橡胶树生物量估测的数学模型*

依据生物体各部分器官与测树因子之间存在着相对生长规律，以树围（Ｇ）和Ｄ２Ｈ为自变量建立橡胶树树叶、树干、小枝、树根、树头、地上、地下部分及全株生物量估测模型，经综合检验，确认以树围为自变量的模型优于以Ｄ２Ｈ为自变量的模型。并利用此模型对更新橡胶林的生物量进行了估测，同时建立了橡胶树生物量表。     

水杉人工林生物生产力及纸浆材工艺成熟研究

本文研究了水杉的生长进程，各测树因子与地上部分生物量的关系及水杉纸浆性能。研究结果表明：１）密度对胸径、材积的连年生长量影响显著；２）水杉地上部分生物总量、树干重、枝叶重与胸径（Ｄ）、树高（Ｈ）的关系密切，相关系数均在０．９５以上；３）水杉纤维素含量在４１．６％￣４８．９％之间，平均纤维长度在３．０￣５．２毫米，并随年龄的增加纤维素含量增加、纤维长度加大；４）水杉纸浆材工艺成熟龄在８￣１０年。     

闽南麻竹人工林地上部分现存生物量的研究

对闽南地区麻竹人工林地上部分生物量模型及现存生物量结构进行了研究。结果表明：以模型ｍ＝ａ·（Ｄ２Ｈ）ｂ对麻竹地上部分总生物量和秆生物量进行估计较为可靠,而对枝、叶生物量的估计需引进枝下高因子ｈ及模型ｍ＝ａ·Ｄｂ·（Ｈ－ｈ）Ｃ或ｍ＝ａ·Ｄｂ·［（Ｈ－ｈ）／ｈ］Ｃ。闽南地区麻竹人工林地上部分平均现存生物量为３９．５１８ｔ·ｈｍ－２,按年龄分配为：３年生生物量最高,占５９．１７％,其次为２年生、４年生、５年生;按器官分配为：秆生物量最高,占６２．８１％,其次为枝、叶。地上部分总生物量与秆生物量随竹秆高度增加而递减,枝、叶生物量自６～８ｍ区分段分别向秆基及秆梢递减     

海南木莲人工林生物量及养分分配

本文测定并分析了海南尖峰岭地区３０年生的热带乡土树种海南木莲人工林生物量及其估算模型，论述了生物量及其养分分配规律。指出：海南木莲各器官及整株生物量模型以幂函数模型Ｗ＝ａ（Ｄ２Ｈ）ｂ比较理想；全林分的总生物量为１４４．０６６ｔ／ｈｍ２，其中地上部分生物量８９．９３５ｔ／ｈｍ２。乔木层生物量占７８．８１％，林下植物层占２１．１９％；在乔木层中，树干、树叶、树枝、树皮和树根所占的比例分别是５４．１２７％、２．３５４％、７．７６２％、９．３７０％和２６．３８８％；乔木层中，各器官的养分含量，除Ｃａ外，都是叶比其它器官（枝、皮、干、根）的养分含量高许多，Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ５个常量养分元素在海南木莲人工林生物体中的总贮量分别为５５７．７５４，２４．３３０，５９９．９０８，２７５．５５７，６４．１０３ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，各养分贮量在各器官中分布，除Ｐ外，从小到大为树叶、树枝、树皮、树干、树根     

欧美杨人工幼林地上生物量估测方法的探讨

用欧美杨密度试验林中所选择的标准木和侧枝作材料，以侧枝和树干的长度及直径为观测指标，分别采用不同的数学模型和估侧方法拟合侧枝的叶片、枝条和枝叶总生物量及树干生物量回归估侧模型，并对不同的估测方法进行分析比较和检验。经筛选，叶片、枝条及枝叶总生物量的枝长指数模型和基径的幂函数模型拟合最好，树干生物量则以树干长度与直径相乘积的指数模型最优。不论侧枝分龄与否和树干分段与否，所建模型均能获得较精确的估测结果。以５株活立木１９９２～１９９４年生长量观测数据为资料进行实测检验，估测值与伐倒实测值之间，树冠生物量相对误差平均为４．３１％，各株树干的相对误差都小于５％，地上部分总生物量平均只差２．５２％。     

黧朔栲人工林生长量的研究

用常规法对黧蒴栲人工林生物量进行了测定。研究结果表明，１３年和１０年生人工林的生物量分别为１６０．７５４ｔ／ｈｍ＾２和９４．７２５ｔ／ｈｍ＾２。乔木层各器官生物量为树干＞根＞枝＞叶；其生物量空间密度地上部分为５．３４７～８．１８４ｔ／ｈｍ＾２．ｍ。林木叶面积指数为６．５５＞８．１３ｍ＾２／ｍ＾２。树干年生物量随林龄增加而增大，１２年生达最大值１１．７３ｔ／ｈｍ＾２．ａ。     

石竹各器官生物量回归模型研究

利用石竹地上部分生物量调查资料，探讨各器官平均生物量与胸径、地径、竹高、枝下高的相关关系。应用回归分析的方法。选择不同的回归方程来拟合生物量估测数学模型。结果表明：以幂函数Ｗ－ｃＤ＾ａＨ＾ｂ所拟合的生物量估测模型最佳，经实用性检验。可靠性较高，具有很好的实用价值。可供生产参考。     

苏北沿海地区不同模式农田林网胁地效应的研究

从野外测定和理论估算两个方面，分析了苏北沿海地区杨树和水杉农田林网的胁地范围，结果表明：这两种模式农田林网存在着不同程度的胁地作用，且网格组成林带的胁地范围有着明显的差异，南林带量严重，水杉林网为１．０Ｈ；；杨树林网为１．５Ｈ；东、西林带其次，水杉林网为０．５－０．８Ｈ；杨树林网为１．０Ｈ；北林带胁地范围不明显。在胁地范围内，水杉林网的小麦减产率约为杨树林网的一半（北林带除外）。     

沿海地区水杉林带生物产量的时空结构特征

根据江苏沿海地区水杉林带中３３ 株标准木生物量的测定资料,分析了不同立地类型、不同林龄阶段水杉林带生物产量的结构特征。结果表明：旱作田水杉林带总生物产量稍高于水旱轮作田,但旱作田水杉林带的干量相对分配率小于水旱轮作田,而根量、枝量和叶量的相对分配率则大于水旱轮作田;随着林龄的增长,两立地类型水杉林带的干量相对分配率相应增大,根量、枝量和叶量的相对分配率相应减少;旱作田水杉林带生物生产力高于水旱轮作田,旱作田年平均净生产量由６ ａ 生的３－３６１ ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ） 增至１９ ａ 生的１７－５９２ ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ） ,水旱轮作田则由５ ａ 生的２－４９１ ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ） 增至１５ ａ 生的１０－６２２ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ） 。     

苏北京杭大运河堤杉木引种栽培研究

在苏北京杭大运河堤引种种栽培杉木研究结果表明，粗放经营林分，１９ａ时Ｈ１２．３０ｍ，Ｄ１．３１９．１ｃｍ立木积量２２４．０ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２，地上部分生物量达１４７．ｄ１２ｔ／ｈｍ＾２中径材５１．１％，小径材占４６．６５；集约管抚林分，１３ａ时Ｈ１１．９０ｍ，Ｄ１．３１５．１ｃｍ，立木蓄积量和地上部分生物量分别达２０４．７３ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾３和１１１．０５ｔ／ｈｍ＾２，中小径材各占４８．４％。广西融水     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.