苹果褪绿叶斑病毒生物学及生化特性研究

 对从苹果和扁桃上获得2个苹果褪绿叶斑病毒的分离物ACLSV-C和ACLSV-B的主要生物学和生化特性进行了比较。人工接种5科19种草本植物,发现两者均能侵染苋色藜(Chenopodium amaranticolor)、昆诺藜(Ch.quinoa)和西方烟(Nicotiana occidentalis),产生局部侵染斑和系统褪绿斑。但症状反应存在差异,后者在这3种植物上引起叶片反卷等较强症状反应,还可潜伏侵染笋瓜(Cucurbita maxima cv.Buttercup Burgess)。经SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳结果显示,ACLSV-B衣壳蛋白的迁移率较ACLSV-C快。两者的RNA分子量及双链RNA数量无明显差异。根据已报道的核苷酸系列设计合成引物,采用PCR法检测ACLSV分离物,均获得特异性扩增产物。     

捷克首次报道杏假褪绿叶斑病毒侵染李树

杏假褪绿叶斑病毒(Apricot pseudo-chlorotic leaf spot virus,APCLSV)属于弯曲状病毒科、发状病毒属,是一种目前仍然了解不多的新病毒。该病毒与苹果褪绿叶斑病毒(Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus,ACLSV)具有很近的亲缘关系,主要侵染李属的核果类果树。目前已在意大利、西班牙、法国、匈牙利、土耳其、约旦和     

猕猴桃褪绿环斑相关病毒在陕西省的分布、分子变异及其2个分离物的基因组序列

为明确我国陕西省猕猴桃主产区的徐香、海沃德、华优和秦美4个猕猴桃品种上的猕猴桃褪绿环斑相关病毒(Actinidia chlorotic ringspot-associated virus,AcCRaV)的分布情况,对采集自该省4个地区的493份样品进行AcCRaV检测,基于cp基因序列对获得的AcCRaV分离物进行分子变异分析,并采用高通量测序技术对其中2份样品进行转录组测序。结果显示:AcCRaV在陕西省猕猴桃上分布广泛,且检出率较高,其中周至县秦美猕猴桃上AcCRaV的检出率最高,为45.0%,在杨凌区秦美猕猴桃上AcCRaV的检出率最低,为10.0%。测定的23个AcCRaV分离物cp基因序列全长均为945 nt。系统发育树显示AcCRaV分离物共分成2个组,存在较大的分子变异。AcCRaV的cp基因分子变异与猕猴桃品种有一定关系,而与地理位置相关性不明显。获得了2个AcCRaV分离物ZZ1和ZZ2的基因组序列,RNA1长度分别为7 049 nt和7 274 nt,RNA2长度均为2 266 nt,RNA3长度分别为1 691 nt和1 696 nt,RNA4长度分别为1 736 nt和1 683 nt,RNA5长度分别为1 460 nt和1 497 nt。分离物ZZ1和ZZ2的基因组序列与GenBank中唯一报道的我国湖北省AcCRaV分离物HN-6基因组序列比对中,分离物ZZ2与HN-6的RNA4同源率最高,为96.0%,分离物ZZ2与HN-6的RNA1同源率最低,为87.8%。表明AcCRaV在我国陕西省猕猴桃主产区分布较广泛,且其分子变异与猕猴桃品种有一定关系。     

北京地区茄子感染番茄褪绿病毒的分子鉴定

为明确北京地区茄子感染番茄褪绿病毒(Tomato chlorosis virus,To CV)的情况,于2015年3—6月收集了10份疑似感染To CV的设施茄子样品,通过PCR分子鉴定法进行检测,并进一步对扩增阳性样品To CV的CP基因采用邻接法进行了系统进化分析。结果表明,10个检测样品中有4个扩增得到约463 bp的特异条带,经测序与Gen Bank中To CV序列相似性达到99.0%以上,表明这4个样品均携带有该病毒,检出率为40%;To CV茄子分离物的CP基因序列大小为774 bp,Gen Bank登录号为KT751008,与To CV北京番茄分离物(KC311375)同源性最高,达到99.9%,确认该序列为To CV片段;系统进化树显示,To CV茄子分离物与To CV日本分离物(AB513443)处于同一分支,具有密切的亲缘关系,表明不同国家To CV分离物之间的亲缘关系与地理距离具有一定的相关性。     

甘薯褪绿斑病毒外壳蛋白的分子变异及其特异抗血清制备

 甘薯褪绿斑病毒(Sweet potato chlorotic fleck virus,SPCFV)是侵染甘薯的主要病毒之一。本研究利用RT-PCR方法克隆了SPCFV中国4个分离物的外壳蛋白(CP)基因。序列分析表明,cp基因全长900 bp,编码299个氨基酸残基。4个分离物cp基因的核苷酸序列一致性为78.3%～89.9%,推导的氨基酸序列一致性为91.3%～95.7%,存在较大的分子变异。不同分离物CP氨基酸序列N末端的第3-32位氨基酸为多变区。将四川分离物的cp基因克隆到原核表达载体pET-28a(+)上,SDS-PAGE分析表明,经IPTG诱导,cp基因在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中得到了高效表达。以表达的蛋白为抗原免疫家兔,制备了SPCFV CP的特异性抗血清。ACP-ELISA检测结果表明,制备的抗血清效价达1∶128 000,可用于田间甘薯样品的检测。     

来源于砂梨和桃的苹果褪绿叶斑病毒分离物部分CP基因和3′端非翻译区的序列分析

 苹果褪绿叶斑病毒（Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus, ACLSV）是引起果树病害的一种重要病毒。ACLSV寄主范围广、发生较普遍,可侵染苹果、梨等仁果类果树和桃、扁桃、李、樱桃、杏等核果类果树,据报道我国梨产区感染ACLSV达80%以上。ACLSV引起植物症状的类型与寄主种类、病毒株系有关。ACLSV为线形病毒科（Betaflexiviridae）、纤毛病毒属（Trichovirus）的代表成员^［1］。ACLSV的CP相对比较保守,研究表明不同的ACLSV分离物的CP基因具有序列多样性,存在分子变异^［2～5］,CP基因分子特性的研究可为ACLSV株系划分提供依据。来源于欧洲、亚洲和北美的桃、李等核果类果树,以及苹果寄主上的ACLSV分离物的分子变异报道较多^［2,3,5］,来源于梨寄主上的ACLSV分子变异研究较少^［4,5］。     

来源于桃和苹果的苹果褪绿叶斑病毒的部分分子生物学特性和cp基因的原核表达

 从桃和苹果上分离得到苹果褪绿叶斑病毒ACLSV-HBP和ACLSV-C2个分离物,采用RT-PCR法进行扩增,所获扩增片段经序列测定,其全长分别为1768nt(ACLSV-HBP)和1751nt(ACLSV-C)。这2个分离物扩增片段全长的同源性为83%,mp基因片段核苷酸和推导编码氨基酸序列同源性分别为82.6%和87.1%;cp基因均由582nt组成,其核苷酸和推导编码氨基酸序列同源性分别为87.8%和95.9%。将2个分离物的cp基因与已报道ACLSV分离物进行序列同源性比较,结果显示ACLSV-HBP与SX/2的cp基因核苷酸序列及推导编码氨基酸序列同源性最高,分别为94.0%和96.4%。将ACLSV-HBP分离物的cp基因克隆到原核表达载体pGEX-KG,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中诱导表达,SDS-PAGE分析表明,融合蛋白大小约为46kDa。Western-blot分析表明,该基因在大肠杆菌内得到高效表达,融合蛋白具有抗原性。     

山西苹果褪绿叶斑病毒的分布及遗传多样性分析

苹果褪绿叶斑病毒Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) 是侵染苹果的主要潜隐性病毒之一, 在我国苹果植株上发生普遍, 严重威胁我国苹果的品质与产量。本研究从山西省12个苹果主产区随机采集360份表现褪绿和斑驳等症状的苹果叶片作为研究样本, 通过RT-PCR检测, 360份样本中有209份样本为ACLSV阳性, 对209份阳性样本的外壳蛋白(coat protein, CP)基因进行分离、测序、克隆, 得到12个新的ACLSV分离物(分别命名为 Shanxi 1~Shanxi 12)。选择17个来自不同国家的分离物与12个新的ACLSV分离物在核苷酸和氨基酸层面上进行序列一致性和系统发育分析。结果显示, 29个ACLSV分离物被划分为2个不同进化群体。进一步对2个不同ACLSV群体进行选择压分析和中性检验, 结果表明, 组Ⅰ与组Ⅱ的ACLSV群体之间存在明显的遗传差异, 其中负向选择可能是ACLSV遗传变异的原因之一。本研究较全面地分析了ACLSV的发生、危害, 并对山西苹果的ACLSV分离物进行了遗传结构分析, 为山西苹果褪绿叶斑病毒病的防治提供了理论指导。     

一种高效的苹果褪绿叶斑病毒TaqMan探针实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法

为建立一种检测苹果褪绿叶斑病毒(Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus,ACLSV)的Taq Man探针实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法,根据ACLSV外壳蛋白基因(coat protein,cp)保守序列设计了特异性引物和Taq Man探针,以构建的ACLSV-cp重组质粒为阳性标准品绘制标准曲线,并对该方法的特异性、灵敏性、重复性进行检验。结果显示,以ACLSV-cp重组质粒为标准品建立的标准曲线相关系数达0.999,扩增效率为103.7%;建立的Taq Man探针实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法特异性好,与苹果茎沟病毒(Apple stem grooving virus,ASGV)、苹果茎痘病毒(Apple stem pitting virus,ASPV)、苹果锈果类病毒(Apple scar skin viroid,ASSVd)均无交叉反应;灵敏度为100拷贝/μL,比常规RT-PCR高100倍;批内和批间变异系数均小于0.84%。表明Taq Man探针实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法具有特异性强、灵敏性高、重复性好的优点,适用于实际样品中ACLSV的快速准确检测。     

A phylogenetically distinct lineage of Pyrenopeziza brassicae associated with chlorotic leaf spot of Brassicaceae in North America

Light leaf spot, caused by the ascomycete Pyrenopeziza brassicae, is an established disease of Brassicaceae in the United Kingdom (UK), continental Europe, and Oceania (OC, including New Zealand and Australia). The disease was reported in North America (NA) for the first time in 2014 on Brassica spp. in the Willamette Valley of western Oregon, followed by detection in Brassica juncea cover crops and on Brassica rapa weeds in northwestern Washington in 2016. Preliminary DNA sequence data and field observations suggest that isolates of the pathogen present in NA might be distinct from those in the UK, continental Europe, and OC. Comparisons of isolates from these regions using genetic (multilocus sequence analysis, MAT gene sequences, and rep-PCR DNA fingerprinting), pathogenic (B. rapa inoculation studies), biological (sexual compatibility), and morphological (colony and conidial morphology) analyses demonstrated two genetically distinct evolutionary lineages. Lineage 1 comprised isolates from the UK, continental Europe, and OC, and included the P. brassicae type specimen. Lineage 2 contained the NA isolates associated with recent disease outbreaks in the Pacific Northwest region of the USA. Symptoms caused by isolates of the two lineages on B. rapa and B. juncea differed, and therefore “chlorotic leaf spot” is proposed for the disease caused by Lineage 2 isolates of P. brassicae. Isolates of the two lineages differed in genetic diversity as well as sensitivity to the fungicides carbendazim and prothioconazole.     

梨褪绿叶斑伴随病毒的RT-PCR和巢式RT-PCR检测技术建立

 梨褪绿叶斑伴随病毒(Pear chlorotic leaf spot-associated virus,PCLSaV)是新近发现的为害梨树的欧洲花楸环斑病毒属(Emaravirus)病毒,该病毒基因组由5条负义单链RNA组成。本研究比较分析了反转录引物pd(N)6、3C和5H及基于该病毒基因组RNA3和RNA5链序列设计的4对引物用于RT-PCR检测梨样品中PCLSaV的效果,结果显示,采用与该病毒基因组RNA链3′末端互补的引物3C用于cDNA合成及基于该病毒RNA5链序列的引物5-F/R用于PCR扩增时,检测PCLSaV的灵敏度相较采用引物pd(N)6和5H合成cDNA为模板时高10~100倍;不同部位和不同发病状况的梨树组织中PCLSaV检测结果差异明显。进一步建立了具有高灵敏度的巢式RT-PCR技术,采用外侧引物5-F/R和内巢引物5-IF/IR结合可用于梨不同组织样品中PCLSaV的检测。本研究为系统分析PCLSaV在我国栽培梨树上的危害状况及无病毒梨种质培育奠定了技术基础。     

Molecular variability of Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus in Shaanxi,China

Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) is one of the latent viruses that occur in apple orchards worldwide but usually without visible symptoms. In 2010–2012, a total of 550 apple leaf samples from 12 different major apple-producing areas in Shaanxi, China, were tested by serological assay for ACLSV; the results revealed an infection level of 51.5 %. Because of the known variability in the putative amino acid sequences of the coat protein (CP), and thus the potential for non-detection by serological assay, the molecular variability of isolates of ACLSV collected in Shaanxi was analyzed using PCR and compared with isolates from the rest of the world. Sequences of 504 nt corresponding to 87 % of the CP gene of 12 isolates were acquired by RT-PCR and deposited in GenBank with the accession numbers KF134387–KF134298. Comparisons of the partial CP gene sequences of these 12 isolates as well as isolates previously reported in the world revealed the pairwise identities ranging from 68.9–99.8 % and 73.8–100 % at the nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on these nucleotide sequences showed that the 72 isolates deposited in GenBank fell into three groups (P205, B6 and Ta Tao 5 Group). Our 12 ACLSV isolates were separated into the P205 and B6 groups, respectively. Multiple alignment analysis of the amino acid sequences of CP revealed that there was a combination of six amino acids at positions 40, 59, 75, 86, 130 and 184 in isolates from each group that could be used to distinguish among the three groups. Two recombination events were identified from all isolates by recombination analysis, and three ACLSV isolates collected in this study participated in these two events. Our results show that molecular variation was present in isolates of ACLSV collected in Shaanxi province and this may reflect introductions of the virus associated with different sources of germplasm.     

进境玉米种子携带玉米褪绿斑驳病毒的检测与鉴定

 Imported maize seeds were planted in a quarantine greenhouse and two seedlings with chlorotic mottle symptoms were observed. The ELISA results showed that the two seedlings reacted positively with antibody against Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV). The positive samples were further identified by RT-PCR method and the 711 bp size target bands were amplified specifically. The similarity range of nucleotide sequence of both RT-PCR product and six MCMV coat protein genes was 97%-99%. The amino acid sequence homology was 97.88%-99.89%. Based on the above results, the virus was identified as MCMV. It was the first time that MCMV was intercepted from imported maize seeds.     

云南省玉米灰斑病菌的分子鉴定

本研究利用ITS区、tef1基因、cmdA基因和HIS基因4个基因部分序列对2009-2011年间采自云南省主要灰斑病发生区域和吉林省部分区域的玉米灰斑病菌进行比较分析。结果表明,无论是4个基因序列单独聚类还是拼接序列聚类均把云南省灰斑病发生区域采集的菌株与Cercospora zeina聚为一群,而吉林省采集的灰斑病菌则与Cercospora zeae maydis聚为一群。聚类分析还表明云南省不同玉米产区的灰斑病菌遗传背景单一,在所有聚类树中均聚为一群,且自举支持值均>99%。