利用极轨气象卫生监测草原和森林火灾

本文较系统地阐述了利用极轨卫生ＮＯＡＡ／ＡＶＨＲＲ资料遥感监测草原、森林火灾的原理和方法。在区分真假火点、计算总过火面积没植被类型各自的过火面积方面提出了自己的方法。并探讨了利用气象卫生于火灾上存在的问题，以及今后的研究方向和需要改进、完善的内容。     

大兴安岭森林火灾后冻土温湿度因子的变化研究

在大兴安岭森林火灾后7年冻土环境区选择不同程度火烧区(重度火烧区、轻度火烧区)与非过火区来对比分析冻土温湿度因子的变化。研究得出在整个生长季里火烧区的大气温度在重度火烧区与轻度火烧区分别比非过火区大3.53℃、17℃;大气相对湿度在重度火烧区与轻度火烧区分别比非过火区小13.06%、9.3%;土壤表面、5cm、10cm、20cm的温度在重度火烧区与轻度火烧区分别比非过火区大5.38℃、3.7℃、2.66℃、2.3℃、1.8℃、1.16℃、1.18℃、0.64℃;土壤5cm、10cm的含水率在重度火烧区与轻度火烧区分别比非过火区大1.84%、3.32%、3.76%、9.4%。研究森林火灾后冻土温湿度因子的变化规律可对以后火烧区的植被恢复提供气象依据。     

利用NOAA／AVHRR资料监测干旱环境变化的研究

本文介绍了利用ＮＯＡＡ卫星提取宏观范围干旱环境信息的方法。通过对植被、降水、地表、温度等诸多环境因子的遥感信息提取、分折，得出了一套利用气象卫星资料监测干旱环境的方法，并对绿洲植被，防护林生态效益，草地旱情等干旱区生境现象进行了监测评估，取得了较好效果。     

基于民俗用火点数据的森林火灾风险等级区划——以江西上栗县为例

【目的】引起森林火灾的火源98%以上为人为火源,其中民俗用火是主要人为火源之一。对民俗用火的空间分布特征与风险区划研究可为当地森林火灾防控提供重要的科学依据。【方法】研究基于全国第一次森林和草原火灾风险普查数据,以上栗县为例,借助ArcGIS10.6的空间统计分析工具分析散坟点、花炮厂、宗祠和寺庙4类民俗用火点的空间分布特征,采用层次分析法确定4个指标的权重,构建上栗县森林火灾风险评估模型,利用自然断点法将上栗县森林火灾的风险等级划分为极高、高、中、低、极低5类。【结果】散坟点和花炮厂具有数量多、分布较为聚集的特点,对森林火灾风险的影响较大;寺庙和宗祠总体数量较少,且分布均匀,对森林火灾风险的影响也较小。【结论】从整体来看,上栗县大部分地区的森林火灾风险都处于低、极低等级,仅有少部分地区处于中风险、高风险或者极高风险。     

利用气象卫星监测雪情的研究

本文利用极轨气象卫星ＮＯＡＡ／ＡＶＨＲＲ资料和地面实测雪深数据，进行了积雪与裸露地面的判别、云雪区分，以及积雪深度的研究，并对积雪动态做了初步探讨。     

塔里木河干流上游土地利用动态变化研究

在干旱区 ,水资源十分匮乏。若能有效的控制塔里木河上游耕地面积的扩张 ,同时提高水资源利用率 ,则能解决塔里木河流域长期以来农业用水和生态用水之间的矛盾 ,这对塔里木河流域持续发展有重要意义。应用遥感技术进行上游土地利用动态变化则为上游耕地现状和趋势发展提供一种快速和准确的方法。本文利用 1 95 9年、1 983年、1 992年和 1 996年四个时期的航片及卫片资料 ,研究了塔里木河干流上游典型图幅土地利用的动态变化。结果表明 ,研究区域人工绿洲和居民点面积逐年扩大 ,湖泊面积明显缩小 ,而天然植被面积趋于缩小 ,难利用面积变化不大。为此 ,有关部门应严格控制目前这种耕地继续扩张趋势 ,同时加强植被生态环境建设     

利用气象卫星遥感监测土壤含水量

本文介绍了利用极轨气象卫星ＮＯＡＡ／ＡＶＨＲＲ资料遥感监测土壤水分的表观热惯量方法及其原理。同时对土壤含水量与土壤表观热惯量分级之间进行了相关分析,发现二者之间存在显著的正相关关系,并通过回归分析,初步建立了二者关系的数学模型。基于上述数学模型和土壤表观热惯量数字图象,可以生成土壤水分等级图     

咸阳市土地利用变化及生态风险

基于1990年与2007年2期土地利用遥感数据,采用RS,GIS技术和统计分析方法,对咸阳市1990-2007年的土地利用变化状况进行了分析,在此基础上,研究了由土地利用变化引起的咸阳市生态风险问题。结果表明：①17 a间咸阳市土地利用整体呈现耕地面积和未利用地面积减少,林地、草地、建设用地面积增加的趋势;②生态风险指...     

应用苹果蠹蛾线虫防治荔枝龟背天牛幼虫的研究

荔枝龟背天牛Ａｒｉｓｔｏｂｉａ ｔｅｓｔｕｄｏ（Ｖｏｅｔ）是岭南重要经济果品荔枝的重要钻蛀害虫，现用的防治手段效果欠佳。１９８８－１９９３年间，作者利用苹果蠹蛾线虫Ｓｔｅｉｎｅｒｎｅｍａ ｃａｒｐｏｃａｐｓａｅ的Ａｇｒｉｏｔｅｓ品系注射于受害枝条末端排粪孔，试验面积约２０ｈａ，防治效果达７３．３％－１００％。研究证明，应用苹果蠹蛾线虫防治龟背天牛是一种有效的新途径。     

植物对土壤干旱信号的感知、传递及其水分利用的控制

本文对植物感和土壤干旱信号,传递及其水分利用控制做了综述,讨论了木质部汁液中ＡＢＡ浓度,蛋白质和ＰＨ值的变化,并对ＡＢＡ是否属唯一信号做了论述,介绍了由此理论设计的根据系分区交潜灌溉原理及其节水效益。     

Determining the most effective concentration of cypermethrin and the appropriate carrier particle size for fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) bait

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the most effective particle size of DDGS (distiller's dried grains with solubles) as fire ant bait carrier, as well as the most effective concentration of cypermethrin as a toxicant against the red imported fire ant (RIFA) Solenopsis invicta Buren under laboratory conditions. RESULTS: The DDGS particle size did not affect the fire ant's preference for the bait, but it did affect the mass of DDGS being carried back to the nest. The size of the DDGS particles and the mass of DDGS being carried back to the nest were positively correlated. The most efficient particle size of DDGS was 0.8–2 mm. The concentration of cypermethrin has a specific range for killing fire ants in an efficient manner. Neither a very low nor a very high concentration of cypermethrin was able to kill fire ants efficiently. The most effective concentration of cypermethrin was 0.13% in DDGS when mixed with 15% shrimp shell powders and 11% soybean oil. CONCLUSION: Based on its ability to kill fire ants when mixed with cypermethrin, as well as the advantage of having a larger area coverage when sprayed in the field, DDGS as the carrier and cypermethrin as the toxicant can be considered to be an efficient way to prepare fire ant bait for controlling fire ants in infested areas. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

几种毒饵对红火蚁的室内诱杀药效试验

阿维菌素、吡丙醚、氟虫腈、吡虫啉、毒死蜱和氟磺酰胺等6种毒饵在室内对红火蚁进行诱杀实验结果表明：氟磺酰胺和吡丙醚的药效均属于慢性,较适于作为红火蚁防控根除的诱杀毒饵药剂;阿维菌素和吡虫啉的药效介于急、慢性之间;而氟虫腈、毒死蜱属于急性毒杀药剂,不适于作为红火蚁诱杀毒饵.其中0.5%氟磺酰胺饵剂作为广西红火蚁发生区的面上防治药剂已取得显著控制效果.     

氟磺酰胺毒饵使用量对红火蚁防治效果的影响

在确定了氟磺酰胺毒饵对红火蚁控制效果的基础上,就氟磺酰胺毒饵的使用量对红火蚁的控制效果进行了研究。结果表明:在5-25 g/巢的范围内,氟磺酰胺毒饵都可获得较好的防治效果,但防治效果及蚁巢的死亡程度会因施药量的不同而异。5 g/巢的剂量可在40 d内获得平均为96.7%的防效,但不能将所有的蚁巢杀死。10-25 g/巢的剂量可以在30-40 d内使蚁巢死亡,但蚁巢100%死亡所需的时间会因剂量的减少而延长。工蚁数量下降的程度不会因氟磺酰胺毒饵的使用量而产生差异。为此,建议在使用氟磺酰胺毒饵防治红火蚁时,可在10-25 g/巢的范围内根据蚁巢大小调整使用量。     

Effects of recovery time after fire and fire severity on stand structure and soil of larch forest in the Kanas National Nature Reserve,Northwest China

Forest recovery may be influenced by several factors, of which fire is the most critical. However, moderate- and long-term effects of fire on forest recovery are less researched in Northwest China. Thus, the effects of different forest recovery time after fire (1917 (served as the control), 1974, 1983 and 1995) and fire severities (low, moderate and high) on larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) forest were investigated in the Kanas National Nature Reserve (KNNR), Northwest China in 2017. This paper analyzed post-fire changes in stand density, total basal area (TBA), litter mass, soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil nutrients (total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium) with one-way analyses of variance. Results indicate that litter mass, TBA, SOC and soil nutrients increased with increasing recovery time after fire and decreasing fire severity, while the stand density showed an opposite response. The effects of fire disturbance on SOC and soil nutrients decreased with increasing soil depth. Moreover, we found that the time of more than 43 a is needed to recover the litter mass, TBA, SOC and soil nutrients to the pre-fire level. In conclusion, high-severity fire caused the greatest variations in stand structure and soil of larch forest, and low-severity fire was more advantageous for post-fire forest stand structure and soil recovery in the KNNR. Therefore, low-severity fire can be an efficient management mean through reducing the accumulation of forest floor fuel of post-fire forests in the KNNR, Northwest China.     

Herbaceous vegetation response to controlled fire and postfire defoliation in a semiarid rangeland of Argentina

Semiarid rangelands of central Argentina are shaped by fire and grazing. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of controlled fire on aboveground biomass production of (1) herbaceous species as a whole group and (2) herbaceous species subclassified as desirable or undesirable perennial grasses and as herbaceous forbs at the end of two growing seasons after an experimental fire in a semiarid rangeland of central Argentina. The effect of the length of the resting period after fire on aboveground biomass production of desirable perennial grass species was also assessed; treatments consisted in defoliations at the end of the first and second postfire growing seasons, at the beginning and at the end of the second postfire growing season and only at the end of the second postfire growing season. Total biomass production of the burned treatments was higher than that of the control treatment, the difference being attributed to an increase in desirable perennial grass species biomass. This in turn was negatively affected by defoliation at the end of the first postfire growing season, suggesting that the beneficial effect of fire on biomass production might have been overridden by the stress imposed by an early defoliation. Overall, the results of the present study suggest that grazing should be held back for at least a whole year after the fire to achieve the pursued aim of increasing forage production by the use of controlled fire.     

深圳居民对红火蚁的认知程度评估

本文采用问卷方法调查了深圳居民对红火蚁的认知程度和对入侵有害生物的关注程度及建议,评估了深圳市红火蚁公众教育的成效。结果表明,通过宣传培训,提升了深圳居民对红火蚁的认知程度,11.2%居民了解红火蚁相关知识,27.9%居民听说过红火蚁;电视、网络、报纸和宣传画/单等是居民获取红火蚁知识的主要途径;在知道或听说过红火蚁的民众中,26.9%人知道居住区有或曾经有红火蚁发生,50.9%居民采取消极或错误的红火蚁处理方法,居民中知道当地红火蚁发生的时间看,以一年以内的人数>1～2年的人数>3年以上的人数;56.9%居民不关心入侵生物,85.7%居民不了解红火蚁相关政策,约32%居民对红火蚁防治工作表示满意。居民的建议是重点做好宣传、防治工作,同时加强检疫、培训和应急预案制定等。     

Rangeland Monitoring and Fire: Wildfires and Prescribed Burning,Nutrient Cycling,and Plant Succession

Prescribed fires are used to manipulate and manage rangelands, but effective monitoring techniques are needed to ensure that management goals and objectives are being met. The application of an effective fire program on rangelands is not a simple task. Overgrazing by livestock since the early development of the livestock industry has altered the vegetative complex on most rangelands with an increase in woody plants. Because of its relatively low cost, prescribed fire, both cool and warm season, are sustainable practices if proper grazing management is part of the management scheme. Grazing management and prescribed fire have often been treated as separate issues by rangeland managers; however, development and application of an effective prescribed burning program requires an understanding of the relationship between fire and grazing. Ranchers need fuel (grass) to burn and they also need income from livestock, which requires forage (grass, a major part of forage). In the short-term, fire reduces carrying capacity for livestock but, in the long-term, fire increases grass production, resulting in increased carrying capacity. Therefore, some monitoring technique is needed that will allow the manager to budget grass for both fuel and forage. The Grazing Manager (TGM) is a software program that projects both forage production (expressed as animal unit days) and, animal demand (expressed as animal unit days) for each forage year. TGM has been successfully used on the Texas A&M University Research Station at Sonora as a tool to integrate prescribed fire and grazing management.     

梨火疫病的进境风险分析

讨论了梨火疫病的世界分布、国内苹果和梨的生产状况及经济重要性、梨火疫病在国内的适用性及国内外检测技术现状；澄清了以前我国有梨火疫病分布的错误报道。梨火疫病对我国梨和苹果生产具有极大的潜在风险，同时对我国的环境美化和生物多样性亦具潜在威胁。我国大部分地区为梨火疫病的适生区，国内广布梨火疫病的寄主。针对进口苗木的风险最大及果实亦可传病，提出了相应的风险管理措施。     

红火蚁的人工饲养方法

以石膏和沙子为主要材料,建立了红火蚁人工蚁巢。结果表明,经过1个月的人工饲养,红火蚁能够在这两种人工蚁巢中存活、发育,以及产生有翅性蚁,其死亡率为17%～19%,与自然蚁巢相比无显著差异。同时人工饲养蚁对毒死蜱的敏感性与自然蚁也无显著差异。种群数量随饲养周期的增加而不断增长,可以为红火蚁研究提供大量均一的试虫。