63,连续饲养褐飞虱和白背飞虱4代,研究在不同氮肥条件下,转 Bt 基因水稻对褐飞虱和白背飞虱生态适应性的继代影响。结果显示,在同一水稻品种上,氮肥的过量施用,显著提高了褐飞虱和白背飞虱的生态适应性,并且随着代数的增加具有一定的累加效果。同一氮肥水平条件下,转 Bt 基因水稻和对照相比对同代褐飞虱和白背飞虱的若虫发育历期、雌虫体质量、成虫寿命、褐飞虱若虫孵化率、存活率均无显著影响。而在100 kg/hm²和250 kg/hm²施氮水平下取食转基因水稻T1C-19的褐飞虱在第1代至第3代的每雌产卵量均显著低于另一转基因品种T2A-1以及对照品种明恢63,但第4代褐飞虱在各品种上的产卵量无显著差异。本研究结果表明,氮肥的施用显著提高了褐飞虱和白背飞虱的生态适应性,供试两种转Bt基因水稻对褐飞虱和白背飞虱的生态适应性无显著影响。这为转基因水稻的安全评价提供了一定的理论依据。     

水稻飞虱对十三种杀虫剂的抗性监测

1987～1991年选用有机磷、有机氯和拟除虫菊酯类十三种杀虫剂对白背飞虱和褐飞虱用国际统一标准毒力测定点滴法进行抗药性监涮。结果表明：1)白背飞虱和褐飞虱对呋喃丹最为敏感。对马拉硫磷敏感度最低,LD50值相差上百倍。因两种飞虱均属迁飞性害虫,年度间的测定结果稍有波动;2) 白背飞虱抗药性发展比褐飞虱快,在测定方法和供试昆虫条件基本相同的情况下, 将1990年所测几种药剂的LD50与Nagata (1967)测定的数据进行比较。浙江省白背飞虱种群对马拉硫磷的抗性差异高达1lO．56倍, 对杀螟松为48.90倍;褐飞虱种群对马拉硫磷、杀螟松的抗性分别相差11.61倍和6．11倍。3)褐飞虱种群对药剂的敏感度与当地用药水平呈负相关。4) 有机磷类不同品种杀虫剂对两种飞虱的毒力差异较大。毒力较高的久效磷的LD50值与毒力较低的马拉硫磷的LD50值相差数十倍。     

水稻飞虱对十三种杀虫剂的抗性监测

1987～1991年选用有机磷、有机氮和拟除虫菊酯类十三种杀虫剂对白背飞虱和褐飞虱用国际统一标准毒力测定点滴法进行抗药性监测。结果表明:1)白背飞虱和褐飞虱对呋喃丹最为敏感,对马拉硫磷敏感度最低。LD_(50)值相差上百倍。因两种飞虱均属迁飞性害虫,年度间的测定结果稍有波动。2)白背飞虱抗药性发展比褐飞虱快,在测定方法和供试昆虫条件基本相同的情况下,将1990年所测几种药剂的LD_(50)与日本Nagata(1967)测定数据进行比较,浙江省白背飞虱种群对马拉硫磷的抗性差异高达110.56倍,对杀螟松为48.90倍;褐飞虱种群对马拉硫磷、杀螟松的抗性分别相差11.61倍和6.11倍。3)褐飞虱种群对药剂的敏感度与当地用药水平呈负相关。4)有机磷类不同品种杀虫剂对两种飞虱的毒力差异较大,毒力较高的久效磷的LD_(50)值与毒力较低的马拉硫磷的LD_(50)相差数十倍。     

混植水稻抗虫和感虫材料抑制白背飞虱发生的初步研究

以与浙辐802成对的、具有Rathu Heenati抗白背飞虱基因的近等基因系"浙抗",以及以2∶1比例混合"浙抗"与浙辐802种子构成的抗-感白背飞虱混合群体"浙混"为材料,采用田间白背飞虱的种群调查和水稻产量及千粒重的测定,结合室内蜜露量、产卵量和卵发育率的测定,研究了混植抗感白背飞虱近等基因系材料对白背飞虱的控制效果.试验结果表明,"浙混"上的成虫及若虫数量均与在抗虫的RHT和"浙抗"上的相近,分别是在感虫的浙辐802和TN1上的1/2和1/4～1/5.白背飞虱在"浙混"和"浙抗"上分泌的蜜露量分别为9.03和6.97 mg/♀*d,显著地低于在浙辐802(17.64 mg/♀*d)和TN1(19.14 mg/♀*d)上的.白背飞虱在"浙混"与"浙抗"、浙辐802与TN1上的产卵量和卵发育率都没有显著性差异.与"浙抗"相比,"浙混"和浙辐802的稻谷产量分别增加了1.17%和减少了19.11%,"浙混"和浙辐802的千粒重分别减少了2.57%和9.84%.因此,混植抗感白背飞虱水稻材料可以有效地抑制白背飞虱的发生,还可以保证水稻产量不受损失.     

Phenotypic Expression of Whitebacked Planthopper Resistance in the Newly Established japonica / indica Doubled Haploid Rice Population

A new doubled haploid (DH) rice population was established from a cross between WBPH-resistant japonica Chunjiang 06 (C J-06) and susceptible indica TN1. Sucking inhibitory and ovicidal resistance of the DH rice lines were evaluated on the basis of non-preference response of WBPH immigrants and honeydew excretion by WBPH females, and appearance of watery lesions in the necrotic discoloration of leaf sheaths ovipositied by WBPH,respectively. Both the major gene resistance to WBPH, sucking inhibitory and ovicidal resistance, showed 1 (resistant): 1 (susceptible) segregation ratio in the DH population. Relative density of WBPH populations and damage scores in the DH population indicated combined functions of both the major resistance genes as well as QTLs affecting the host plant response to WBPH infestations. Thus, the newly developed CJ-06/TN1 DH population could be a useful material to analyze major genes and QTLs for WBPH resistance in japonica rice.     

稻株挥发物在调节褐飞虱、白背飞虱种内种间关系中的作用

以TN1为供试水稻品种,研究了稻株挥发物在褐飞虱、白背飞虱寻找寄主及调节两种飞虱种内种间关系中的作用。结果表明健康稻株挥发物对褐飞虱、白背飞虱具有明显的引诱作用。当稻株被一种飞虱为害12 h后,其所释放的挥发物对另一种飞虱有明显的引诱作用,但对同种飞虱则无显著的吸引或驱避作用。随着为害程度的加重（为害1 d以上）,两种飞虱均避开虫害株而趋向健康稻株。     

Virulence of the Populations of the Whitebacked Planthopper, Sogatella furcifera Reared on Different Resistant Rice Varieties

ARC and ND colony were obtained by rearing the whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera gene Wbph5) till 15 generations. Taichung Native 1 (TN1) and Rathu Heenati (RHT) served as susceptible and resistant check, respectively. The results of electronic recording revealed that duration of salivation and X-waveform of the two colonies on their corresponding hosts was short while the duration of phloem ingestion was long. The amount of honeydew excreted by ARC and ND colony did not differ on their corresponding host varieties from TN1 and was much higher than that of RHT. The number of eggs laid on their host varieties and TN1 were significantly higher than that on RHT. No distinct change was observed for these two colonies in term of percentage of developed eggs. The nymph survival rate of ND colony on its selection host was 45.0%, significantly different from that on TN1(71.4%) and RHT(21.0%), while that of ARC colony was 68. 3 %, not significantly different from that on TN1 (77.5 %), but much higher than that on RHT(22.6 %).The nymphal development duration of these two colonies on the corresponding hosts was not different from that on TN1, but significantly shorter than that on RHT. In brief, these two colonies had almost adapted to their corresponding host varieties based on feeding and oviposition, but the nymphal survival rate of ND colony was still low.     

Phenotypic Expression of Whitebacked Planthopper Resistance in the Newly Established japonica ／ indica Doubled Haploid Rice Population

A new doubled haploid (DH) rice population was established from a cross between WBPH-resistant japonica Chunjiang 06 (C J-06) and susceptible indica TN1. Sucking inhibitory and ovicidal resistance of the DH rice lines were evaluated on the basis of non-preference response of WBPH immigrants and honeydew excretion by WBPH females, and appearance of watery lesions in the necrotic discoloration of leaf sheaths ovipositied by WBPH,respectively. Both the major gene resistance to WBPH, sucking inhibitory and ovicidal resistance, showed 1 (resistant): 1 (susceptible) segregation ratio in the DH population. Relative density of WBPH populations and damage scores in the DH population indicated combined functions of both the major resistance genes as well as QTLs affecting the host plant response to WBPH infestations. Thus, the newly developed CJ-06/-I-N1 DH population could be a useful material to analyze major genes and QTLs for WBPH resistance in japonica rice.     

应用主分量分析评价水稻品种对白背飞虱抗生性初探

白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera (Horvath)是我国水稻上的重要害虫之一.尽管化学农药在对白背飞虱的防治中起了一定的作用,但由于施药增加了生产成本,并且长期使用造成了白背飞虱的抗药性、杀伤天敌、诱导害虫再度猖獗;以及引起环境污染.因而近年来抗白背飞虱品种的培育逐渐提到日程上来.为了筛选抗白背飞虱的抗源.我们就初筛和复筛后得到的17个对白背     

水稻广亲和品种抗白背飞虱的研究

采用苗期群体筛选鉴定法、蜜露量测定和产卵与卵孵化率测定等方法,就18个水稻广亲和品种对白背飞虱抗性表现进行了研究.筛选出5个对白背飞虱无拒取食作用和杀卵作用的水稻广亲和品种Aus371、02428、Labelle、Copslo和玉92秋14.     

Virulence of the Populations of the Whitebacked Planthopper, Sogatella furcifera Reared on Different Resistant Rice Varieties

ARC and ND colony were obtained by rearing the whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera(Horvath), exclusively on ARC10239 (ARC, carrying resistance gene Wbph2) and N‘Diang Marie (ND, carrying resistance gene WbphS) till 15 generations. Taichung Native 1 (TN1) and Rathu Heenati (RHT) served as susceptible and resistant check, respectively. The results of electronic recording revealed that duration of salivation and X-waveform of the two colonies on their corresponding hosts was short while the duration of phloem ingestion was long. The amount of honeydew excreted by ARC and ND colony did not differ on their corresponding host varieties from TN1 and was much higher than that of RHT. The number of eggs laid on their host varieties and TN1 were significantly higher than that on RHT. No distinct change was observed for these two colonies in term of percentage of developed eggs. The nymph survival rate of ND colony on its selection host was 45.0%, significantly different from that on TN1(71.4%0) and RHT(21.0%), while that of ARCcolony was 68. 3%, not significantly different from that on TN1(77.5%), but much higher than that on RHT(22.6%).The nymphal development duration of these two colonies on the corresponding hosts was not different from that on TN1, but significantly shorter than that on RHT. In brief, these two colonies had almost adapted to their corresponding host varieties based on feeding and oviposition, but the nymphal survival rate of ND colony was still low.