依托耒昔河示范区项目建设 增强自身发展后劲

黄河流域水土保持耒昔河示范区是黄河流域规模最大的水土保持生态建设示范工程 ,将对黄河上中游地区水土保持综合治理起到示范样板作用。天水局依托耒昔河示范区项目建设 ,充分发挥技术优势 ,从前期工作、项目管理、科研示范推广、基地建设、骨干工程及科技队伍建设入手 ,拓宽了工作范围和领域 ,改善了基础设施条件 ,培养了科技队伍     

黄河水土保持生态工程前期工作有关问题探讨

黄河水土保持生态工程,是水利部黄河水利委员会在原有水土保持项目基础上,于2001年3月正式推出和启动的一项流域性水土保持生态建设工程。工程主要包括通过黄河委员会下达投资而开展的水土保持项目。黄河水土保持生态工程是黄河流域历史上准备时间最长、前期工作最充分、执行国家基本建设程序最严格的水土保持工程项目。自项目启动实施起,就积极试行项目法人责任制,推行工程建设监理制和招标投标制,实行中央资金拨付报账制,推广专业队施工,既加快工程进度,又提高了工程     

依托耤河示范区项目建设 增强自身发展后劲

黄河流域水土保持Ji河示范区是黄河流域规模最大的水土保持生态建设示范工程，将对黄河上中游地区水土保持综合治理起到示范样板作用。天水局依托Ji河示范区项目建设，充分发挥技术优势，从前期工作、项目管理、科研示范推广、基地建设、骨干工程及科技队伍建设入手，拓宽了工作范围和领域，改善了基础设施条件，培养了科技队伍，促进了全局各项工作的全面发展。     

扎实推进贵州水土保持生态建设工作 为建设社会主义新农村提供有力支撑

贵州是全国水土流失程度最为严重、农村贫困人口最多的西部省份之一。自1989年以来,国家先后在贵州实施了长江上中游水土保持重点防治工程等水土保持综合治理工程,至2004年,全省共完成水土保持综合治理面积2.22万km2。针对目前水土保持生态建设面临的主要问题,提出了新形势下水土保持生态建设的总体思路与目标。今后一个时期,通过抓好前期工作、加大投入力度、加强组织领导和协调、完善激励机制、依靠科技进步、强化队伍素质建设等措施,围绕山、水、田、林、路、居六个方面,扎实推进贵州省水土保持生态建设工作。     

水土保持生态建设工程监理理论实践与问题对策

黄河水土保持生态建设工程监理实践,从水土保持生态建设工程监理的特征、作 用和内容等方面为全国范围内推行这项制度积累了丰富的经验.目前还存在着前期工作不能 满足监理工作需要;变更较多,难以处置;造林种草工程量难以核实;匹配资金不到位,治 理任务完不成如何报帐;监理工程师通知难以落实;工程招投标不规范,监理工程师未能履 行监督职责等问题.今后应从完善前期工作,严肃计划管理;赋予监理工程师不改变工程规 模和投资情况下的变更权;改变项目投资方式;加强法律法规和规章制度建设等方面入手解决建设工程监理所面临的问题.     

加强水土保持基建前期工作开创黄河水保生态建设新局面

按基建程序 ,结合黄河水土保持生态工程建设的特点 ,提出今后黄河水土保持生态工程基建前期工作划分为规划、可行性研究 (含项目建议书 )、初步设计三个阶段 ,对治沟骨干工程还要求做技术施工设计 ,并提出了各阶段的原则要求。同时 ,要求在黄河水土保持生态工程建设中逐步实行项目法人制、工程建设招投标制、建设监理制三项制度 ,以规范建设行为 ,加强合同管理 ,明确各方责任 ,提高投资效益     

关于黄河水土保持生态建设可持续发展的思考

黄河水土保持生态建设的可持续发展,事关国家经济、社会发展的大局。建立健全良好的水土保持生态建设及运行管理机制,是实现黄河长治久安、维持黄河健康生命的关键所在。分析了通过黄河水土保持生态建设构建和谐社会的诸多制约因素,从加强黄河水土保持生态建设、构建流域和谐社会有效途径等不同侧面,提出了黄河水土保持生态建设可持续发展的建设思路:在牢固树立和落实科学发展观基础上,增加投资力度,全面加强水土保持动态监测和预防监督工作,充分发挥政府职能,强化政策引导,正确处理好黄河水土保持生态建设与维持黄河健康生命及区域经济、社会可持续发展的各种关系。     

抓住机遇 扎实工作 加快珠江上游地区水土流失防治步伐

搞好水土保持综合治理 ,是实现珠江上游地区经济社会可持续发展的基本要求、推进珠江上游地区全面建设小康社会的现实需要和提高珠江上游地区防洪减灾能力的有效途径。开展珠江上游地区水土保持生态建设 ,要坚持因地制宜 ,综合治理 ,着力解决群众生产生活的实际问题 ,充分依靠生态的自我修复能力 ,创新机制 ,调动社会力量参与水土流失治理。要加强管理 ,搞好前期工作、建设管理、资金使用与管理、工程建后管护、科技推广应用和组织领导 ,力争把珠江上游南北盘江石灰岩区水土保持综合治理试点工程建成精品。     

《山西水土保持科技》2007年报道要点

1.为贯彻水利部领导的治水新思路,加快水土流失防治步伐,将重点报道各地实行封禁治理、依靠生态自我修复能力恢复植被以及淤地坝建设方面的研究成果和经验。2.紧紧围绕加强水土保持生态建设,实现可持续发展,推进小康社会建设目标快速实现,重点报道水土保持重点项目建设、退耕还林还草、优化生态环境等方面的理论研究、经验总结。3.随着水土保持生态建设工程走向基建程序化,前期工作显得尤其重要。为规范项目工程规划、建议书、可研报告、初步设计等项编制工作,将报道有关方面的实践经验、理论探讨以及工作研究。4.立足于我国现有的水土保持…     

水土保持生态建设项目前期工作新规定

水土保持生态建设纳入国家基本建设管理程序后 ,其前期工作也要适应基本建设的要求。为此水利部颁发了水土保持规划、项目建议书、可行性研究报告、初步设计报告编制 4部暂行规定 ,对水土保持前期工作各个阶段的工作内容、重点、技术深度等做了明确规定。各地要尽快适应新规定 ,加强对前期工作的规范化管理 ,提高设计水平和管理水平。     

Mineralogical composition of the clay fraction and micromorphology of the Middle and Late Pleistocene loesses and paleosols in the center of the East European Plain

The mineralogical composition of the clay fraction and microfabrics of the cryogenic soil-loess sequences of the Middle and Late Pleistocene ages have been studied near the northern boundary of loess sediments on the East European Plain. Poorly ordered mixed-layered mica-smectitic minerals with different portions of smectitic layers predominate in the clay fraction; di-and trioctahedral hydromicas occupy the second place. The clay fraction also contains chlorite, clay-size quartz grains, and feldspars. Individual smectite is present in some of the samples. Interstadial chernozem-like paleosols are specified by the higher content of clay, the maximum concentration of smectitic layers in the mixed-layered minerals, and the presence of individual smectite. The clay fraction in the profiles of interglacial paleosols is sharply differentiated: in the eluvial part, it is depleted of smectite and enriched in kaolinite, hydromica, and clay-size quartz. These features allow us to suppose that interglacial paleosols were subjected to podzolization processes. According to the mineralogical indices, Middle Pleistocene paleosols can be differentiated into those subjected to lessivage (the Kamenskii interglacial paleosol) and podzolization (the Inzhavin interglacial paleosol).     

真菌及混合菌对锯木屑类腐殖质形成和转化的影响

采用液体摇瓶培养,在接种单一真菌(木霉、黑曲霉或青霉)和混合菌情况下,研究其对锯木屑类腐殖质组成和转化的影响,旨在揭示微生物利用木质素形成腐殖质的可能性,为土壤腐殖质形成提供理论参考和依据。结论如下:(1)在培养体系中,黑曲霉、青霉和混合菌在培养初期的快速繁殖致使代谢液中可溶性碳数量降低,随菌落繁殖渐趋平衡,降解作用增强,残留物中有机碳组分不断向代谢液中释放有机碳小分子,菌球的吸附作用更加速了这一过程,促使代谢液中有机碳数量急剧增加。木霉对残留物的降解作用显著,随后部分微生物量碳随菌体死亡重新进入残留物中,使得代谢液有机碳数量先增加后减少。整个培养过程中,残留物中碳的数量因降解作用而呈减少趋势。(2)WSS表现为先降低后升高的趋势。(3)接种菌悬液可迅速增大HLA和HLu的含碳量。青霉处理HLA组分一直处于降解阶段,而其他3个处理在培养初期均有利于HLA降解,随微生物自身合成和缩合作用的进一步增强,新的HLA形成。(4)培养初期,FLA的形成速度大于HLA,随后FLA逐渐向HLA转化。(5)培养结束后,各处理FLA分子趋于简单,而HLA分子在整个培养过程中先简单化,而后趋于复杂,新形成的HLA分子结构较复杂。(6)培养初期,木霉和黑曲霉的繁殖促使HLu数量增大,后期HLu逐渐向易溶态有机碳转化,青霉在培养中前期对HLu主要表现为降解,后期随菌体数量扩大,HLu数量再次提高,而混合菌处理HLu的数量一直处于递减状态。培养结束后,各处理HLu的数量均有所增加。     

Overview of the structure and the challenges of Japanese wildlife law and policy

Japan has a variety of laws to conserve and manage wildlife and biodiversity. This article reviews Japanese laws from conservation of endangered species to the fish and game code, and indicates the issues and challenges they face. It then discusses the issues and challenges for management in the application of the laws.The Japanese statute for conservation of endangered species corresponds to the US Endangered Species Act in appearance, but is much more limited in application and scope. There is no legal channel, such as lawsuits, to assure citizens’ and experts’ input. With respect to general species, management of fish and animals are divided; the fish code’s scope is limited to fishery purposes. Control of wildlife damage is the biggest emphasis in the wildlife code. Reform to bring principles of scientific management into pest control has begun, but conventional culling is still the norm.Japan’ wildlife and fish management is distinctive in relying upon local resource users, instead of on a strong regulatory agency. This is a consequence of traditional communal management, and is apparent in coastal fisheries. The depopulation and exhaustion of rural communities, however, makes it difficult to rely on the community for management. In particular, wildlife management, which relies on aging hunters, is facing a turning point. To address these changes, agencies must be strengthened and lawmakers must enact a mechanism to assure sound science in wildlife policy, while working to revitalize rural communities.     

下一代Internet发展综述——下一代Internet的产生和发展

本文论述了IPV6产生的社会原因,阐述了国外发达国家下一代Internet的发展状况和中国下一代Internet的发展状况及最新进展。     

Solods of the Baraba Lowland and the Priobskoe Plateau: Their properties and genesis and the methods of their diagnostics

The properties, hydrological features, and genesis of the solods occurring in the Baraba Lowland and Priobskoe Plateau were studied. Methods for determining the hydromorphism degree are considered; the features of the similarity and differences between the solods and other soils with textural profile differentiation are shown. Depending on the reasons for the waterlogging, the solods should be divided into two groups: the solods of groundwater waterlogging and the solods of surface waterlogging. Criteria for their discrimination are suggested: the ratio between the contents of the clay fraction in the parent rock (or in the B2 horizon) and that in the A2 horizon, the changes in the pH values along the soil profiles, and the content of nonsilicate iron compounds. The solods studied are shown to be formed under the conditions of a stagnant-percolative regime and gleying. This circumstance is an obligatory and sufficient reason for the formation of the light-colored acid eluvial (A2) horizons. According to some basic properties of the soil solid phase (the acidity, the total chemical composition, and the clay pattern in the eluvial part), the gleyed solods are close or identical to the gleyed soddy-podzolic and gleyed chernozem-like podzolic soils. At the same time, the solods differ from the gleyed chernozem-like podzolic soils by their thicker A1 (or Ap) horizon and their higher humus content (5–7%).     

优化书库环境加强图书保护

通过分析损害图书的各种自然因素,阐明优化书库环境、加强图书保护的重要性。     

陶寺古城形成与选址的环境与文化背景研究

临汾地区的陶寺遗址是黄河中游地区发现的夏代之前的都邑性古城。通过对临汾地区和陶寺遗址区域自然环境条件的研究和分析,结合区域考古学文化的发展,探讨了陶寺古城的形成原因以及选址影响因素。研究表明:全新世中期至陶寺文化时期,临汾盆地由于较为暖湿的气候条件、良好的土地资源和水资源条件,区域内的新石器文化获得了持续发展。仰韶文化中晚期,我国中原地区及北方地区的新石器文化均获得了快速发展。临汾地区不仅处于这一文化发达区域的中心位置,而且地处我国中原核心地区同北方和东北地区文化交流的重要通道上,同时也是我国东西向文化交流的通道之一,由于这种优越的地理位置,临汾地区的区域文化优势地位逐渐显露出来。相当于龙山文化晚期的陶寺文化时期,相较其他中原核心地区,临汾地区受水患影响较小,区域文化的强势地位进一步凸显,因而成为都邑性古城兴起之地。陶寺文化时期,古城所在的黄土台地冲沟尚未下切,南河和宋村沟均为宽浅的沟谷型河流,高于平原地面的黄土台地既有利于设防又能有效规避水患,在塔儿山上游地区拥有较大汇水面积的南河和宋村沟又可以提供丰富稳定的水源,因而是营建古城的理想场所。     

水氮耦合对苹果光合特性和果实品质的影响

通过不同灌水量和施氮处理,研究水氮耦合对红富士苹果光合特性及品质的影响。结果表明:红富士苹果的光合特性在不同水肥组合下的变化不同,其光合作用存在明显的“午休”现象。中水高肥和高水高肥的肥水组合对光合速率的保持有一定的作用。低水中肥的肥水组合的蒸腾速率最低,保水效果最好。中度水分供应条件下,施用较多的氮肥可以提高气孔导度利于光合的进行。肥水管理以灌溉量5250m³/hm²、氮肥施用量600kg/hm²方案能获得较高的品质效益。     

Glyphosate and the response of the soil microbiota

Limited information on the effect of glyphosate (N-phosphonomethylglycine) on soil microorganisms justified an inquiry into the response of soil actinomycetes, bacteria and fungi in terms of their respiration, and sensitivity of isolates. Low concentrations of glyphosate had little effect on total populations of these organisms during the 214-day experiment, while high concentrations initially increased actinomycete and bacterial numbers by 2 and 1$\text{case1}\text{2}$ logs, respectively. The stimulation was followed by a decline and fluctuation showing a gradual increase in numbers. The respiration rates of the soil microbiota in soil suspensions, showed some irregular stimulation and retardation with up to 10 μg glyphosate ml^?1. In contrast high doses suppressed O₂ uptake by the microbiota. Fungi were the least affected. Pronounced inhibition of actinomycete and bacterial respiration was in agreement with the results from isolate replication. The results indicated both stimulation and inhibition of O₂ uptake by some organisms within these groups. In contrast to some reports of limited, short-term inquiries these results showed considerable effects of glyphosate on soil microorganisms.