Effects of Cotton/Sesame Intercropping Patterns on Crop Growth and Yield

[Objective] Intercropping as an intensive planting method, could increase the utilization ratio of land and resources. The study aimed to explore the advantages and disadvantages of cotton/sesame intercropping, and then find out the best planting pattern of cotton/sesame intercropping. [Method] Equidistant row monocropping cotton (Tc₁), wide narrow row monocropping cotton (Tc₂) and monocropping sesame (Ts) were used as control. We designed three intercropping patterns as follows: 1-1 pattern (cotton row spacing was 80 cm, one row of sesame was planted in the two row spacing), 2-1 pattern (cotton grown in wide-narrow-row, one row of sesame was planted in the wide row spacing), and 2-2 pattern (cotton grown in wide-narrow-row, two rows of sesame were planted in the wide row spacing). The effects of different intercropping patterns on cotton/sesame yield, yield components, leaf area index dynamic change and dry matter accumulation were investigated. The land equivalent ratio was used as an index to assess the land use efficiency. [Result] The results showed that cotton/sesame yield were significantiy affected by different intercropping patterns. However, the seed cotton yield decreased only slightly in 2-1 intercropping pattern. Two years average showed that, the seed cotton yield, plant height, boll number of per plant and boll weight in 1-1 pattern were reduced by 17.3%, 7.9%, 19.7% and 7.9% compared with Tc₁, respectively. In the treatment of 2-2 model, which reduced by 16.4%, 5.81%, 14.8% and 6.2% in comparison with Tc_2. But in the intercropping systems, the mixed yield and comprehensive economic benefit of cotton and sesame were higher than those of cotton and sesame monoculture. The leaf area index of the group and the total amount of dry matter accumulation in unit area increased significantly under cotton/sesame intercropping systems. The land equivalent ratios in 2015 and 2016 were from 1 to 1.24 and 0.91 to 1.16, respectively. [Conclusion] Under different cotton/sesame intercropping systems, the mixed yield and total economic benefit were higher than that of monocropping cotton or sesame. The 2-1 cotton/sesame intercropping pattern occupied the most optimal production performance and easy to cultivate, which was the practicable intercropping patterns in sustainable development.     

Intercropping fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with and without biochar: Tests along a competition gradient

Integrating soil amendment biochar to legume‐based intercropping systems may amplify the intercropping benefits and lead to more sustainable production due to its positive effects on the soil physicochemical and biological environment. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum) is a legume used in an intercropping system in several countries in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. A barley cultivar and an Iranian fenugreek ecotype were studied in two replacement series experiments to find the best combination of the two species as well as the effect of adding biochar to the soil. Fenugreek and barley were grown in 4‐L pots in five density combinations (20:0, 15:5, 10:10, 5:15, 0:20) with and without application of biochar in sandy loam soil. The biomass, nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) amount of the two crops were measured fifty days after sowing, and the Relative Yield Total (RYT) was estimated. Our results showed that biochar application resulted in a higher total biomass, N and C amount in all combinations of fenugreek and barley. Total biomass was increased by biochar 19.2% when fenugreek was grown alone and 8.1 and 12.9% in series with 25 and 50% barley when biochar was added, respectively. Biochar increased dry matter, N and C accumulation in both crop species in the mixtures. An exception was the C amount of barley which was not influenced by biochar in intercropping. RYT values were largest for biomass, C and N amount in mixtures with 15 fenugreek plants per pot and 5 barley plants per pot corresponding to approximately 400 fenugreek plants per m mixed with 130 barley plants per m². Biochar application increased RYT of the total dry weight by 2.7 and 5.5% in mixtures of 25 and 50% barley plants, RYT of the total nitrogen by 0.8% in mixtures with 25% barley plants, and RYT of the total carbon by 2.7 and 6.6% in mixtures with 25 and 50% barley plants. The RYT values declined with increasing number of barley plants as a result of a less competitive ability of fenugreek when growing in high barley densities. The yield was highest with intercropping but monoculture of barley also resulted in high yields. The total highest yield was found when approximately 130 fenugreek plants per m² were mixed with 400 barley plants per m². Mixtures with 75% fenugreek and 25% barley obtained RYT values larger than 1 for biomass, carbon and nitrogen percentages.     

Yield Components of Apical and Subapical Ear Contributing to the Grain Yield Responses of Prolific Maize at High and Low Plant Populations

Subapical ears are largely responsible for grain yield variations in prolific maize (Zea mays L.) grown under conditions favourable for the expression of prolificacy trait, but limited information exists on yield components contributing to yield responses. A field experiment was conducted to determine the yield components of apical and subapical ear in prolific maize after various pollination treatments at two plant populations. Hybrid Pioneer 3733 was grown in the perfect stands of 71 428 and 35 714 plants ha^?1. Three pollination treatments were carried out: (i) free pollination; (ii) subapical earshoots were covered to prevent pollination; and (iii) apical earshoots were covered to prevent pollination. Grain yields of free pollinated plants were by 50.1 % larger at low plant population (265 g per plant) than at high plant population (177 g per plant) due to a 45.3 % increase in kernels per plant, whereas 1000‐kernel weight slightly increased by 3.3 %. These increased kernels per plant at low plant population were, in part, the result of kernel increments on apical ear (10.1 %), and mainly associated with kernels from subapical ears that did not occur at high plant population. At low plant population, the total grain yield per plant was reduced by 94 g (35.5 %) after the apical ear was bagged to prevent pollination, but only 52 g (19.6 %) when the subapical ear was bagged. When subapical ear development was stopped at low plant population, grain yield on apical ears increased by only 3.9 % as a result of heavier 1000‐kernel weights, clearly demonstrating limitations in kernel set and size. After grain development on apical ear was prevented, subapical ear enlarged to 80.3 % of maximum apical ear yield because the former had, on average, 2.5 % lighter 1000‐kernel weight and 17.5 % fewer kernels than the latter. Ears did not differ in row number when only apical or subapical ear was developed on plant, whereas subapical ears tended to have fewer rows than apical ears when both were present on the same plant. Our results showed that: (i) plant population affected all yield components on both apical and subapical ear except row number; (ii) the occurrence of subapical ear is triggered by achieving maximum potential kernel set on apical ear; and (iii) subapical ear is inferior in potential grain yield to apical one even when the latter was prevented from pollination.     

稻草覆盖对花生木薯间作系统产量和土壤性状的影响

研究了稻草覆盖对丘陵红壤旱地作物产量提升及土壤改良的效果,以期为南方丘陵红壤旱地土壤培肥、改良及稻草资源合理利用提供指导。通过设置不覆盖稻草、稻草覆盖和稻草覆盖+腐秆菌3个处理,分析了不同稻草覆盖对作物产量、土壤水分、土壤生物活性及土壤速效养分等指标的影响。结果表明:稻草覆盖能显著提高花生、木薯产量,而添加腐秆菌对花生、木薯产量增产效果不明显;稻草覆盖可明显促进土壤速效养分的积累,其中以速效钾提高最大,并显著提高土壤生物活性;稻草覆盖能明显提高土壤含水量,但主要影响0~20 cm土层土壤含水量。本试验条件下,稻草覆盖能显著提高作物产量,若增施腐秆菌可加速稻草秸秆的腐解,促进土壤速效养分的积累。     

氮肥和隔根对胡麻/大豆间作体系种间关系及间作优势的调控效应

为合理利用氮肥和隔根模式技术优化间作作物种间关系,进一步发挥种间优势提供理论依据,以胡麻间作大豆为研究对象,采用盆栽试验,研究不施氮(N0)和施15N 80 mg/kg(N80),根系完全分离(T1)、根系不分离(T2)、根系尼龙网分离(T3)3种隔根模式对胡麻/大豆间作优劣势和种间竞争力的影响.结果 表明,间作胡麻干...     

玉米/辣椒间作对玉米和辣椒光合特征、 生物量和产量的影响

通过大田试验,研究玉米和辣椒间作对玉米、辣椒的光合指标、生物量和产量的影响。结果表明：在间作方式下,玉米、辣椒的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、水分利用效率及气孔限制值均表现为较单作不同程度的增大趋势;玉米/辣椒间作条件下,玉米和辣椒的生物量和产量显著高于单作。因此,间作方式改善了玉米、辣椒的光合作用条件,提高了玉米和辣椒的生物量或产量。     

玉米梯度热带群体株高和穗高遗传变异研究

【研究目的】为创新玉米育种新材料。【方法】选用热带种质按照不同比例导入到温带种质中,构建梯度热带种质群体,以梯度热带种质群体为试验材料,探讨群体遗传潜力及性状遗传差异。【结果】研究表明,株高(PH)和穗位高(EH)群体间遗传差异极显著,梯度群体的株高和穗位高从100%热带种质群体到50%的热带种质群体呈现出逐渐增高的趋势,但变化幅度不大,当热带种质比例降到25%和12.5%时,株高和穗位高显著降低。【结论】导入12.5%或25%热带种质能产生较广泛变异,符合育种需要。     

密度与施肥对不同玉米品种产量的影响

为探索适宜普洱地区玉米高产栽培的优化农艺措施,以云瑞47、云优105两个玉米杂交种为材料,研究不同类型玉米品种在不同密度和不同施肥水平下产量的变化规律.结果表明：不同品种产量差异显著,在相同密度和施肥水平上云优105高于云瑞47;云优105栽培密度在82500株/hm2和施肥水平N37 kg/hm2、P2O5 225kg/hm2、K2O270 kg/hm2处理下产量最高;云瑞47栽培密度82 500株/hm2和施肥水平N375 kg/hm2、P2 O5 225 kg/hm2、K2O270 kg/hm处理下产量显著高于其它处理.     

The Response of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) to Inter- and Relay-cropping with Maize (Zea mays L.)

Four sweet potato cultivars were inter- and relay-cropped with maize at two locations in Peru. Increasing interspecific competition drastically reduced tuber yields of all cultivars; fewer tubers m ⁻² were produced and no tolerant genotype was identified. Likewise the mean tuber weight declined linearly for two cultivars when competition became severe. Shoot development was less affected. Under intense competition the plant top was favoured in assimilate partitioning to the detriment of tuber formation. Overall reduction in assimilate production due to mixed cropping was the major cause of yield loss. Various intercropping combinations were found with the same productivity but distinct proportions of the component crops (sweet potato + maize). Land equivalent ratio (LER) exceeded sole crop productivity only for the combinations with the highest maize yields. Biomass production was clearly increased by intercropping but there was no increment in marketable yields. Relay-cropping reduced tuber and maize yields and had the lowest productivity of all combinations tested.     

The Effects of Intercrop Spacing Patterns on the Silage Yield of Maize and Soybean

The effects of intercrop spacing patterns on the silage yields of both maize (lea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) were examined from 1985 to 1987. Dwarf maize was intercropped with nonnodulatmg or nodulating soybean in the spacing patterns, S_40same (two crops in the same row, 40 cm row width) and S_20ait or S_40ak (two crops in alternate rows, 20 cm or 40 cm row width, respectively). Tall maize was intercropped with nodulating soybean in S_40sames S_40alt and S_40pair (maize in 40 cm paired rows, soybean rows 20 cm outside each maize row and 80 cm from the next set of four rows) at 0 or 60 kg N ha⁻¹ and at population densities of 67% maize: 67% soybean or 50 % maize: 50% soybean. Maize and soybean were also intercropped and stripcropped on a farm-scale. The only difference between intercrops arranged in the same rows versus those in alternate rows was that the average soybean protein yields were higher in S_40same than in S_40alt. In 1986, the S_40alt maize-soybean intercrops produced higher maize yields, total biomass yields and Land Equivalent Ratios (LERs) than in S_40pirs, and in 1987, these responses were higher in intercrops than in stripcrops. In 1986, at 0 kg N ha⁻¹, the soybean biomass and protein yields were lower in S_40alt, than in S_40pairs and in 1987, these responses were lower in intercrops than in stripcrops.     

不同NPK用量对不同玉米品种产量及农艺性状的影响

为促进绥阳县玉米生产,进行了不同NPK用量对新中玉801、黔单100、金湘369产量及农艺性状的影响试验。结果表明：在各施肥处理上黔单100的单产水平均高于新中玉801和金湘369,在施肥方面黔单100在施纯氮12kg／667m2、施P205量12kg／667m2、施K2O量20kg／667m2产量最高,适合在绥阳县推广应用。     

玉/豆和玉/薯模式下玉米氮素吸收利用差异及氮肥调控效应

研究西南地区玉米主要2种套作模式下氮素吸收利用差异及氮肥调控效应, 为氮素高效利用提供科学依据。在四川2个玉米主产区, 通过连续4年的大田试验, 对比研究了玉/豆和玉/薯模式下玉米氮素吸收利用差异和不同供氮水平对玉米氮素吸收的调控效应。结果表明, 玉/豆模式下玉米收获期植株中的氮素积累2个试验点平均较玉/薯模式增加7.11%, 氮收获指数增加2.00%左右, 氮素吸收效率增加7.83%, 成熟期籽粒中氮素的分配比例增加1.76%, 而叶、茎鞘中氮素的分配比例分别减少5.85%和2.75%。分带轮作后, 由于不同前茬对土壤养分影响不同, 再加上套作优势, 玉/豆模式下玉米在生长前期就表现出明显的优势, 到收获期植株氮素积累2个试验点平均较玉/薯增加11.85%, 氮素吸收效率增加11.84%。在玉米氮素积累关键时期, 玉/豆模式在低氮处理下玉米植株氮素的积累量显著高于玉/薯模式相同施氮处理, 而在高氮处理下2种模式间差异不大或者表现相反, 氮肥偏生产力、氮素农艺效率和氮肥利用率也有相似的结果; 玉/豆模式在180 kg hm^-2施氮量下较其他处理显著提高了玉米氮素农学利用率、氮素吸收利用率和籽粒中氮素的分配量, 玉/薯模式下玉米氮素农学利用率和氮肥利用效率, 在180~270 kg hm^-2施氮量处理下较高; 花后氮素同化量玉/豆模式显著高于玉/薯; 2种模式均以施纯氮180~270 kg hm^-2处理有利于氮素转运和花后氮素同化量积累。     

整枝方式与种植密度对蒜套棉产量和品质的效应

以棉花抗虫杂交种鲁棉研15号(F1)为材料,在鲁西南3个不同的地点,研究了整枝方式(去叶枝、留叶枝)与种植密度(2.7、3.3、3.9、4.5万株·hm-2)对棉花产量和纤维品质的影响。结果表明,整枝方式和种植密度对棉花纤维品质的影响不显著,但对棉花产量有显著的互作效应,3.3万株·hm-2×留叶枝、2.7万株·hm-2×留叶枝和3.3万株·hm-2×去叶枝的组合比传统栽培(2.7万株·hm-2×去叶枝)分别增产20.4%、9.2%和10%,也显著高于其他处理组合;生物产量分别提高了13.7%、27.8%和11.6%,而经济系数只降低了5.3%、11.5%和4.5%。在维持较高经济系数和铃重的基础上增加生物产量和铃数是该3个处理组合显著增产的原因,适当提高密度并配合简化整枝是实现蒜套棉高产高效的重要技术途径。     

密度对不同株型玉米群体结构的调控效应

不同供试品种的茎叶夹角与株型特征密切相关,随着株型紧凑型增强,该参数值增大;在生育后期,不同株型玉米品种LAI各密度下大体表现为GY115较高,ND108次之,ZD958较低。随着密度增加,各品种LAI增大,紧凑型ZD958植株下位叶片的衰老速率相对减慢。供试品种群体中、下部1 d内各测定时期光截获的数量随密度增加明显减少,不同株型品种相比减小的幅度依数值大小依次为GY115,ND108和ZD958。随密度增大单株干物重降低,但以ZD958降低幅度较小,ND108次之,GY115较大。不同株型品种产量对密度的反应不同,获得高产的适宜密度存在明显差异。     

Effect of Relative Sowing Time on the Growth and Yield of the Component Crops in Okra/Maize and Okra/Cowpea Intercropping Systems

The effects of variations in the relative sowing time of component crops in okra/maize and okra/cowpea intercropping systems were examined in 1990 and 1991 cropping seasons. Okra was either sown the same day as, or two weeks before or after maize or cowpea. Intercropping reduced the growth and yield of okra, maize and cowpea relative to their sole crops. However, okra yield was depressed more by maize than by cowpea, especially when okra was sown two weeks after maize. Comparative assessment of okra/maize and okra/cowpea mixtures suggests that it is better to grow okra and cowpea together than intercropping okra and maize because yield advantages were always higher in okra/cowpea (67% and 59% in 1990 and 1991 respectively) than in okra/maize (15% and 29%). The results were discussed in light of competitive abilities of the various components in the mixtures.     

玉米–大豆带状套作行距配置对作物生物量、根系形态及产量的影响

空间配置是影响间作套种作物生长和产量构成的关键因素之一。本研究固定玉米–大豆套作带宽200 cm,玉米采用宽窄行种植,设置4个玉米窄行行距为20 cm(A1)、40 cm(A2)、60 cm(A3)和80 cm(A4)套作处理,2个玉米和大豆净作对照处理,研究行距配置对套作系统中玉米和大豆生物量、根系及产量的影响。结果表明,套作大豆冠层光合有效辐射和红光/远红光比值均低于净作,且随着玉米窄行的增加而降低。套作系统中大豆地上地下生物量、总根长、根表面积和根体积从第三节龄期(V3)到盛花期(R2)逐渐增加,但随着玉米窄行的增加而降低。套作玉米地上地下生物量从抽雄期到成熟期逐渐增加,根体积却逐渐降低,但这些参数随玉米窄行的变宽而增加。玉米和大豆在带状套作系统中产量均低于净作,且随玉米窄行的变宽,玉米产量逐渐增加,2012和2013两年最大值平均为6181 kg hm–2,而大豆产量逐渐降低,两年最大值平均为1434 kg hm–2,产量变化与有效株数和粒数变化密切相关。此外,玉米–大豆带状套作群体土地当量比(LER)大于1.3,最大值出现在A2处理,分别为1.59(2012年)和1.61(2013年),且最大经济收益也出现在A2处理(2年每公顷平均收益为1.93万元)。因此,合理的行距配置对玉米–大豆带状套作系统中作物的生长、产量构成和群体效益具有重要的作用。     

箭筈豌豆、玉米产量对间作和施氮水平的响应

研究不同施氮水平下箭筈豌豆、玉米产量对单作和间作的响应,对于优化栽培措施、提高作物产量具有重要意义.本试验于2017年在甘肃河西绿洲灌溉区进行,重点研究是不同施氮水平下箭筈豌豆、玉米在单作及间作模式中干物质累积、产量构成、产量表现.结果 表明,间作箭菩豌豆干物质累积量与单作相比在不施氮(N0)、减量施氮(N1)和常规施...     

Intercropping and Poultry Manure Effects on Yields of Corn, Watermelon and Soybean Grown in a Calcareous Soil in the Jordan Valley

This study was conducted at the University of Jordan Research Station in the central Jordan Valley during 1988 and 1989 summer growing seasons, to determine the potential and response of summer crops to intercropping system and to poultry manure addition. Corn, soybean and watermelon were grown as sole crops and as intercrops in three paired combinations (corn: watermelon, corn: soybean, watermelon: soybean) with three levels of poultry manure (0, 20, 40 t/ha). The crop yields and land equivalent ratios (LERs) were determined for all treatments. The highest yields for the two cropping systems were obtained in response to the highest poultry manure addition. Corn gave the highest yield when intercropped with soybean, where increases in yield of 45 % and 66 % were obtained over those of corn sole crop at the same level of poultry manure (40 t/ha), in 1988 and 1989 seasons, respectively. Soybean gave the highest yield when grown with corn leading to an increase of 35 % and 34 % over soybean sole crop grown at the same level of poultry manure (40 t/ha) in 1988 and 1989, respectively. Watermelon gave the highest yield when grown with soybean, giving an increase which ranged from 390 to 920 kg ha⁻¹ over the yield of sole cropping system under the same level of poultry manure (40 t/ha). The LER values for all intercrop treatments were greater than 1.0 which gave clearly an indication for the superiority of the intercropping over the sole cropping system especially when 40 t ha⁻¹ poultry manure was added.     

品种、密度及播种期对烟后玉米产量的影响

为探讨普洱烟后玉米获得高产的最佳种植模式,进行了烟后玉米不同品种、不同密度和不同播种期的试验研究,结果表明最佳种植模式为：种植玉米杂交种品种甘优1790,密度60000株／hm2,8月10日前播种。     

Effect of Planting Geometry on the Growth and Yield Performance of Maize Intercropped with Rice

A field experiment with maize and rice planted under four planting configurations in an intercropping system was conducted to evaluate the plant competition effects on the performance of component crops. Intercropping substantially reduced grain yields of both rice and maize. Rice yield was generally low giving monocrop yield of 1,084 kg/ha. Intercropped rice ranged between 179 kg/ha and 615 kg/ha depending on maize planting arrangement. Monocrop maize yielded highest in square planting (3,617 kg/ha) and lowest in skip-row (2,600 kg/ha) planting, but planting geometry did not influence intercropped maize yield. Monocrop maize outyielded the combined yield of component crops suggesting no yield advantage through rice-maize intercropping.