共生菌对褐飞虱生长发育和生殖的影响

对褐飞虱田间种群和生物型1在缺乏共生菌情况下取食不同抗性水稻品种后的生长发育和生殖的研究结果表明，取食抗性品种的褐飞虱体内共生菌数量均明显比取食感虫品种TN1的褐飞虱少，而取食抗性品种IR26、Mudgo和ASD7的2龄田间种群褐飞虱若虫的共生菌减少量均超过了50％。在感虫和抗虫水稻品种上，缺乏共生菌的褐飞虱若虫历期均显著长于正常若虫历期，若虫存活率、雌成虫体重、生长速率和产卵量均显著低于正常褐飞虱。正常的褐飞虱田间种群和生物型1在取食感虫和抗虫品种时的若虫历期均无显著差异，但缺乏共生菌的生物型1在取食抗虫品种Mudgo和ASD7时的若虫历期显著长于取食感虫品种TN1时的若虫历期。推测共生菌在褐飞虱适应水稻抗性品种的过程中发挥了重要作用。     

制霉菌素对褐飞虱取食行为、营养及共生菌数量的影响

为明确制霉菌素对褐飞虱取食行为、营养和共生菌数量的影响,用150、300和600 U/m L制霉菌素处理的水稻饲养褐飞虱,利用刺探电位图、高效液相色谱和镜检法监测其取食行为及体内必需氨基酸含量和类酵母共生菌(yeast-like symbiotes,YLS)数量。结果表明,取食300、600 U/m L制霉菌素处理水稻的褐飞虱3龄若虫体内YLS数量显著低于未处理水稻(对照),而150 U/m L处理与对照无显著差异;5龄若虫体内YLS数量随制霉菌素浓度的增加而显著降低,但600 U/m L与300 U/m L处理间差异不显著。褐飞虱于韧皮部吸食波出现次数在对照中显著多于制霉菌素处理,不同浓度间无明显差异;制霉菌素对褐飞虱的吸食时间影响不明显,但对其体内必需氨基酸含量影响较大,600 U/m L处理下均显著低于对照和其余处理,300 U/m L处理下除丙氨酸、脯氨酸、蛋氨酸和酪氨酸外均显著低于对照,150 U/m L处理下也均显著低于对照。表明制霉菌素能显著降低褐飞虱体内YLS数量和各种必需氨基酸含量,但对其吸食时间的影响不明显。     

类酵母共生菌与灰飞虱卵巢发育和产卵量的关系

为明确灰飞虱体内类酵母共生菌(YLS)在生殖发育中的作用,采用血球计数法并结合显微摄像系统,研究了灰飞虱雌虫体内YLS的数量动态及与卵巢发育和产卵量之间的相互关系。结果显示,25℃常温和35℃高温处理的灰飞虱体内YLS数量均随成虫的生长而下降,高温处理4龄若虫可以显著减少成虫体内YLS数量。25℃和35℃处理,灰飞虱卵巢发育级别和其体内YLS数量均存在显著负相关(r=－0.903,P＜0.05;r=－0.970,P＜0.01),而日均产卵量则与其YLS数量呈显著正相关(r=0.725,P＜0.05;r=0.659,P＜0.05)。表明共生菌的存在有利于灰飞虱的卵巢发育与卵子成熟。     

杀菌剂与吡虫啉混合配剂对褐飞虱种群增长的影响

褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens Stål是亚洲国家水稻产区的主要害虫,其腹部脂肪体内存在大量类酵母共生菌（Yeast-like symbiotes,YLS）。YLS对褐飞虱的生长发育和繁殖起着至关重要的作用。以YLS为靶标,通过抑制褐飞虱体内YLS从而控制褐飞虱的发生必将是今后有效防治褐飞虱的新途径。前期研究表明,与单一的化学杀虫剂相比,杀虫剂和杀菌剂的混配制剂因能有效抑制褐飞虱体内YLS的数量从而导致褐飞虱更高的死亡率。本研究利用生命表和Morris-Watt数学模型分析了27%丰加霉素&四霉素P&四烯菌素B&四霉素A和75%肟菌酯&戊唑醇分别与吡虫啉的混合配剂对褐飞虱种群增长影响。结果表明,2种混合配剂处理后褐飞虱体内YLS的数量均明显下降,且褐飞虱种群增长指数显著低于吡虫啉处理组,混合配剂对褐飞虱的抑制作用主要表现在卵孵化期和成虫产卵期。本研究结果为褐飞虱防治提供了新的思路和方法。     

除草剂和杀菌剂对褐飞虱及其天敌的影响

研究了７种除草剂和８种杀菌剂的常规浓度对稻田害虫褐飞虱及其捕食性天敌的杀伤作用。结果表明,扫弗特对褐飞虱,尖钩宽黾蝽,黑肩绿盲蝽成虫的杀伤作用显著,丁草胺除对褐飞虱成虫杀伤小外,对上述２种天敌的杀伤作用也大。快杀稗,乙草胺,苄磺隆,金秋,稻福星的杀伤作用不明显;异稻瘟净对褐飞虱２,３龄若虫,尖钩宽黾蝽,黑肩绿盲蝽成虫的杀伤作用显著;     

杀虫剂诱导褐飞虱再猖獗的原因分析

杀虫剂诱导褐飞虱再猖獗的原因分析陈建明（浙江省农业科学院植保所杭州３１００２１）褐飞虱ＮｉｌａｐａｒｖａｔａＩｕｇｅｎｉｓＳｔａｌ是我国及许多亚洲国家当前水稻生产上的首要害虫之一。目前，在褐飞虱的综合治理中化学防治仍然是一项不可缺少的措施，不少稻区由...     

杀虫剂复配使用防治褐飞虱田间药效试验

用80%敌敌畏EC与25%噻嗪酮WP等杀虫剂复配进行稻褐飞虱田间药效试验。试验结果表明,复配后使用,明显优于其单独使用的效果,15%金好年EC 30ml/667m2、25%噻嗪酮WP 50g/667m2分别与80%敌敌畏EC 100ml/667m2复配使用后,药后1d,防效分别为70.01%和59.78%,药后21d分别为85.73%和85.69%。     

吡虫啉胁迫对褐飞虱共生解脂假丝酵母抗性及敏感菌株生长的影响

为明确吡虫啉对褐飞虱共生解脂假丝酵母Candida lipolytica抗性及敏感菌株生长的影响,通过菌株培养、菌落观察和菌丝镜检等方法,比较了褐飞虱共生解脂假丝酵母不同菌株在含不同质量浓度吡虫啉的固体培养基上的菌落数,以及在液体培养基中的生长量差异。结果发现:不同质量浓度吡虫啉对褐飞虱共生解脂假丝酵母敏感和抗性菌株菌落生长均有抑制作用,且吡虫啉浓度越高,抑制作用越强。经500、1 000和2 000 mg/L吡虫啉处理4 d后,敏感菌株的菌落数量分别为对照的46.61%、27.58%和6.25%,均与对照差异显著;500和1 000 mg/L处理组抗性菌株菌落数量与对照无显著差异,而2 000 mg/L处理组与对照差异显著。经吡虫啉处理后,敏感菌株假菌丝形态变得不规则,部分假菌丝不舒展、萎缩或弯曲、顶端出现膨大,酵母出现空泡等,且吡虫啉浓度越高,不规则程度越明显;抗性菌株的假菌丝形态也有类似变化,但与敏感菌株相比,其菌丝体不规则形态的比例明显下降。500 mg/L吡虫啉处理对敏感和抗性菌株的生长量及菌丝干重均无明显影响,1 000和2 000 mg/L吡虫啉对不同菌株前期生长的抑制作用明显,但对后期生长影响不明显。研究表明,吡虫啉对褐飞虱共生解脂假丝酵母抗性菌株生长的影响显著小于对敏感菌株的影响。     

水稻褐飞虱防控关键技术的研究进展

综述了水稻褐飞虱化学防治中抗药性的产生和治理、水稻抗虫育种中抗性鉴定方法和抗性利用及褐飞虱体内共生菌利用等方面的研究情况,讨论了褐飞虱防控关键技术的的研究现状和应用前景。     

褐飞虱共生菌抗感吡虫啉菌株体内抗氧化酶活性的比较

在含不同浓度吡虫啉的综合马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂液体培养基中接种抗感吡虫啉褐飞虱共生菌菌株且培养2～6天后,通过测定抗吡虫啉菌株和敏感菌株的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)等活性,阐明抗感菌株在吡虫啉胁迫下体内抗氧化酶活性的变化.结果显示,抗吡虫啉菌株和敏感菌株三种抗氧化酶活性差异明显不同,抗性菌株的SOD、POD活性(极)显著高于敏感菌株,其中抗性菌株SOD活性比敏感菌株提高了45.89％～222.53％;抗性菌株的CAT活性与敏感菌株差异无明显规律性.说明褐飞虱共生菌对吡虫啉的抗药性与其体内SOD和POD的活性增强有关.     

Sublethal effects of four insecticides on the reproduction and wing formation of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens

BACKGROUND: The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stål, is a major rice pest in many parts of Asia. Neonicotinoids such as imidacloprid and dinotefuran are widely used for control of this pest, and resistance to these insecticides has developed in recent years. This pest has also been widely exposed to triazophos and fenvalerate, although these insecticides are not used for the control of the pest directly. Here, the effects of sublethal doses of these four insecticides on the reproduction and wing formation in BPH were examined. RESULTS: Imidacloprid and dinotefuran reduced the fecundity of BPH to 68.8% and 52.4% in macropterous families, and to 57.9% and 43.1% in brachypterous families, when compared with the untreated controls. By contrast, triazophos and fenvalerate increased fecundity. In both macropterous and brachypterous families, sublethal doses of imidacloprid and dinotefuran showed significant induction of macropterous adults. CONCLUSION: Imidacloprid and dinotefuran could reduce the fecundity of BPH to a significant extent, demonstrating further activity against this pest in addition to their direct toxicity. The significant induction of macropterous adults by sublethal doses of imidacloprid and dinotefuran is of importance in the management of this pest, particularly in the areas of predicting the size of emigrating populations and the numbers of insects likely to occur in newly colonized areas. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

褐飞虱短翅型雌虫延迟交配对其繁殖的影响

延迟交配往往影响昆虫的繁殖和寿命。本文研究了褐飞虱短翅型雌虫延迟交配对其寿命、产卵量及累计产卵率的影响。结果表明雌虫寿命在不同日龄交配雌虫之间存在明显差异。羽化后2、4、6、81、0 d交配的雌虫,随着交配日龄的增加,寿命延长。4日龄后随着交配日龄的增加,雌虫产卵量逐渐降低。其中4日龄交配雌虫的产卵量最高,约337粒;10日龄产卵量最低,约168粒。不同日龄交配雌虫的累计产卵率差异不明显。     

Neonicotinoid resistance in rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens

BACKGROUND: Rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål, is a primary insect pest of cultivated rice, and effective control is essential for economical crop production. Resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides, in particular imidacloprid, has been reported as an increasing constraint in recent years. In order to investigate the extent of resistance, 24 samples of N. lugens were collected from China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam during 2005 and 2006. Their responses to two diagnostic doses of imidacloprid (corresponding approximately to the LC₉₅ and 5 × LC₉₅ of a susceptible strain) were examined. RESULTS: Ten of the 12 samples collected during 2005 were found to be susceptible to imidacloprid, but two late‐season samples from India showed reduced mortality at both diagnostic doses. All 13 strains collected in 2006 showed reduced mortality at both doses when compared with the susceptible strain. Dose–response lines showed resistance in one of the most resistant field strains to be approximately 100‐fold compared with the susceptible standard. CONCLUSION: The data demonstrate the development and spread of neonicotinoid resistance in N. lugens in Asia and support reports of reduced field efficacy of imidacloprid. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

烯啶虫胺对褐飞虱的亚致死效应

测定了烯啶虫胺亚致死浓度对处理当代褐飞虱及其子代生物学特性的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,烯啶虫胺亚致死浓度LC_(15)(0.011 mg/L)处理褐飞虱3龄若虫,其发育历期显著延长,成虫羽化率显著下降,单雌产卵量从226.6粒下降到176.4粒,产卵期也显著缩短;子代的发育历期比对照组显著缩短,而子代的产卵量、产卵期和成虫寿命均与对照组无显著差异。子代种群数量趋势指数与对照组也无明显差异。上述结果表明,烯啶虫胺亚致死浓度处理对当代褐飞虱生长发育和繁殖产生不利影响,子代发育历期缩短可能使褐飞虱存在一定的再猖獗风险。     

重庆秀山县褐飞虱和白背飞虱种群发生规律研究

为了给重庆秀山县褐飞虱和白背飞虱的综合防治及异地预测预报提供理论依据,利用1990年以来该地区水稻预测圃两种飞虱发生的历史资料,较系统地研究了两种飞虱在该地区的发生及迁出规律.结果表明,该地田间稻飞虱为害呈明显双峰型,前期以白背飞虱为主,后期以褐飞虱为主,前后发生均重.在20世纪90年代,褐飞虱田间发生高峰期主要在8月上、中旬,近10年高峰期集中在8月下旬,白背飞虱在20世纪90年代田间发生高峰日主要集中在7月中旬,近10年高峰日集中在7月上旬;1990年-1999年,褐飞虱长翅型田间发生高峰期主要在8月中旬,近10年高峰期在8月下旬;1990年-1999年,白背飞虱长翅型田间发生高峰期主要在7月中旬和8月上旬,近10年高峰期在7月中、下旬.表明近20年,褐飞虱田间发生高峰期延迟,白背飞虱高峰期提前;褐飞虱迁出峰期延迟,白背飞虱迁出峰期提前.     

褐飞虱对吡虫啉、噻嗪酮和氟虫腈的抗性监测

2005年10月至2007年10月,用稻茎浸渍法测定12个褐飞虱种群对吡虫啉、噻嗪酮和氟虫腈的敏感性。结果表明：12个褐飞虱种群对吡虫啉均达高或极高水平抗性;除2005年南宁、韶关和阳江,2006年阳江及2007年永州5个褐飞虱种群对噻嗪酮仍处于敏感水平外,其余种群处于敏感性降低或达到低水平抗性;而2006年阳江褐飞虱种群对氟虫腈处于敏感性降低阶段,其余的8个种群均达到了低或中等水平抗性。     

Biological effects of rice harbouring Bph14 and Bph15 on brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens

BACKGROUND: Brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål; BPH) resistance genes Bph14 and Bph15 have been introgressed singly or pyramided into rice variety Minghui 63 (MH63). The antibiosis and antixenosis effects of these rice lines on BPH and the expression of five P450 genes of BPH regulated by these rice lines were investigated in this study. RESULTS: The resistance level of rice lines harbouring resistance genes was improved compared with MH63. MH63::14 (carrying Bph14) had negative effects on the development of males, honeydew excretion of females, the female ratio and the copulation rate compared with MH63. MH63::14 also exhibited antixenosis action against BPH nymphs, female adults and oviposition. Besides these negative effects, MH63::15 (carrying Bph15) could also retard the development of females, lower the fecundity and shorten the lifespan of females. The antixenosis action of MH63::15 was stronger than that of MH63::14. When Bph14 and Bph15 were pyramided, antibiosis and antixenosis effects were significantly enhanced relative to single‐introgression lines. Among the five P450 genes of BPH, expression of three genes was upregulated, one gene was downregulated and one gene was unchanged by resistant hosts. CONCLUSION: Both Bph14 and Bph15 could improve resistance levels of MH63. MH63::15 and MH63::14&15 had greater potential to control BPH infestations than MH63::14. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

吡虫啉低剂量对褐飞虱种群增长的持续影响

作为褐飞虱防治中的一种高效药剂,吡虫淋不仅具有直接杀伤作用,而且低剂量还有很好的抑制种群增长的作用。研究发现,这种抑制作用可以在药剂处理后的多代内持续。