广东省杉木无性系选育研究

对广东省 16块 6～ 10年生的杉木无性系试验林生长进行分析 ,结果表明 :生长性状方差分析 ,无性系间生长量差异达显著水平以上的试验林占 88.2 % ,各试验林最优无性系与最劣无性系的材积比值介于1.9～ 6 1.9之间 ,差异极显著 ;无性系树高、胸径和材积的重复力分别为 0 .6 5 3,0 .6 5 1和 0 .6 17,属于中上水平 ;遗传变异系数 ,材积 >胸径 >树高。当选择率为 0 .0 5 ,0 .10 ,0 .2 0时 ,材积的遗传增益依次为 4 9.86 % ,4 2 36 % ,33.88% ,现实增益依次为 10 5 .11% ,88.71% ,71.0 9% ,现实增益为遗传增益的两倍。按选择标准选择 ,有 78个无性系入选 ,入选率为 8.1% ,其树高、胸径、单株材积的平均增益分别为 2 5 .16 % ,31.2 6 %和93.90 %。无性系早期 (3～ 5年生 )选择至 6～ 10年生时的选准率为 6 3.5 %。     

大青杨优良无性系选择

对大青杨无性系测定林(16a生)的树高、胸径、材积进行分析。结果表明:不同无性系间树高、胸径、材积差异显著。选出树高、胸径大于群体平均值35%以上、材积大于群体平均值150%以上为优良无性系3个;综合树高、胸径、材积选出124号为最优无性系;3个优良无性系造林16a后,树高能获得28%的遗传增益,胸径能获得44.1%的遗传增益,材积能获得87.6%的遗传增益。     

杉木无性系的遗传变异及优良无性系选择

试验揭示了杉木无性系在树高、胸径、单株材积和开花结果等方面有巨大的遗传差异。从99个参试无性系中选出了6个优良无性系，与种子园实生苗相比较，树高增益19％－26％，胸径增益17％－34％，单株材积增益50％－114％。分析了杉木家系选择和无性系选择的遗传改良潜力。无性系树高、胸径和单株材积的遗传变异系数分别是家系遗传变异系数的2．6倍、3．1倍和3．1倍。在入选率相同的条件下，无性系树高、胸径和单株材积的选择响应分别是家系选择响应的2．8倍、3．6倍和3．5倍。     

杉木迹地连栽(二栽)新技术研究

经22年试验,选育适宜杉木迹地连栽的无性系造林,从75个杉木无性系中选出开天13、B23-6、B44等6个杉木无性系,其中B23-6无性系造林8年生时,平均树高6.9 m,胸径9.3 cm,平均单株材积0.028 23 m3,比CK1(优良家系混合)平均树高增高32.6%,平均胸径增粗38.8%,单株材积增加121.6%。杉木伐桩贮藏大量养分,用于嫁接开天13杉木无性系,8年生时平均树高9.3 m,胸径11.4 cm,平均单株材积0.052 7 m3,比伐桩萌芽林平均树高增加17.7%,平均胸径增粗11.7%,平均单株材积增加41.2%,比开化二代种子园的种苗造林,平均树高增高12.0%,平均胸径增粗9.6%,平均单株材积增加31%。单位面积造林成本降低29.6%。     

屏边县不同秃杉种源生长差异及选择研究

为探讨秃杉不同种源间的遗传变化,在秃杉适生区的屏边县大凹腰建立秃杉11个种源(含CK)试验林,3、6、9 a生时每木调查不同种源的树高、胸径(地径)的生长量并计算出材积。结果显示：(1)不同林龄的秃杉各种源间树高、胸径、材积存在极显著差异(P<0.01),9 a生时生长最快种源比生长最慢种源树高、胸径、材积分别高24.50%、32.45%、110.57%;(2)树高、胸径(地径)、材积等生长性状在种源水平上受较强的遗传控制,遗传力分别为0.780～0.786、0.712～0.815、0.754～0.815;(3)树高、胸径、材积在不同林龄间表型相关和秩相关呈显著或极显著相关,秃杉早期选择的年龄以6 a生为宜;(4)以9 a生秃杉树高、胸径、材积为选择指标选出适宜滇东南山区造林最好的种源是龙陵,其次是盈江、梁河、临翔、腾冲,材积遗传增益分别达54.24%、38.43%、29.98%、28.08%、19.22%。     

杉木种子园子代优良无性系测定及选择

对55个杉木无性繁殖品系的测定结果表明:无性系间在树高、胸径和材积性状上存在着显著差异。遗传力变化范围树高为0.389~0.771,胸径为0.169~0.703,材积为0.377~0.674。3个生长性状中,材积的变异系数最大,树高的变异系数最小。对树高、胸径和材积按10%的入选率进行单性状选择,树高遗传增益平均为4.27%,胸径平均为6.36%,材积平均为15.56%。与对照平均值比较,树高的遗传增益平均为8.09%,胸径的遗传增益平均为13.11%,材积的遗传增益平均为23.17%。经过选择能取得较高遗传增益的杉木优良无性系。     

杉木速生优良无性系选育

在杉木优良种源的基础上,选育出一批杉木速生优良无性系。通过13 a的研究表明,各无性系间胸径、树高、单株材积差异极显著,且具有较大的广义遗传力。根据杉木无性系培育目标,选育出18个杉木速生优良无性系,入选12 a生无性系的平均树高、胸径和单株材积分别为11．03 m、16．98 cm和0．135 6 m3,与对照相比,树高、胸径和单株材积的遗传增益依次为10．71％、37.97％和113．08％;现实增益分别为14．25％、47．61％和140．01％。     

华南地区山地木麻黄种源试验与筛选

依据首次建立在华南地区的各含 2 8个种源的两片山地木麻黄种源试验数据 ,分析了 1～ 4a生树高、胸径、单株材积和保存率等 4个性状的方差分量、遗传变异系数和遗传力等遗传参数。结果表明树高、胸径、单株材积和保存率在地点间、种源间及种源×地点互作间均有显著或极显著差异。当不考虑种源×地点互作效应互作时 ,3～ 4a生性状种源广义遗传力 ,树高变幅为 11 0 0 %～ 13 80 % ,胸径为 3 32 %～ 5 5 5 % ,单株材积为 5 4 0 %～ 8 30 %。以用材林为培育目的 ,依据 4a生树高、胸径、单株材积和保存率计算的综合评定值大小 ,分别对两个试验的参试种源进行了排序和选优 ,以 2 5 %的入选率 ,每试验各有 7个种源入选。E96 8试验的优良种源为 1884 4、194 89、192 4 0、17877、194 91、194 90和 192 39;E96 6中优良种源为 192 38、1884 7、1885 3、17877、1895 0、1885 2和 1894 9。筛选后树高、胸径和单株材积可获得明显的遗传增益。参试种源树高、胸径、单株材积和保存率性状间均表现出极显著正相关。树高早期表型相关和遗传相关极其显著 ,可用于树高的早期预测。最后 ,预测了山地木麻黄优良种源在中国潜在适生范围     

杉木无性系测定林分析及速生无性系选择

对福建省洋口国有林场1994年营建的杉木无性系测定林的生长性状进行调查分析,结果表明:无性系16年生时平均树高、胸径、单株材积分别为13.19 m、14.59 cm、0.1339 m3;无性系树高、胸径、材积重复力达0.6873以上,生长性状受到中等强度的遗传控制。以16年生时材积为指标选出4个速生无性系,平均树高、胸径、单株立木材积分别为14.30 m、16.30 cm、0.17696 m3,遗传增益均值分别为13.03%、12.26%、33.26%。     

巨桉无性系生长早期选择

对清远26个巨桉(Eucalyptus grandis)无性系早期人工林生长性状进行调查。结果表明:2 a生林分中,不同无性系之间胸径生长和材积生长呈极显著差异(P0.01),而树高生长呈显著差异(P0.05);胸径、树高、材积三者间存在极显著的正相关关系。各生长性状中,材积变异系数最大,达到78.82%,其次为树高和胸径,分别为52.23%、23.13%。参试无性系平均胸径、平均树高、平均材积的重复力分别为0.574 4、0.546 9、0.345 3。利用综合评定方法评选出5个优良的巨桉无性系,分别为20、18、25、9和5号。5个优良无性系平均胸径、平均树高、平均材积的遗传增益分别为11.60%、11.09%和2.05%。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.