运用同工酶标记对玉米穗,茎腐病串珠镰孢力亲缘关系的研究

动用同工酶标记技术研究了沈阳、河北、北京等地区玉米穗、茎腐病串珠镰孢攻的亲缘关系,以明确引起玉米穗、茎腐病的串珠镰孢菌是否存在寄生专化性或生理分化现象。结果表明,各地区玉米穗、茎腐病串珠镰孢菌同源性高、亲缘关系近,相亿性系数在０．８６￣０．９８间,菌株间差异仅表现为个体间多样性。     

玉米穗、茎腐病致病串珠镰孢菌的侵染循环关系研究

串珠镰孢菌(F. moniliforme)既是玉米穗腐病的主要致病菌,也是玉米茎腐病的主要致病菌.长期以来,对玉米穗腐病和茎腐病各自的病原学和发生规律均有一定研究,但对两种病害串珠镰孢菌的侵染循环关系,缺乏深入研究,给两种病害的协调防治带来一定困难.本文对两种病害串珠镰孢菌的侵染循环关系进行了初步研究,为两种病害的综合治理、抗源筛选及抗病育种工作奠定基础.     

串珠镰孢与黄曲霉在玉米粟穗上的侵染及其与黄曲霉毒素污染的关系

串珠镰孢 Fusarium moniliforme 是一种世界性的植物病原菌,在大多数可以种植玉米的土壤中都可发现。该真菌存在于土壤内或土表的植物残茬和其它有机质中,当环境条件适宜时便可侵染玉米植株。可引起幼苗枯萎,根腐或茎腐,以及穗或粒腐。据 Koehler(1942)报道,玉米镰刀菌穗腐病病原的串珠镰孢是通过花丝管进入穗内,并在穗内的花丝上蔓延,     

玉米根腐病和种子霉烂病抗性诱导

在所有病害中,能明显降低玉米产量、分布最广的是根腐病和播后种子霉烂病。在摩尔多瓦玉米根腐病和茎腐病的主要病原菌是镰刀菌属Fusarium中的优势种串珠镰孢(F.moniliforme)、赤霉链孢(F.graminearum)、尖镰孢霉(F.oxysporum)和F.gibosum。为防治病原菌随播种材料传播,可采用杀     

吉林省玉米镰刀菌穗腐病和茎腐病病原菌传染循环研究

玉米茎腐病病原菌禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum Schwabe)、串珠镰刀菌(F.moniliform sheldon )及腐霉菌(Pythium spp)中，可引起穗粒腐的只有禾谷镰刀菌及串珠镰刀菌两种。串珠镰刀菌是玉米穗腐病的主要病原菌，而禾谷镰刀菌是茎腐病的优势病原菌。其传染循环是由种子和土壤带菌诱发苗病，再导致茎腐病，又通过体外传染至穗部，发生穗粒腐。     

河南省花生根、茎和荚果部镰孢菌的分离鉴定

花生根腐、茎腐和果腐病在我国各花生产区发生严重,其病原菌的组成和优势种群尚不明确。本研究于2020年从河南省6个市的花生种植区采集病株样品,共分离得到151个菌株,其中花生根腐病菌41株、茎腐病菌71株、果腐病菌39株。真菌形态鉴定和利用rDNA-ITS和EF-1α序列进行分子鉴定的结果表明,这些菌株均为镰孢菌,分别属于木贼镰孢菌(Fusarium equiseti)、变红镰孢菌(F.incarnatum)、尖孢镰孢菌(F.oxysporum)、层出镰孢菌(F.proliferatum)和茄病镰孢菌(F.solani);从花生根腐和茎腐病样品中都可以检出这5种镰孢菌,果腐病样品中未能检出层出镰孢菌。尖孢镰孢菌在供试的花生根腐、茎腐和果腐病样品中检出率最高,分别为39.02%、30.99%和56.41%。根据柯赫氏法则验证了这5种镰孢菌均对花生具有致病性。本研究明确了河南省花生根腐、茎腐和果腐病的致病镰孢菌组成和优势种群,为病害防控奠定了基础。     

上海地区鲜食玉米穗腐病致病镰孢菌的分离与鉴定

为明确上海地区鲜食玉米穗腐病致病镰孢菌的组成和分布,2020年在上海地区各鲜食玉米种植区采集66份穗粒腐果穗病样,通过组织分离、单孢纯化,获得272株单孢分离物。采用形态学和分子生物学等方法对单孢分离物进行鉴定,共鉴定到8个镰孢种203株镰孢菌,其中拟轮枝镰孢、变红镰孢、亚洲镰孢、产黄色镰孢、木贼镰孢、层出镰孢、新知镰孢和居群镰孢的分离频率依次为67.98%、9.36%、6.90%、5.91%、5.42%、2.96%、0.99%和0.49%。在不同采样区拟轮枝镰孢菌占比存在差异,崇明、奉贤和青浦地区采集的样品中拟轮枝镰孢菌分别占76.25%,71.62%和48.98%。结果表明,拟轮枝镰孢在上海地区鲜食玉米种植区广泛分布,为上海地区鲜食玉米穗腐病的主要优势致病菌。     

东北地区玉米茎腐病镰孢菌EF-1α基因序列分析鉴定

从东北地区采集玉米茎腐病标样90份,经分离纯化获得镰孢菌120株,在传统形态学鉴定的基础上,选取21株具有代表性菌株,采用基因组DNA的EF-1α序列分析技术进行镰孢菌种类的辅助鉴定。结果表明,引起玉米茎腐病的主要致病菌有4种,分别是轮枝镰孢菌(Fusarium verticillioides)、禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium graminearum)、胶孢镰孢菌(Fusarium subglutinans)和层生镰孢菌(Fusarium proliferatum),分离频率分别为45.45%、36.36%、15.15%、3.03%。     

40份骨干玉米自交系对镰孢穗腐病的抗性评价

2018~2019年针对黑龙江省穗腐病自然发病率较低的40份骨干玉米自交系,通过田间人工接种手段,对其镰孢穗腐病抗性进行评价。结果表明,在分别接种禾谷镰孢菌和拟轮枝镰孢菌后,各自交系的抗性潜力存在差异,筛选出自交系83J03、HB1037、绥系617、SX718、PHT77抗穗腐病能力较强,其中,骨干自交系83J03、绥系617于不同年际间表现出稳定的高抗性,受自然环境变化的影响较小,可以作为抗原用于抗穗腐病改良选育工作中。自交系HB1124、N5针对穗腐病综合抗性较低,穗腐病高发地区需谨慎使用,为镰孢穗腐病抗性育种及种质改良提供材料基础和试验依据。     

玉米镰孢穗腐病发生条件及化学防治效果研究

通过人工接种筛选抗病品种资源,研究播期、种植密度对病害发生的影响,明确玉米镰孢菌穗腐病发生与品种资源、播期、种植密度的关系,分析棘孢木霉菌颗粒剂(TCF)和XDS种衣剂(40%毒死蜱乳油、20%辛硫磷和10%井岗霉素混剂)对玉米穗腐病的防效。结果表明,32个自交系中有6个抗病自交系,延迟播种玉米镰孢菌穗腐病发生严重,播种密度对病害发生程度无显著影响。人工接种条件下,TCF颗粒剂穴施、XDS种衣剂拌种2个处理表现为百粒重增加、秃尖长度降低,TCF颗粒剂穴施处理的防效最高,为48.69%。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.     

蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因表达模式分析及敲除载体构建

为深入研究昆虫病原真菌蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的功能,根据蝉拟青霉基因组信息克隆疏水蛋白PChyd基因,对该基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用qRT-PCR技术对其在不同培养条件或阶段下的表达模式进行分析,并通过酶切酶连的方法构建了该基因的敲除载体。结果表明：PChyd基因的开放阅读框序列全长303 bp,编码100 aa,包含22 aa的信号肽序列和70 aa疏水蛋白功能区域。系统发育分析显示该基因与粗糙虫草菌亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示PChyd基因在PDA培养的菌丝体、诱导的附着胞、诱导的芽生孢子中表达量显著高于另外2个样品,其中芽生孢子表达量最高,暗示该基因在蝉拟青霉侵染初期和在昆虫血腔中定殖阶段可能具有重要作用。凝胶电泳结果表明,成功构建了该基因的敲除载体,扩增出含有上臂、HPH、下臂的3356 bp左右的片段。本研究为进一步探究蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的致病机理、生防工程菌的改造奠定了基础。     

中耕方式对土壤理化特性及玉米生长发育影响研究Ⅰ.中耕方式对玉米生长发育的影响

2002～2003年在0～3次中耕条件下研究了中耕方式对玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响。结果表明,多次中耕增大了玉米倒伏率,降低了玉米最大叶面积指数、株高及各时期叶片叶绿素含量,对花粒期玉米净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率也产生一定的负面影响。少中耕有增产的趋势,并且可以降低生产成本、增加经济效益。     

波罗蜜叶片突变体叶绿素含量测定和超微结构观察

波罗蜜（Artocarpus heterophyllus）是一种热带果树,至今对其突变体的研究少有报道。本研究以波罗蜜叶片为试验材料,探究其叶片出现白化和返绿现象的可能原因。（1）用分光光度计法、比色法测定波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素及叶绿素前体物质含量;（2）用叶绿素酶Elisa试剂盒测定叶绿素酶活性;（3）用透射电子显微镜对叶绿体的超微形态结构进行观察。研究结果表明：（1）不同叶色所产生的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、叶绿素总含量、类胡萝卜素含量均存在显著差异;（2）波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素合成前体物质含量之间并没有出现显著性差异;（3）对波罗蜜叶片的叶绿素酶活性进行测定时,发现其活性出现显著差异,但对其叶绿素含量的差异性并没有产生较大影响;（4）观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体超微形态结构时,发现正常绿叶的叶绿体形态完好且数量较多,白化叶和返绿叶的叶绿体内部结构存在缺陷,其原因是叶绿体基粒构建阶段受阻;基于测定波罗蜜叶片中的叶绿素、叶绿素前体物质含量和叶绿素酶活性,并观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体的超微形态结构,对得到的数据结果进行比较分析。本研究推测是在叶绿素合成阶段,原脱植基叶绿素合成叶绿素时受阻及叶绿体发不良导致波罗蜜出现白化和返绿现象,为今后进一步综合研究波罗蜜突变体提供理论依据。     

农杆菌注射法瞬时转化荔枝果实组织的研究

为了寻找一种高效的荔枝果实瞬时基因表达方法,本研究以荔枝品种‘新球蜜荔’（Litchi chinensis Sonn. var. ‘Xinqiumili’）为试材,利用农杆菌注射法对荔枝果实组织进行转化,研究了果实发育时期、菌株种类、注射部位、取样时间、菌液浓度等对转化效率的影响。结果表明：选择果肉已完全包裹种子的Ⅱb期果实进行连体注射,在果柄、果皮、种子、果肉分别注入OD₆₀₀值为2.4的农杆菌菌株GV3101,4 d后取样进行检测,4个组织的GUS染色率较高。本研究成功建立了适用于荔枝果实的基因瞬时表达系统,为今后快速鉴定荔枝果实相关基因功能提供了基础。