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1.
Cahill P. Joseph 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2004,51(7):773-781
Chia, Salvia hispanica L., was a staple crop in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. Despite the great potential of the species as an oilseed crop, little research related to domesticated and wild varieties exists. A study was undertaken to assess genetic diversity among 38 wild and domesticated accessions of S. hispanica collected throughout Mesoamerica by using RAPD markers. Genetic diversity was higher among wild varieties (H
G= 0.15) than all domesticated varieties (H
G= 0.10) and modern commercial domesticated varieties (H
G= 0.02), suggesting a slight loss of diversity accompanying domestication and a near lack of diversity in modern commercial varieties. In addition, the preliminary results indicate that the center of genetic diversity is in the highlands of western Mexico. 相似文献
2.
D. Arias J. Peñaloza-Ramírez O. Dorado P. Cuevas-Reyes Esaú Leyva Ana Luisa Albarrán-Lara G. Rangel-Altamirano 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2010,57(8):1227-1238
Jacaratia mexicana A. DC. (Caricaceae) is a tropical tree distributed throughout Mexico and Mesoamerica. Some evidence in Mexico indicates the
presence of an incipient domestication process in this species. Phylogeographical analyses can potentially determine contemporary
patterns of gene flow, isolation between population lineages, as well as historical processes such as population bottlenecks
or expansions on their geographical areas. In this study we reconstruct the phylogeographical patterns in populations of J. mexicana A. DC., in order to find differences between genetic variation among wild and cultivated populations utilizing chloroplast
DNA and nuclear DNA sequences. We generate a Bayesian phylogenetic tree, to estimate the divergence time between clades using
calibrated mutation rates. We also infer the demographic history of these populations using neutrality tests among wild and
cultivated accessions. We identified higher levels of haplotype and nucleotide diversity for the cpDNA and ITS types in wild
populations than in domesticated populations. These results indicate a reduction of genetic diversity derived from human selection
on domestication traits. Neutrality test suggests population expansion detected by the significant negative values of Fu’s
Fs in the cultivated populations of this specie. These process results in an excess of rare polymorphism with the fixation
of certain advantageous mutation throughout time, this implication are in accordance with the role of the strong selection
in the fruit traits of J. mexicana. The dated phylogeny constructed with BEAST program indicated a dispersion pattern for the J. mexicana ancestors across the South Pacific and South Eastern populations during the late Pliocene. Posterior dispersion and divergence
in the clades from Central Mexico and North Pacific are in agreement with the episodes of mountain-building in different regions
of Mexico. 相似文献
3.
Ru-Qiang Xu Norihiko Tomooka Duncan A. Vaughan Koji Doi 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2000,47(2):123-134
The present study, using RAPD analysis, was undertaken to characterize genetic variation in three forms of V. angularis, cultivated, wild and weedy forms, and their relationships. The materials used consisted of 171 individuals (plants) or cultivars from 23 populations including 5 wild populations, 6 weedy populations, 6 cultivated populations and 6 populations with plants having wild and weedy or intermediate morphology, denoted here as complex populations. The materials used were collected on Honshu Island, Japan and seeds collected directly from the field were germinated for DNA extraction. In addition, 6 landrace accessions of V. angularis from the genebank were also analyzed. Genetic variation was highest in the wild form (Hg= 0.132; GD = 0.388), followed by the weedy form (Hg= 0.124; GD = 0.341) and the least in the cultivated form (Hg= 0.079; GD = 0.274). Intra-population genetic variation was high in the weedy and in the wild populations. However, inter-population was greater than intra-population genetic variation for all groups of populations studied in the V. angularis complex. 93% of the total diversity in the present study was exhibited by plants from complex populations and specific RAPD bands were found in these populations. Our results provide evidence that complex populations would be a logical focus for efforts to conserve the V. angularis complex in situ. Our results suggest that weedy populations are usually an ecotype of the wild form adapted to a different habitat. 相似文献
4.
Emeterio Payró de la Cruz Paul Gepts Patricia Colunga GarciaMarín Daniel Zizumbo Villareal 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2005,52(5):589-599
The diversity, genetic structure, and genetic flow of wild populations of Phaseolus vulgaris L. within its Mesoamerican area
of domestication, were analyzed by means of morphological and inter-simple sequence repeat molecular markers. Overall, 89%
of the loci studied were polymorphic, 35% in the least diverse population and 65% in the most diverse. Genetic diversity in
the populations was high, between h = 0.14 and 0.29, as was the maximum distance between populations (D = 0.3). Between 40%
and 45% of the diversity was explained by the differences among populations, indicating that a large number of populations
is necessary to represent the wild gene pool in the germplasm collections. We found uniformity in allele frequencies among
the populations, suggesting presence of outcrossing. We did not find correlation between genetic and geographic distances,
but the dendrogram topology suggests geographical isolation due to the mountainous topography. Negative correlations were
observed between the coefficient of variation of seed size and the distance between wild populations and fields . We obtained
a highly negative correlation between percentage of polymorphic loci and distance to the nearest crop field, which also suggests
gene flow from the domesticated populations. These observations suggest that genetic flow is taking place from domesticated
toward wild populations and that the farmer, through his agricultural activities, could be influencing the magnitude and the
characteristics of the gene flow, and along with this, the differentiation of wild populations. New approaches should be established
for conservation in situ and maintaining bio-safety, given the risk of introducing genotypes from the Andes and transgenic
varieties and causing genetic assimilation. 相似文献
5.
There is a need to understand whether weed genetic diversity is the same among different populations, especially between those
exposed to herbicide selection and other without exposure history. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) were used to assess
level and patterns of genetic diversity in wild Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. et Coss. populations. A total of 93 plants from 24 wild populations in China were analysed by eight primers resulting
in 86 highly reproducible ISSR bands. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) with distances among individuals corrected
for the dominant nature of ISSRs showed that most of the variation (54.09%) occurred among populations, and the remaining
45.91% variance was attributed to differences among individuals within populations. The high differentiation was, perhaps,
due to limited gene flow (Nm < 1.0) of this species. Though highest gene diversity was observed in resistant B. juncea population, the overall distribution of diversity across China was not geographic dependent. High F
ST value (0.541) corroborated AMOVA partitioning and provided significant evidence for population differentiation in wild B. juncea. UPGMA cluster analyses, based on Nei’s genetic distance, revealed grouping pattern geographically. Based on these results,
the factors affect weed population genetic diversity and implication for herbicide resistance evolution were discussed in
the context of transgenic crops advent and increasing herbicide usage in China. 相似文献
6.
Analysis of genetic diversity in Turkish sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) populations using RAPD markers⋆
The genetic diversity of 38 cultivated populations of Sesamum indicum L. from four different regions of Turkey was estimated at the DNA level with the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Sixty-one bands were obtained for all populations 78% of which were polymorphic. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was used to investigate the genetic diversity of the populations which yielded highly significant differences among populations within regions (91.9% of the total genetic diversity). According to AMOVA and Shannon's index that were performed separately for each region, the highest value of genetic variation was observed among Northwest region populations (CV = 7.7; H0 = 0.304) and lowest in the Southeast regions' populations (CV = 2.6; H0 = 0.068). Nei and Li's similarity index was calculated and phylogenetic tree was established using the neighbor-joining algorithm. This phenetic analysis grouped 35 of 38 accessions in six groups leaving three highly diverse accessions outside. Wagner phylogenetic method was used to assess the phylogenetic relationships among the populations. In the majority-rule consensus tree, only 7 of the 32 forks showed above 60% occurrence. Using Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCO) of the RAPD data set, the groups were clearly separated along the first three axis. These results indicate that RAPD technique is useful for sesame systematics, and should be valuable for the maintenance of germplasm banks and the efficient choice of parents in breeding programs. 相似文献
7.
Hong Bo Guo Bao Rong Lu Qian Hong Wu Jia Kuan Chen Tong Shui Zhou 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2007,54(5):917-924
Genetic diversity of seven cultivated populations of Codonopsis pilosula Nannf. from Longxi County, Gansu Province of China was estimated using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers.
The 17 selected RAPD primers amplified 205 polymorphic bands out of a total of 235 (87.2%). Nei’s gene-diversity statistics
and population differentiation parameters based on AMOVA analysis indicated that the cultivated C. pilosula populations remained a high level of genetic diversity with Hs = 0.299 and I = 0.450. A greater proportion of genetic diversity was found within (77%) rather than among (23%) the populations. In addition,
we also detected that populations from different altitudes had a considerable genetic differentiation after 40 years of cultivation
at the same site. Populations from higher altitude had lower genetic diversity than those from lower altitude. Our results
suggested that irregular and sparse cultivation practices, i.e., random collecting, preserving, and planting seeds of the
medicinal species without deliberate selection, might be an efficient way to conserve genetic resources of medicinal plants,
in addition to their effective uses. 相似文献
8.
The present study, using RAPD analysis, was undertaken to characterize genetic variation in domesticated cowpea and its wild progenitor, as well as their relationships. The materials used consisted of 26 domesticated accessions, including accessions from each of the five cultivar-group, and 30 wild/weedy accessions, including accessions from West, East and southern Africa. A total of 28 primers generated 202 RAPD bands. One hundred and eight bands were polymorphic among the domesticated compared to 181 among wild/weedy cowpea accessions. Wild accessions were more diverse in East Africa, which is the likely area of origin of V. unguiculata var. spontanea. Var. spontanea is supposed to have spread westward and southward, with a loss of variability, loss counterbalanceed in southern Africa by introgressions with local perennial subspecies. Although the variabilty of domesticated cowpea was the highest ever recorded, cultivar-groups were poorly resolved, and several results obtained with isozyme data were not confirmed here. However primitive cultivars were more diverse than evolved cultivars, which still suggests two consecutive bottlenecks within domesticated cowpea evolution. As isozymes and AFLP markers, although with a larger number of markers, RAPD data confirmed the single domestication hypothesis, the gap between wild and domesticated cowpea, and the widespread introgression phenomena between wild and domesticated cowpea. 相似文献
9.
Carlos Navea Teresa Terrazas Alfonso Delgado-Salinas Porfirio Ramírez-Vallejo 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2002,49(2):125-132
It is surmised that domestication has reduced geneticvariability in the common bean (Phaseolusvulgaris L.). However, little is known about leaf anatomy responses to water stress in wild or domesticated forms ofP. vulgaris. In this study,anatomical variation was evaluated in watered and water stressed plants of wild and domesticated genotypes of P.vulgaris from Mexico, growing under greenhouse conditions. Five terminal leaflets of completely expanded leaves wereused to evaluate leaf area (LA) and theirmiddle-regions to evaluate leaf thickness (LT), and various anatomical features. Domesticated genotypes showed bigger LAthan that of the wild ones; there was an effect due to the origin of materials, LA being bigger in genotypes from warm and humid lands that those from dry and temperate ones. No differences were detected in LT among materials; however, in domesticated plants the palisadeparenchyma predominated over the spongy one, contrasting with thewild genotypes. Under drought conditions, stomatal abortion was observed in wild and domesticated genotypes, especially on theabaxial surface. We conclude that, in fact, there are contrasting differences in leaf anatomy among wild and domesticated forms of Mexican Phaseolus vulgaris. Results suggest that domestication not only favours the enlargement of the LA, but also an increase in palisade parenchyma, suggesting a divergence toward assimilation in domesticated forms, in contrast with a better internal gas diffusion in wild forms. Domestication seems to have accentuated stomatal abortion as means of a transpirational control mechanism to counteract the effects of drought. 相似文献
10.
O. Ozbek E. Millet Y. Anikster O. Arslan M. Feldman 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2007,54(7):1587-1598
The aim of the present study was to assess the genetic variation in several Israeli and Turkish populations of wild emmer
wheat, Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, the progenitor of most domesticated wheat. Single spikes were collected in 2002 from 60 plants that grew in six different
habitats in Ammiad, northeastern Israel (8–12 plants from each habitat), and in 1998 from 56 plants that grew in seven different
habitats in Diyarbakir, southeastern Turkey (8 plants from each habitat). Seeds were planted in a nursery and DNA was extracted
from every plant and analyzed by the fluorescent-based amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) method. Seven primer
combinations produced 788 discernible loci of which 48.6% were polymorphic in Israel and 40.5% in Turkey. The genetic diversity
estimates P (frequency of polymorphic loci) and He (gene diversity) were higher in Ammiad than in Diyarbakir (means of P = 0.34 and He = 0.13 in Ammiad vs. P = 0.20 and He = 0.08 in Diyarbakir). Ammiad populations contained more unique alleles than Diyarbakir populations. The relative genetic
diversity estimates (θ) values were 0.188 in Ammiad and 0.407 in Diyarbakir, suggesting better differentiation of the populations in Turkey. Genetic
distance was larger between Israeli and Turkish populations than between populations of each country. The data indicate that
the Israeli and Turkish populations are considerably diverged and that the Israeli populations are more polymorphic than the
Turkish ones, having a larger within-populations genetic variation than among-populations one. The significance of the results
in relation to the differentiation pattern of wild emmer in the Near East is discussed. 相似文献
11.
Mulatu Geleta Tomas Bryngelsson Endashaw Bekele Kifle Dagne 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2007,54(3):601-614
Genetic diversity of 70 populations of niger (Guizotia abyssinica) representing all its growing regions in Ethiopia was investigated using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to reveal
the extent of its populations genetic diversity. Ninety-seven percent of the loci studied was revealed to be polymorphic for
the whole data set. The within population diversity estimated by Shannon diversity index and Nei gene diversity estimates
was revealed to be 0.395 and 0.158, respectively. The extent of genetic variation of populations from major niger producing
regions was significantly lower than that of populations from other regions; however, it is distributed regardless of altitude
of growth. Genetic differentiation between populations was estimated with Shannon index as G′
ST (0.432), Nei’s G
ST (0.242) and AMOVA based F
ST (0.350) and appears to be equivalent to the average values calculated from various RAPD based studies on outcrossing species.
Higher proportion of the variation detected by AMOVA resided within populations (64.58%) relative to the amount of variation
among populations (35.42%). UPGMA cluster analysis showed that most of the populations were clustered according to their region
of origin. However, some populations were genetically distant from the majority and seem to have unique genetic properties.
It is concluded that the crop has a wide genetic basis that may be used for the improvement of the species through conventional
breeding and/or marker assisted selection. Collection of germplasm from areas not yet covered and/or underrepresented is the
opportunity to broaden the genetic basis of genebank collection. 相似文献
12.
Mauricio Parra-Quijano Sauris Panda Nohra Rodríguez Elena Torres 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2012,59(1):49-66
Ullucus tuberosus (common name ‘ulluco’) is a popular tuber crop of Andean highlands. Until now attention has been focused on ulluco from Bolivia,
Peru and Ecuador, but little is known about its diversity in Colombia. Thirty-six accessions of cultivated ulluco preserved
in the Gene Bank of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia were studied to assess the genetic diversity and spatial genetic
structure of Colombian ulluco. We used morphological characters, molecular markers (total proteins, isozymes and RAPDs) and
ploidy level. High morphological variability, especially for tuber shape and colour characters, was found. Eight accessions
from north-east Colombian Andes showed some typical character-states of wild ulluco, suggesting that they could be partially
domesticated forms. Genetic analysis using RAPD markers indicated that these accessions were very similar to other cultivated
ullucos belonging to the same region. The regional structure observed in isozyme and RAPD dendrograms was confirmed by AMOVA
results (52.6% among-region variation) and the spatial correlogram, showing the presence of two gene pools of ulluco in Colombia.
Our results and the accumulated data suggest that ulluco was introduced to Colombia at least two times. Initially, semi-domesticated
forms would have come from the central Andes to north-east Colombian Andes, where the native inhabitants would have completed
the domestication process. Again, fully domesticated ullucos might have been introduced to south-west Colombian Andes. 相似文献
13.
Shao-Qing Tang Xiao-Yun Bin Yun-Tao Peng Jun-Ya Zhou Li Wang Yang Zhong 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2007,54(5):1053-1061
Genetic variation of wild populations and cultivars of Luohanguo (Siraitia grosvenorii), a plant species endemic to southern China, was assessed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and amplified fragment
length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Based on the results for 130 individuals from seven populations, a high level of genetic
diversity of Luohanguo was observed at the species level. The percentage of polymorphic loci (P) was 89.4%, Nei’s gene diversity (H
e) was 0.239, and Shannon’s information index (H
o) was 0.373 based on the combined AFLP and RAPD data. There was a high degree of genetic differentiation, with 45.1% of the
genetic variation attributed to differences between the populations. The genetic diversity of the Luohanguo cultivars is much
lower than that of wild populations (P = 41.8%, H
e = 0.141, H
o = 0.211), and a distinct genetic differentiation is observed between the cultivars and wild accessions. The pool of genetic
variation in the wild populations provides an excellent gene resource for Luohanguo breeding. 相似文献
14.
S. Ghariani N. Trifi-Farah M. Chakroun S. Marghali M. Marrakchi 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2003,50(8):809-815
The genetic diversity in Tunisian perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was examined by the help of inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR). Starting from eighteen accessions, a large number of polymorphic ISSR markers were currently generated using appropriate primers (a total of 136, which average of 12.6 polymorphic bands/primer). These markers were considered to estimate the genetic distance among accessions and to draw phylogenetic trees. Our data provide evidence of a high degree of genetic diversity in Tunisian ryegrass. In addition, both cultivars and wild types present a high degree of divergence suggesting a complex domestication process in this crop. Moreover, spontaneous populations of Tunisian ryegrass have been identified as important ecotypes that are suitable in selection programs to improve grasslands. 相似文献
15.
Stina Christensen Roland von Bothmer Gert Poulsen Lorenzo Maggioni Marianne Phillip Bente Anni Andersen Rikke Bagger Jørgensen 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2011,58(5):657-666
AFLP markers were used to characterize diversity and asses the genetic structure among 17 accessions of kale landraces, cultivars
and wild populations from Europe. The range of average gene diversity in accessions was 0.11–0.27. Several landraces showed
higher levels of diversity than the wild populations and one cultivar had the lowest diversity measures. The landraces that
were most genetically diverse were from areas where kales are known to be extensively grown, suggesting in situ conservation in these areas as a supplement to storage of seeds in gene banks. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA)
showed that 62% of the total variation was found within accessions. For most accessions, genetic distance was not related
to geographic distance. Similarities among accessions were probably not caused by recent gene flow since they were widely
separated geographically; more likely the relationship among them is due to seed dispersal through human interactions. Our
results indicate that a kale population found in a natural habitat in Denmark was probably not truly wild but most likely
an escape from a cultivated Danish kale that had subsequently become naturalized. 相似文献
16.
Genetic variability, based on prolamines, was studied among 40 populations of Agropyron mongolicum Keng that were collected from the extensive geographic areas of northern China. A high level of genetic diversity was detected
in these A. mongolicum populations. In total, 81 electrophoretic bands were observed following acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (A-PAGE),
among which 20, 16,␣10, and 35 allelic variants were separated into α-, β-, γ-, and ω-fractions of prolamine. Each A. mongolicum population had unique electrophoretic pattern, which exhibited enough genetic diversity for identification and classification
of populations in A. mongolicum. The proportion of diversity among and within geographic regions from which the populations of A. mongolicum originated indicated that 52.1% of the total variation was found within regions, and 47.9% among regions. According to the
dentrogram based on the Nei’ genetic distance matrix, the A. mongolicum populations from different regions were distinctly clarified. At Nei’s distance of 0.75, the populations of A. mongolicum were divided into two groups. The UPGMA phenogram and the principal coordinate analysis (PCA) indicated that the populations
from similar eco-geographical situations were clustered together. 相似文献
17.
Oryza granulata, an upland wild rice species, represents an unique germplasm for possessing abilities of tolerance to shade and drought,
immune to bacterial blight and resistance to brown planthopper. Although low degree of genetic variability has been revealed
within its populations, little genetic information at the species level is available in determining rational conservation
strategies. Here we used dominant DNA marker random amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD) to assess the genetic variability among
23 accessions of O. granulata that collected from main distribution areas worldwide. Twenty decamer primers generated a total of 243 bands, with 83.5%
of them (203 bands) being polymorphic. Calculation of Shannon index of diversity revealed an average value of 0.42 ± 0.25,
indicating that O. granulata maintains a relatively high degree of genetic diversity on the species level. Analysis of genetic dissimilarity (GD) showed
that genetic differentiation occurred among studied accessions, which supports the feasibility of current ex situ conservation strategies. We also suggested that information based on population studies, which could be achieved by international
co-operation, is needed to conserve this widespread germplasm more effectively. 相似文献
18.
Ali Gharghani Zabihollah Zamani Alireza Talaie Nnadozie C. Oraguzie Reza Fatahi Hassan Hajnajari Claudia Wiedow Susan E. Gardiner 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2009,56(6):829-842
In order to shed light on the role of Iran in apple evolution and domestication, we chose to investigate the relationships
of a collection of 159 accessions of wild and domesticated apples including Iranian indigenous apple cultivars and landraces,
selected wild species, and old apple scion and rootstock cultivars from different parts of the world. The majority of the
wild species belonged to M. sieversii, which is widely believed to be the main maternal wild ancestor of domestic apples, from Kazakhstan and M. orientalis, which is one of the probable minor ancestors of domestic apples, from Turkey and Russia located on the east and west of
Iran, respectively. The accessions were assigned into six arbitrary populations for the purpose of generating information
on genetic parameters. Nine simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci selected from previous studies in apple were screened over DNA
extracted from all the accessions. Results showed that all SSR loci displayed a very high degree of polymorphism with 11–25
alleles per locus. In total, there were 153 alleles across all loci with an average of 17 alleles per locus. The SSR allelic
data were then used for estimation of population genetic parameters, including genetic variation statistics, F-statistics,
gene flow, genetic identity, genetic distance and then cluster analysis using POPGENE 1.32 software. The F-statistics and
gene flow in particular, showed that there was more intra-population than between population variation. The genetic identity
and genetic distance estimates, and the dendrogram generated from the un-weighted pair group arithmetic average (UPGMA) method
of cluster analysis showed that the Iranian cultivars and landraces were more closely related to M. sieversii from Central Asia (east of Iran) and M. orientalis native to Turkey and Russia than to other accessions of Malus species. Also, the old apple cultivars from different parts of the world have a closer genetic relationship to M. sieversii, M. orientalis and the Iranian apples, than to other wild species. Based on these results, we suggest that the Iranian apples may occupy
an intermediate position between the domesticated varieties and wild species. We propose that Iran could be one of the major
players in apples’ domestication and transfer from Central Asia to the western countries. 相似文献
19.
Bahattin Tanyolac 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2003,50(6):611-614
Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) and Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to analyze genetic distance among H. vulgare subsp. spontaneum populations from west Turkey. Fifty-five RAPD and 10 ISSR primers were used to detect variation among sample. A total of 55 polymorphic loci were found using 65 primers. Two distinct cluster groups were clearly established among populations. The minimum variation was detected between Pinarbasi and Bornova (GD = 0.192) populations and the maximum was found between Icmeler and Aydin populations (GD = 0.926). As two dominant markers, RAPD and ISSRs are effective and promising marker systems for detecting genetic variation. 相似文献
20.
Pan Dong Yu-Ming Wei Guo-Yue Chen Wei Li Eviatar Nevo You-Liang Zheng 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2009,56(1):121-136
Using the 8 specific primer pairs based on the conserved motifs of plant resistance genes, the plant disease resistance gene
analog polymorphisms (RGAPs) in 15 wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides) populations from Israel had been detected. High genetic variations at the RGAP loci were observed in T. dicoccoides populations. A total of 254 discernible bands were obtained among 115 accessions, and 192 bands (75.6%) were polymorphic.
Each genotype had a unique banding profile, and the genetic similarity coefficient ranged from 0.094 to 0.862. In T. dicoccoides, the proportion of polymorphic loci (P), the genetic diversity (He) and Shannon’s information index were 0.756, 0.362 and 0.541, respectively. The proportion of polymorphic loci (P) per population averaged 0.732 (range: 0.515–0.932); genetic diversity (He) averaged 0.271 (range: 0.212–0.338); and Shannon’s information index averaged 0.404 (range: 0.310–0.493). The coefficients
of genetic distance (D) among populations averaged 0.107 (range: 0.043–0.178), and the results of Mantel test (r = 0.168, P = 0.091) showed that the estimates of genetic distance were geographically independent. Neighbor-joining cluster analysis
suggested that the genetic relationships of T. dicoccoides populations were associated with their ecogeographic distribution. The hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA)
and the coefficient of gene differentiation (G
ST
) values revealed that most of the variations were presented within populations, although significant differences among populations
and regions were also detected. The values of P and Shannon’s information index were negatively correlated with the two factors: Tdd (day–night temperature difference) and
Ev (mean annual evaporation), whereas they were positively correlated with one water factor: Rn (mean annual rainfall). The
correlation matrix between He in the RGAPs and geographic variables contained 20 significant (P < 0.05) correlations. The present study established that T. dicoccoides in Israel had a considerable amount of genetic variations at RGAP loci at least partly correlated with ecological factors. 相似文献