43个中国小麦品种(系)抗叶锈性研究

 选用12个墨西哥叶锈菌生理小种对43个中国小麦品种(系)所携带的抗叶锈病基因进行了推导,在25个品种(系)中推导出6个抗叶锈基因Lr1,Lr10,Lr13,Lr14a,Lr16和Lr26,9个品种(系)对本试验所使有的12个叶锈菌生理小种都表现感病反应,另有9个品种(系)携带未知的抗叶锈基因。在墨西哥2个地点进行的田间成株期抗叶锈性试验表明,12个品种(系)表现慢叶锈性,在将来的抗病育种中有一定的应用价值。     

Pavon76苗期抗小麦叶锈性基因的推导

 选用19个具不同毒性基因组合的小麦叶锈菌致病类型对墨西哥品种Pavon76进行了抗叶锈性基因的推导。通过与48个抗叶锈单/双基因系的反应型比较,鉴定出该品种中可能含有Lr1、Lr3、L410、L413、Lr14a、Lr34和LrB抗性基因。     

四川58个小麦品种苗期抗条锈基因推导及成株期抗性表现

为了解四川小麦品种所含抗条锈基因及其在田间的抗性表现,将29个毒性谱各异的小麦条锈菌鉴别菌株于苗期接种35个已知抗条锈基因载体品系和58份四川小麦品种（系）,通过抗病谱对比分析和各品种（系）系谱分析,推导了四川小麦品种（系）的抗条锈基因型。在田间,选用中国小麦条锈菌优势小种CY32、CY33、Su-4和对Yr10、Yr24和Yr26致病的贵农22致病类型田间突变株进行混合接种,在乳熟期对各品种（系）的抗条锈性进行了鉴定。结果显示,Yr2、Yr5、Yr7、Yr9、Yr10、Yr24、Yr27、YrSpp、YrAlba等9个基因以单基因或基因组合的形式存在于44个四川小麦品种（系）中。有6个品种（系）含有Yr9基因,10个品种（系）含有Yr10基因,11个品种（系）含有Yr24基因,其中1个同时含有Yr10和Yr24基因。23个品种（系）含有未知基因及其组合。共有19个小麦品种（系）成株期对包含上述混合菌种在内的田间流行菌系表现抗病,其中5个品种抗性受成株抗性基因控制。     

江苏省重要小麦品种抗叶锈病和秆锈病基因初步分析

作者分别选用15个具不同毒性基因组合的叶锈菌系和10个具不同毒性基因组合的秆锈菌系推导分析了江苏省26个重要小麦品种(系)所携带的抗叶锈病和抗秆锈病基因。在供试的39个已知抗叶锈病基因(或基因组合)和44个已知抗秆锈病基因中,推导出了Lr1、Lr10、Lr13、Lr16、Lr26、Lt13 3Ka等6个抗叶锈病基因(或基因组合)和Sr5、Sr6、Sr7b、Sr8a、Sr9e、Sr10、Sr13、Sr14、Sr15、Sr17、Sr20、Sr23、Sr27、Sr28、Sr29、Sr31、SrTmp等17个抗秆锈病基因,以单基因或基因组合的形式分别分布在20和24个小麦品种(系)中,其中Lr16、Lr26和Sr5、Sr23、Sr31是供试材料的主要已知抗叶、秆锈病基因。初步发现一些品种(系)携带有Lr13和Sr31等已知持久抗锈基因(或基因组合)及不同于本研究所用的已知基因的未知基因。     

甘肃36个小麦生产品种抗叶锈病基因分析及成株期抗性评价

为明确甘肃省主要小麦品种可能含有的抗叶锈病基因状况,用来自甘肃不同地区的22个小麦叶锈菌生理小种,在苗期对测试品种进行抗叶锈基因推导,并对这些材料进行成株抗叶锈性鉴定。结果表明,在已知抗叶锈病基因中,Lr2B、Lr13、Lr16、Lr22A、Lr30和Lr14B等基因以单基因或基因组合的形式分别分布在‘灵选6号’‘会宁15’‘兰天37’‘陇鉴113’‘兰天151’‘兰天134’和‘兰天40’等7个小麦品种中。‘陇鉴111’‘兰天31’‘陇鉴9343’‘天选67’和‘天选65’等14个品种可能含有与供试已知基因不同的抗性基因,‘中梁35’‘陇鉴110’‘陇原931’和‘天选57’等15个小麦品种推导其不含有供试的抗叶锈病基因。成株期抗叶锈性鉴定表明:‘陇原931’‘陇鉴9343’‘天选57’‘天选67’‘兰天31’‘临麦22’‘兰天134’‘兰天151’‘陇鉴113’‘陇麦838’和‘中梁35’具有较好的成株期抗性,具有抗叶锈病应用潜力。     

持久抗条锈小麦品种抗病性特点分析

利用我国１５个小麦条锈菌主要流行小种和致病类型，测定了国内外７个持久抗条锈小麦品种的抗病性。结果表明，尽管不同持久抗病品种苗期抗病谱有很大差异，但成株期对许多供试菌系均表现有效抗性。抗病温度敏感性试验显示，随着培养温度由低温、常温向高温提高，持久抗性品种抗性逐渐增强，表现为反应型和严重度降低。抗病基因分析表明，持久抗病品种不仅含有温敏型微效抗病基因，而且含有成株抗病基因，它们共同对品种持久抗条锈性起作用     

陕甘川豫主要后备小麦品种对中国条锈菌优势种群苗期抗性的聚类分析

为了弄清我国小麦条锈病主要流行区后备小麦品种的抗锈性,选用6个条锈菌优势菌系,对陕、甘、川、豫四省近年来培育的200份后备小麦品种进行苗期和成株期鉴定,并分别对不同省份后备品种的抗条锈性进行聚类分析。结果表明,供试品种对我国条锈菌优势种群的抗锈性表现为:四川省后备品种抗锈性最强,对供试菌系全免的品种占80.82%;其次为陕西省和甘肃省,分别为52.73%和50.00%,河南省的最弱,全免的品种仅占22.22%;从抗性类型种类和分布来看,陕西省后备品种抗性分化明显,中间类型少,甘肃省品种的抗性类型分布比较均匀,表明陕西省后备品种的抗锈基因较单一,甘肃省后备品种中所含的抗病基因类型复杂,显示甘肃省近年来重视抗源多样化育种带来了成效;成株期抗锈品种数量明显多于苗期,表明后备品种中存在大量的成株抗锈品种。     

临麦系列春小麦品种抗条锈性分析

小麦条锈病是发生于甘肃省临夏州小麦生产上的最主要病害,种植抗病品种是防治该病最经济有效且有利于保护环境的措施。作者于2013年在甘肃省农业科学院植物保护研究所兰州低温温室和甘谷试验站进行了苗期、成株期分小种接种鉴定,并于2010-2014年对临麦系列春小麦品种‘临麦32号’~‘临麦36号’在甘肃省不同生态区的8个试验点进行成株期抗条锈性分析,结果表明:春小麦品种‘临麦32号’苗期对所有供试菌系均表现感病,成株期对CYR29和CYR32表现中抗-中感;‘临麦33号’除对CYR29苗期表现免疫、成株期表现中抗-中感外,对其余供试菌系均表现感病。对自然诱发的条锈病,两品种也表现感病;‘临麦34号’和‘临麦36号’除对新菌系G22-9、G22-14表现感病外,对其余菌系表现抗病,但自2013年开始两品种在田间也表现感病;‘临麦35号’全生育期对接种及自然诱发的条锈菌均表现抗病。苗期选用24个国内外供试条锈菌单孢菌系进行基因推导分析,发现供试临麦系品种抗性谱与已知基因载体品种的抗性谱均不一致,初步推测供试临麦系品种含有未知抗条锈基因。     

中国小麦生产品种对条锈菌不同生理小种抗病性分析

小麦条锈病是严重威胁我国小麦安全生产的病害,抗病品种培育和利用是经济、安全、高效的防控策略.通过对来自全国不同麦区的115个小麦生产品种进行苗期和成株期抗条锈病分小种鉴定的结果显示,供试小麦品种对条锈菌流行小种的抗病性存在明显差异.其中,苗期对7个条锈菌生理小种均表现抗病的品种9个(占参试品种的7.8%),均表现感病的品种23个(占20.0%);对条锈菌生理小种CYR32、CYR33和V26均表现全生育期抗性的品种13个(占11.3%)、成株抗性品种5个(占4.3%)和慢锈性品种3个(占2.6%).表明当前我国小麦主产区品种整体抗条锈性水平仍较低,需大力加强小麦抗条锈病育种工作,并对不同麦区小麦品种合理布局问题进行了讨论.     

22份中国小麦生产主栽品种抗条锈病基因解析

为挖掘新的小麦抗条锈病基因,掌握小麦生产主栽品种的抗条锈病基因携带情况,有效防控小麦条锈病,采用抗性鉴定、基因推导分析和分子标记技术对22份小麦生产上主栽品种进行了研究,通过抗性鉴定比较22份小麦主栽品种与已知基因载体品种的抗谱。结果显示,共推测出14份供试品种携带已知抗条锈基因,8份供试品种携带未知抗条锈基因,是新的抗锈基因资源;聚类分析结果显示,供试22份小麦品种可分为2个大类6个亚类;利用SSR分子标记检测抗条锈病基因Yr1、Yr10和Yr24的携带情况发现,11份品种携带Yr1基因,2份品种携带Yr10基因,22份品种均不携带Yr24基因。部分生产主栽品种携带新的抗条锈病基因,表明小麦品种选育中避免了抗性基因单一化,并加强了未知基因的利用。     

Genetics of leaf rust resistance in spring wheat cultivars alsen and norm

ABSTRACT Alsen is a recently released spring wheat cultivar that has been widely grown in the United States because it has resistance to Fusarium head blight and leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina. Norm is a high yielding wheat cultivar that has been very resistant to leaf rust since it was released. Alsen and Norm were genetically examined to determine the number and identity of the leaf rust resistance genes present in both wheats. The two cultivars were crossed with leaf rust susceptible cv. Thatcher and F(1) plants were backcrossed to Thatcher. Eighty one and seventy three BCF(1) of Thatcher times; Alsen and Thatcher x Norm respectively, were selfed to obtain BCF(2) families. The BCF(2) families were tested as seedlings with different isolates of P. triticina that differed for virulence to specific leaf rust resistance genes. The BCF(2) families that lacked seedling resistance were also tested as adult plants in greenhouse tests and in a field rust nursery plot. Segregation of BCF(2) families indicated that Alsen had seedling genes Lr2a, Lr10, and Lr23 and adult plant genes Lr13 and Lr34. Norm was determined to have seedling genes Lr1, Lr10, Lr16, and Lr23 and adult plant genes Lr13 and Lr34. The characterization of Lr23 in the segregating populations was complicated by the presence of a suppressor gene in Thatcher and the high temperature sensitivity of resistance expression for this gene. The effective leaf rust resistance in Alsen is due to the interaction of Lr13 and Lr23, with Lr34; and the effective leaf rust resistance in Norm is due to the interaction of Lr13, Lr16, and Lr23, with Lr34.     

1999年我国小麦叶锈菌毒性监测

采用国际通用的小麦叶锈菌鉴别寄主和辅助鉴别寄主分析了来自1999年我国不同地区小麦叶锈菌的毒性基因,479个叶锈菌株共划分为162个毒性类型,其中23个为主要毒性类型.毒性类型中出现频率最高的为FHB、PHT、FHG、THT,它们对抗叶锈基因Lr2a、Lr2b、Lr3、Lr10、Lr14b、Lr16、 Lr26的平均毒性频率高于80%,而对Lr3ka、Lr25、Lr19、Lr24、Lr30、Lr15、Lr35的平均毒性频率低于30%;发现对Lr35有毒力的菌株,出现频率为1.04%;至今尚未发现对Lr38、Lr45抗性基因有毒力的菌株.研究同时发现,不同地区小麦叶锈菌的毒性类型不同,毒性频率存在一定的差异.Lr9、Lr15、Lr19、Lr24、Lr35、Lr38、Lr45为小麦抗叶锈育种可利用的有效抗病基因.     

春小麦品种沈免2063抗叶锈性遗传分析

为明确春小麦品种沈免2063所含抗叶锈病基因的对数、身份、显隐性和互作关系,以沈免2063为父本,分别与感病品种Thatcher及小麦抗叶锈病近等基因系Lr9、Lr19、Lr24、Lr25、Lr28、Lr42和Lr43的载体品系杂交,获得F1、F2和F3代群体后,分别在苗期和成株期进行抗病性测定。结果表明:沈免2063含有3对显性遗传且相互独立作用的抗叶锈病基因Lr9、Lr19和Lr25,在苗期,沈免2063对致病类型CBG/QQ的抗病性由Lr9和Lr25控制,对PHT/RP的抗病性由上述3对抗叶锈病基因控制;在成株期,沈免2063对优势致病类型PHT/RP和THT/TP等比混合菌种的抗病性由上述3对抗叶锈病基因控制。Lr9、Lr19和Lr25在育成品种中出现频率很低,目前尚很有效,但这3个基因均为典型的垂直抗病性基因,应进行基因布局、基因轮换等科学组配,才能延长其使用寿命。     

二倍体及四倍体中抗叶锈病基因在双二倍体中的表达与抑制

 通过杂交将近缘植物中的抗病基因导入普通小麦是抗病育种的常用方法。在利用二倍体和四倍体杂交合成双二倍体小麦过程中, 二倍体或四倍体携带的抗叶锈病基因在双二倍体中大多数情况下可以完全表达或部分表达其固有的抗病性, 但部分抗叶锈病基因则不能表达。四倍体波斯小麦Ps5、Ps8和野生二粒小麦D s3含有相同的抗叶锈病基因LrPs (暂定名), 在双二倍体Am1、Am2、Am3、Am5和Am7中可以表达其抗病性, 但在Am4中不能表达;二倍体粗山羊草Ae37含有Lr41和未知基因, 但Lr41在双二倍体Am2中不能表达;四倍体硬粒小麦Dr147携带Lr23和未知基因, 在双二倍体Am6中不能充分表达。抑制基因的存在是导致抗病基因不能表达或部分表达的主要原因之-。抑制基因位于AB染色体组或D染色体组上, 其抑制作用对抗病基因和病菌致病类型具有专化性, 还可能受温度等环境条件和寄主遗传背景等因素的影响。遗传分析结果表明, 在常温下, 双二倍体Am1、Am2、Am3和Am5对叶锈菌致病类型DGS/HB的抗病性均由1对相同的隐性抗病基因LrPs (暂定名)控制, 与它们具有共同的四倍体亲本Ps5有关。Am4不具有苗期抗叶锈病基因, 但含有来自粗山羊草A e39的1对隐性抑制基因SuLrPs (暂定名), 可抑制Am1、Am2、Am3和Am5中隐性抗叶锈病基因的表达。对抗病抑制基因存在原因和遗传分析验证方法等进行了讨论。     

Performance and Mapping of Leaf Rust Resistance Transferred to Wheat from Triticum timopheevii subsp. armeniacum

ABSTRACT Host plant resistance is an economical and environmentally sound method of control of leaf rust caused by the fungus Puccinia triticina, which is one of the most serious diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum) worldwide. Wild relatives of wheat, including the tetraploid T. timopheevii subsp. armeniacum, represent an important source of genes for resistance to leaf rust. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the performance of leaf rust resistance genes previously transferred to wheat from three accessions of T. timopheevii subsp. armeniacum, (ii) determine inheritance and allelic relationship of the new leaf rust resistance genes, and (iii) determine the genetic map location of one of the T. timopheevii subsp. armeniacum-derived genes using microsatellite markers. The leaf rust resistance gene transferred to hexaploid wheat from accession TA 28 of T. timopheevii subsp. armeniacum exhibited slightly different infection types (ITs) to diverse races of leaf rust in inoculated tests of seedlings compared with the gene transferred from TA 870 and TA 874. High ITs were exhibited when seedlings of all the germ plasm lines were inoculated with P. triticina races MBRL and PNMQ. However, low ITs were observed on adult plants of all lines having the T. timopheevii subsp. armeniacum-derived genes for resistance in the field at locations in Kansas and Texas. Analysis of crosses between resistant germ plasm lines showed that accessions TA 870 and TA 874 donated the same gene for resistance to leaf rust and TA 28 donated an independent resistance gene. The gene donated to germ plasm line KS96WGRC36 from TA 870 of T. timopheevii subsp. armeniacum was linked to microsatellite markers Xgwm382 (6.7 cM) and Xgdm87 (9.4 cM) on wheat chromosome arm 2B long. This new leaf rust resistance gene is designated Lr50. It is the first named gene for leaf rust resistance transferred from wild timopheevi wheat and is the only Lr gene located on the long arm of wheat homoeologous group 2 chromosomes.     

Molecular marker mapping of leaf rust resistance gene lr46 and its association with stripe rust resistance gene yr29 in wheat

ABSTRACT Leaf and stripe rusts, caused by Puccinia triticina and P. striiformis, respectively, are globally important fungal diseases of wheat that cause significant annual yield losses. A gene that confers slow rusting resistance to leaf rust, designated as Lr46, has recently been located on wheat chromosome 1B. The objectives of our study were to establish the precise genomic location of gene Lr46 using molecular approaches and to determine if there was an association of this locus with adult plant resistance to stripe rust. A population of 146 F(5) and F(6) lines produced from the cross of susceptible 'Avocet S' with resistant 'Pavon 76' was developed and classified for leaf rust and stripe rust severity for three seasons. Using patterns of segregation for the two diseases, we estimated that at least two genes with additive effects conferred resistance to leaf rust and three to four genes conferred resistance to stripe rust. Bulked segregant analysis and linkage mapping using amplified fragment length polymorphisms with the 'Avocet' x 'Pavon 76' population, F(3) progeny lines of a single chromosome recombinant line population from the cross 'Lalbahadur' x 'Lalbahadur (Pavon 1B)', and the International Triticeae Mapping Initiative population established the genomic location of Lr46 at the distal end of the long arm of wheat chromosome 1B. A gene that is closely linked to Lr46 and confers moderate levels of adult plant resistance to stripe rust is identified and designated as Yr29.     

Virulence of Puccinia triticina in Turkey and leaf rust resistance in Turkish wheat cultivars

Leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina is a common disease on wheat in the coastal regions of Turkey. Collections of P. triticina from infected wheat leaves were obtained from the main wheat production zones of Turkey in 2009 and 2010. A total of 104 single uredinial isolates were tested for virulence on 20 lines of Thatcher wheat that differ for single leaf rust resistance genes. Forty-four different virulence phenotypes were identified over both years. Four phenotypes were found in both years. Phenotype FHPTQ found in 2009, with virulence to genes Lr2c, Lr3, Lr16, Lr26, Lr3ka, Lr17a, Lr30, LrB, Lr10, Lr14a, Lr18, Lr3bg, and Lr14b, was the most common phenotype at 15.4 % of the total isolates. Forty-three winter and spring wheat cultivars from Turkey were tested as seedlings with 13 different P. triticina virulence phenotypes from Canada, the US and Turkey. The infection types on the cultivars were compared with infection types on the Thatcher near isogenic lines to postulate the presence of seedling leaf rust resistance genes in the cultivars. Resistance genes Lr1, Lr3a, Lr10, Lr14a, Lr17a, Lr20, Lr23, and Lr26 were postulated to be present in the Turkish wheat cultivars. DNA of the wheat cultivars was tested with PCR markers to determine the presence of the adult plant resistance genes Lr34 and Lr37. Marker data indicated the presence of Lr34 in 20 cultivars and Lr37 in three cultivars. Field plot evaluations of the wheat cultivars indicated that no single Lr gene conditioned highly effective leaf rust resistance. Resistant cultivars varied for combinations of seedling and adult plant resistance genes.     

Virulence Phenotypes of a Worldwide Collection of Puccinia triticina from Durum Wheat

ABSTRACT A total of 78 isolates of Puccinia triticina from durum wheat from Argentina, Chile, Ethiopia, France, Mexico, Spain and the United States and 10 representative isolates of P. triticina from common wheat from the United States were tested for virulence phenotypes on seedling plants of 35 near-isogenic lines of Thatcher wheat. Isolates with virulence on lines with leaf rust resistance genes Lr10, Lr14b, Lr20, Lr22a, Lr23, Lr33, Lr34, Lr41, and Lr44 represented the most frequent phenotype. Cluster analysis showed that P. triticina from durum wheat from South America, North America, and Europe had an average similarity in virulence of 90%, whereas isolates from Ethiopia were <70% similar to the other leaf rust isolates collected from durum wheat. Of the 11 isolates from Ethiopia, 7 were avirulent to Thatcher and all near-isogenic lines of Thatcher. The isolates from common wheat had an average similarity in virulence of 60% to all leaf rust isolates from durum wheat. P. triticina from durum wheat was avirulent to many Lr genes frequently found in common wheat. It is possible that P. triticina currently found on durum wheat worldwide had a single origin, and then spread to cultivated durum wheat in North America, South America, and Europe, whereas P. triticina from Ethiopia evolved on landraces of durum wheat genetically distinct from the cultivated durum lines grown in Europe and the Americas.