Histological and Histochemical Studies on the Pyloric Mucosa of the Camel''s Stomach (Camelus dromedarius)

A histologic and histochemical study of the pyloric mucosa was carried out in six one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) of 2.5 to 10 years of age. The epithelial and glandular organization was described and the secretory cells characterized by the properties of their mucosubstance.     

人工繁育黔金丝猴幼子行为发育研究

黔金丝猴是中国Ⅰ级保护野生动物,为保护这一濒危物种,2013年4月～2014年4月,在北京动物园对2013年4月出生的1只雄性黔金丝猴的行为发育进行了研究.利用行为取样法和连续记录法记录1周岁内婴猴首次出现的行为和婴猴和父亲玩耍的时间以及与母亲接触的时间.结果表明：2日龄有抓网动作且力度不小,脖子能挺立支撑头部,睁大眼睛转头看东西;11日龄能吸吮伸到嘴边的橙子,14日龄能离开母亲自己爬网,64日龄能真正吞咽食物,3月龄时婴猴的行为已基本完善.3月龄后逐渐出现玩耍、梳理、攻击、警戒等行为.雄婴关系与年龄存在正相关,6月龄后基本稳定.幼子和公猴玩耍时间表明2月龄时开始与父亲有少量接触,以后逐渐增加,到6月龄时增加到13.09％,之后一直到周岁,婴儿被父亲完全接纳.和母猴相处时间为头1个月婴猴主要呆在母亲怀里,到3月龄后与母亲相处时间一直稳定维持在20％ ～ 30％的水平上.     

Effects of age, sex, and post mortem interval on intestinal lengths of horses during development

Lengths of small intestine, caecum, ascending colon and descending colon were measured in intestinal tracts from 103 foetuses, foals and adult horses. Intestinal tracts from 21 of the horses were measured at varying intervals after death. Total intestinal length increased markedly from mid-gestation to one year of age, then showed little increment up to 35 years. Small intestinal length increased most rapidly in the first month of life. Caecal length increased most rapidly from one to six months and length of ascending colon increased most rapidly between one week and one year. Descending colon length increased gradually after birth. Periods of rapid increase in length of various intestinal segments and alterations in the percentage of total intestinal length were associated with periods of rapid body growth and changes in dietary composition. Sex and post mortem interval did not affect intestinal length significantly.     

Age Related Changes in the Caprine Cavum Hypophysis

The hypophysis cerebri of the goat was studied from a histologic and micrometric point of view. The results of this study are compared with similar studies of other ruminants.     

Postprandial serum gastrin concentrations in normal foals

Postprandial gastrin concentrations were assayed in serum samples from a group of six foals at one day, one week, one month and three months of age. Before sampling, each foal was prevented from feeding for 2 h and was then allowed to suck for 15 mins. Blood samples were taken at the start of the meal and at 30 min intervals for the next 3 h. Feeding increased serum gastrin concentrations at one day, one week and one month, with the greatest increases detected at one day. Mean pre-feeding gastrin concentrations were 25.2 +/- 2.3 pg/ml at one day, 22.8 +/- 3.9 pg/ml at one week, 15.2 +/- 2.3 pg/ml at one month and 15.6 +/- 7.5 pg/ml at three months. Highest mean post prandial concentrations were at 60 mins on Day one (47.4 +/- 15.2 pg/ml) and one month (25.2 +/- 4.1 pg/ml) old foals. There was no apparent post prandial increase in serum gastrin concentrations in foals at three months of age. Precise reasons for changes in postprandial serum gastrin concentrations remain unknown. Factors that could be important include maturation of G cell function, alterations in gastrin metabolism and excretion, and changes in gastrointestinal motility with increasing age.     

P‐70 Idiopathic facial dermatitis of the Persian cat: three cases controlled with cyclosporine

Facial dermatitis in cats is a poorly understood clinical problem observed in Persian and Himalayan cats. This report describes three cases of idiopathic facial dermatitis in the Persian cat controlled with cyclosporine. The syndrome was observed in a 5‐year‐old intact female, a 1.5‐year‐old intact male, and a 3‐year‐old neutered male Persian cat. The lesions developed over 2 years, 2 months and 18 months, respectively. Cutaneous lesions were mainly localized to the face. A black patchy waxy exudate matted the hair, especially on the chin. Mild crusts and black exudate were also noted on the vulvar folds in one case and on the ventral aspect of the neck in another case. Erythematous, ceruminous otitis was observed in one case. The histopathological findings were exactly the same for all three cases and compatible with idiopathic facial dermatitis of the Persian cat, or eventually an allergic reaction. All cases were managed with cyclosporine (Neoral^® 6–7 mg/kg/day). Lesions were completely controlled after 4–6 weeks. During a 6‐month follow‐up for two cases, the lesions seemed to be more resistant to therapy. For these two cats, secondary infections with cocci and Malassezia occasionally occurred. No adverse reactions were observed in our three treated cats. Funding: Self‐funded.     

Arthroscopic removal of osteochondral fragments of the palmar/plantar aspect of the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joints

This paper presents the results of arthroscopic surgery in 42 Standardbred trotters and three Finnish horses. Forty-five horses were operated on. The age range was one to seven years; 73 per cent of the horses were three years old or younger. Horses showed a variety of clinical signs ranging from moderate to severe lameness at slow speeds, to obscure lameness manifesting only at high speeds. Synovial effusion of the fetlock joint was rare. In this series, 44 horses that had Type I fragments and one horse that had Type III fragments were operated on. Of the 45 horses operated on, 23 (51 per cent) returned to speed training in three months and 41 (91 per cent) returned to speed training in six months. Three of 45 (6 per cent) were lame three months after the surgery when the trainer attempted to start speed training. One of those was sound six months after the operation. The remaining two (4 per cent) stayed lame due to a lesion in the affected joint. Two of 45 (4 per cent) discontinued training for other reasons. The horse with Type III fragments returned to speed training in three months.     

Variability in the eruption of the permanent incisor teeth in sheep

The incisor teeth of 176 sheep of six breeds were inspected every two to three months for a year to record the shedding of the deciduous teeth and the eruption of the permanent teeth. In all the breeds the permanent central incisors erupted at between 12 and 18 months of age. In 96 per cent of the sheep the permanent middle incisors erupted at between 18 and 26 months; and in 92 per cent the permanent lateral incisors erupted at between 24 and 36 months of age. The permanent corner teeth erupted at between 32 and 44 months in 96 per cent of the sheep. The gingival redness and swelling accompanying the eruption of a permanent tooth disappeared within two months. In 14 cases two pairs of incisors erupted during the year, in 18 cases the incisors erupted asymmetrically, and in 22 cases no incisors erupted. Rotation of one incisor was observed in five sheep and was combined with dental deviation in one.     

低剂量促性腺激素处理诱导黄牛一胎双犊的研究

本文研究了应用低剂量促性腺激素处理诱导黄牛一胎双犊。分析了影响成功率的因素。结果表明：采用PMSG与HCG、PMSG与PG及FSH与PG对母牛进行处理,其受胎率分别在80％～95％、84％～91．8％和85％～100%之间,与自然发情组的90％相比无显著差异;但在双犊率方面,自然情况下产双犊率仅为0．92％(0．85％～1．00％),而PMSG与HCG处理组的双犊率在11.3％(11．0％～11．8％),PMSG与PG处理组为13．0％(11．0％～15．8％),FSH与PG处理为19．6％(11．0％～27．0％),说明应用激素处理诱导双胎是有效的,而且不同处理方法之间的效果也不同。对应用FSH与PG处理组所产双犊的出生重、1月龄、3月龄、6月龄体重进行了测定,并与出生时间相近、饲养条件相同的自然单胎犊牛进行了比较。结果表明,双犊的平均出生重、1月龄体重、3月龄体重与单胎组差异显著,但6月龄体重差异不显著,加强双胎犊牛哺乳期饲养管理十分重要。     

Attempts to restore abduction of the paralyzed equine arytenoid cartilage. III. Nerve anastomosis.

The purpose of this project was to attempt restoration of abduction of a recently denervated left dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle in the horse by anastomosing the first cervical nerve to the abductor branch of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve. Ten horses were used in the study. In six horses the left recurrent laryngeal nerve was transected and ligated while the ventral branch of the left first cervical nerve was anastomosed to the abductor branch of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve. The remaining four horses also had the left recurrent laryngeal nerve transected and ligated but had no nerve anastomosis performed. Each horse was evaluated preoperatively, and at one week, three and six months after surgery, by endoscopy and determination of upper airway resistance. The endoscopy was performed with the horses breathing room air and while breathing 10% carbon dioxide. All ten horses showed endoscopic signs of complete laryngeal hemiplegia immediately postoperatively. Starting at three months postoperatively clonic movements of the left arytenoid cartilage were observed in four of the six reinnervated horses but not in the sham operated horses. At the sixth postoperative month five reinnervated horses had clonic movements of the left arytenoid cartilage. The comparison of upper airway resistance measurements before surgery and at one week, three and six months after surgery showed no significant differences in either control or experimental horses. Following euthanasia at six months postoperatively, the left and right dorsal crioarytenoid muscles were compared for evidence of reinnervation. No significant difference in weight was noted in the reinnervated horses but the left dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle weighed less than the control horses.     

Duration of active and colostrum-derived passive antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus in calves.

Duration of active and colostrum-derived passive antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus was studied in 14 calves. Five calves born with actively induced antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus retained high titers during the year of observation. Colostrum-derived antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus in nine calves declined at an expected rate for the first four to six months of age. However, titers of six of these calves increased at five to eight months of age and either remained constant or increased through one year of age. Bovine viral diarrhea virus antibody titers of the other three calves declined at a constant rate to less than 1:4 by nine to 12 months of age.     

Age related changes in the capillary index of the caprine hypophysis cerebri

The capillary index of the hypophysis cerebri of goats, ranging in age from one day to over 6 years of age. Observations in rostral, middle and caudal regions were made and comparisons are made with other species.     

老芒麦衰老过程形态特征变化规律及对养分添加的响应

试验以青藏高原青海省高寒草地中广泛分布和退化草地补播改良中的常用牧草品种-‘青牧1号’老芒麦为研究对象,在青藏高原东北部,青海湖湖东地区设置1龄到6龄老芒麦自然生长田,6龄老芒麦施肥田和老芒麦连续施肥田（6年）的3个处理,测定老芒麦地上生物量和穗部特征并进行比较分析。结果表明：青牧1号老芒麦2龄和3龄地上生物量较高,3龄后逐年降低。青牧1号老芒麦地上生物量变化情况,可以分为4个阶段,1龄期,2~3龄期,4~5龄期和6龄期。老芒麦单穗重从2龄到5龄逐渐增加,6龄显著性降低。青牧1号老芒麦从2龄到5龄,单株穗重占比逐渐升高,6龄开始降低。6龄田施用氮肥和磷肥均显著提高了老芒麦地上生物量,氮肥增产效果优于磷肥。高氮（N₇₅）处理下6龄老芒麦地上生物量最高。6龄青牧1号老芒麦单穗重在N₆₀处理下最高。长期施肥可有效提高老芒麦地上生物量,N₆₀P₇₅处理下地上生物量最高,在N₇₅P₇₅处理下6龄老芒麦单穗重最高。长期不施肥,6龄老芒麦茎重比例最高。N₄₅P₉₀长期施肥处理下,茎秆重量比例下降,穗重和叶重比例相对增加明显。N₆₀P₉₀和N₇₅P₇₅长期施肥处理下,也可有效提高单株老芒麦穗重的比例。     

苹果园覆盖白三叶对土壤微生物和营养特性的影响

为了解白三叶（Trrifolium repens）覆盖降解早期对苹果园土壤特性的影响,在覆盖后1个月、3个月、6个月时,利用Biolog微平板法检测土壤微生物群落的功能多样性,并测定土壤酶活性和土壤养分含量。结果表明：在白三叶覆盖的前6个月,苹果园土壤微生物代谢活性显著提高（P<0.05）,微生物多样性、丰富度、优势度显著增加（P<0.05）,微生物均匀度显著降低（P<0.05）;覆盖1个月及6个月时,土壤中蛋白酶、蔗糖酶及碱性磷酸酶的活性均显著增加（P<0.05）;白三叶覆盖显著（P<0.05）提高了果园土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、全氮以及全磷的含量,使土壤养分状况得到了明显改善。这些结果说明白三叶覆盖可在短期内提高苹果园土壤质量状况。     

RADIOTHERAPY OF FELINE NASAL TUMORS A Retrospective Study of Nine Cases

Between 1978 and 1986, nine cats with nasal tumors were treated with radiation therapy. Rhinotomy was performed in six cats and diagnostic biopsy procedures were performed in three cats. For four of the specimens, a histologic review was significantly different from the initial diagnosis. At the time of analysis, one cat was alive and disease free 26.3 months after the first radiation therapy treatment; two of the cats were dead as a result of local recurrence, four were dead because of unrelated causes, and two were dead of unknown causes. The mean and median survival of cats in this study were 27.9 and 20.8 months, respectively, following the first radiation therapy. There was a 66.7% one-year, 44% two-year, and 33% three-year survival rate. Complications of the surgery and radiation therapy were minimal. In conclusion, the histologic evaluation of nasal neoplasms in cats is not straightforward and may require specialized histologic technics for accurate diagnosis. Radiation appears to be safe and may be efficacious in local control of feline nasal tumors.     

Idiopathic effusive pericarditis with tamponade in the horse

Pericarditis and pericardial effusion are considered to occur rarely in the horse. The clinical and laboratory features of idiopathic pericarditis with effusion diagnosed in 10 horses over a seven-year period were reviewed. Consistent physical findings included tachycardia, ventral oedema, jugular venous distention and diminished heart sounds. Electrocardiographic features included diminished voltages and electrical alternans, and the effusion was identified by echocardiography in the six horses in which it was performed. Pericardiocentesis relieved clinical signs in nine horses. Laboratory analysis of pericardial fluid samples classified six cases as aseptic serofibrinous, three cases as eosinophilic, and one case as histiocytic. One horse died and three were destroyed. The remaining six horses recovered following pericardiocentesis (performed once or twice) with or without corticosteroid treatment, and were alive one month to seven years after diagnosis.     

FC‐21 Efficacy of topical tacrolimus ointment for treatment of plantar fistulae in German shepherd dogs

The objective of this open pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy of topical tacrolimus ointment for treatment of plantar fistulae in German shepherd dogs. Seven dogs (four males, three females) were included. All subjects had a 6‐month to 2‐year history of plantar fistulae involving the plantar aspect of two to four metatarsi/metacarpi. No other skin lesions were present and the dogs appeared otherwise healthy. Before treatment with tacrolimus, all dogs received antibiotics for 4–8 weeks. Hair was clipped to visualise the lesions. The presence of erythematous papules, oedema and fistulae was recorded for each foot. All dogs served as their own controls. Dogs with four legs involved had one front and one hind leg treated. Dogs with two to three feet affected had only one foot treated. Tacrolimus 0.1% ointment (Protopic^®) was applied twice daily onto the site of lesions. Partial improvement of treated lesions was seen in all cases within 3 weeks. After 6 weeks, treated lesions were in complete remission in four dogs, while the other three subjects had palpable but invisible lesions. Signs had not improved on the untreated legs. Follow‐up varied between 4 months and 2 years. Lesion remission persisted in six dogs with the intermittent application of tacrolimus. Adverse effects of treatment were not seen. In conclusion, the application of topical tacrolimus seems to provide a safe and effective treatment option for plantar fistulae in German shepherd dogs. Funding: Self‐funded.     

Relationship of equine housing to large airway inflammation

The pasture, as compared to stall confinement, has been considered a more desirable environment for maintaining the health of the respiratory system in the horse. This conclusion is based on reports which showed that ventilation in most barns was generally poor, and that horses bedded on straw and fed hay were exposed to many forms of respirable debris. In this study, six normal horses were evaluated for evidence of airway mucosal inflammation after being housed on pasture or stabled in a barn for one month. The response of the horses' airways was measured by assigning scores for the degree of tracheal mucosal secretions that were observed by endoscopic visualization. Cytological examination of transtracheal wash secretions was also performed, as well as histologic evaluation of tracheobronchial tissues obtained by a transendoscopic epithelial biopsy technique. Samples were collected at three time points; the initial collection occurred after the horses were housed on pasture for one month. The horses were subsequently moved to a barn for an equal length of time and samples were obtained at the end of this period. The horses were then returned to their original pasture and final sampling was performed after they were housed in this environment for two months. There were no significant changes in any of the parameters evaluated, regardless of the environment in which the horses were maintained. These findings indicate that housing horses in a barn for four weeks does not cause tracheobronchial mucosal inflammation in a manner that could be detected using the methods employed in this study.     

Observation on the remarkable stability of transmissible mink encephalopathy virus.

Transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) virus retained biological activity after prolonged storage in formalin (about three and a half years) and in paraffin tissue blocks used for histologic preparations (about six and a half years). Thus, TME tissues in formalin and in paraffin blocks should be handled as contaminated materials.     

Epidemiology and control of an outbreak of classical swine fever in wild boar in Switzerland

An outbreak of classical swine fever in wild boar in the southern part of Switzerland (Canton of Ticino) was investigated after the implementation of control measures in a defined infected area (the risk zone), and in a surrounding surveillance zone (the non-risk zone). After the disease had been detected, hunting was not allowed in the risk zone for over six months, during which the disease was left to run its course, but hunting was continued in the non-risk zone for one month. After seven months, a hunting strategy targeted at young animals was implemented in both zones. Between May 1998 and January 2000,1294 wild boar were shot or found dead, and diagnostic and biological data were collected and analysed. Only one animal from the non-risk zone was found to be seropositive for antibodies to the virus, whereas 179 of 528 wild boar from the risk zone were virus positive and 162 were seropositive. The proportion of virus-positive animals decreased from 62.7 per cent to zero over one year. During the first hunting season, seropositive animals were found in all age groups, but 12 months later only animals more than one year old had antibodies against the virus.