30味中药提取物与环丙沙星联用对猪源链球菌体外抑菌作用研究

为筛选与环丙沙星联用对猪源链球菌具有协同抑菌作用的中药提取物,采用试管二倍稀释法测定30味中药醇提物、水提物的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）,采用棋盘稀释法测定30味中药醇提物、水提物与环丙沙星联用对猪源链球菌的部分抑菌浓度（FIC）,采用有机溶剂萃取法初步追踪与环丙沙星联用具有协同抑菌作用的中药萃取物的体外抑菌效果。结果显示,所选30味中药的水提物、醇提物对猪源链球菌均具有一定的抑菌作用,佩兰、黄连、枳壳、郁金等中药醇提物、水提物对猪源链球菌（pf—ce）抑菌活性较强,苍术水提物等对猪源链球菌的抑菌作用较弱;佩兰醇提物与环丙沙星联用对猪源链球菌的协同抑菌作用最强;佩兰醇提物的乙酸乙酯萃取物、氯仿萃取物与环丙沙星联用对猪源链球菌分别具有协同、相加抑菌作用。     

20味中草药与抗生素联用对猪源链球菌体外抑菌作用的分析

为观察中草药与抗生素联用对猪源链球菌的体外抑菌效果,采用试管二倍稀释法测定20味中草药水提物、醇提物的最低抑菌浓度（ MIC）,用常量棋盘稀释法测定20味中草药水提物、醇提物与抗生素联用对猪源链球菌的部分抑菌浓度（ FIC）。结果显示,所选20味中草药的水提物、醇提物对猪源链球菌均具有一定的抑菌作用,瓜蒌醇提物等对猪源链球菌的体外抑菌作用较强;败酱草水提物等对猪源链球菌的体外抑菌作用较弱。瓜蒌醇提物、乌梅醇提物、乌梅水提物与环丙沙星联合用药的抑菌作用表现为相加作用,板蓝根醇提物等与环丙沙星联合用药的抑菌作用表现为无关作用。     

中草药水提物对罗非鱼无乳链球菌的体外抑菌效果

研究中草药单药及复方联合用药对罗非鱼源无乳链球菌的体外抑菌效果。采用试管二倍稀释法分别测定10种中草药水提物对临床分离的罗非鱼源无乳链球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),筛选出抑菌作用较好的7味中草药,并采用棋盘稀释法测定这7味中草药不同组合联用后对罗非鱼源无乳链球菌的部分抑菌浓度(FIC index)。结果表明,10味中草药水提物中,黄连和五倍子水提物抑菌效果最好,MIC值均为3.9 mg/mL,其次为石榴皮,MIC为15.6 mg/mL,连翘、诃子、鸡血藤及黄芩MIC均为62.5 mg/mL。金银花、板蓝根以及蒲公英抑菌效果较差。在复方联合用药试验中,黄连分别与诃子和黄芩联合,连翘分别与鸡血藤和黄芩联合,诃子分别与石榴皮、鸡血藤和黄芩联合均呈现协同作用;其余药物联用组合均呈现无关或拮抗作用。     

5种中药对猪霍乱沙门菌的抑菌作用

为研究黄连、黄芩、五倍子、黄柏和鱼腥草提取物对猪霍乱沙门菌的抑菌效果,采用超声波处理,乙醇回流,水浴加热的方法提取5种中药的有效成分,采用2倍稀释法分别测定提取物对猪霍乱沙门菌的最小抑菌质量浓度(mini-mum inhibitory concentration,MIC)和最小杀菌质量浓度(minimum bactericidal concentration,MBC),采用肉汤稀释棋盘法,测定提取物对猪霍乱沙门菌的联合抑菌效果。结果显示,黄连单独抑菌时的MIC值较其他中药的MIC值低,且与黄芩、五倍子联合用药时MIC值由7.81×103 mg/L降到3.91×103 mg/L。而黄芩与黄连、黄柏、五倍子、鱼腥草联合用药时MIC值均降低。黄芩与其他4种药联合用药后抑菌效果增强,且与五倍子联合用药时FICI值小于0.5表现为协同作用,并且2种药物的MIC降低明显。结果表明,黄连、黄芩、五倍子对猪霍乱沙门菌有较好的抑菌作用,黄连、黄芩、五倍子联用时,抑菌效果为协同或相加作用;黄芩与鱼腥草联用时抑菌效果为无关作用;黄柏与鱼腥草联用时抑菌效果也为无关作用。     

桃金娘提取物体外抑菌试验

检测桃金娘不同部位水提物及醇提物对大肠杆菌、沙门菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌作用。采用琼脂扩散药敏法测定抑菌圈直径,微量倍比稀释法测定最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果显示,桃金娘叶、果的醇提液和水提液对金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门菌均有一定的抑菌效果,并且醇提液效果优于水提液,其中桃金娘叶醇提液的抑菌效果最好,对金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门菌的MIC分别为0.125 g/mL、0.25 g/mL。桃金娘叶、果的醇提液和水提液对大肠杆菌均无抑菌效果。     

20味中药对大肠杆菌的体外抑菌作用

研究苏木、黄连、石榴皮等20味中药对大肠杆菌的体外抑菌作用。采用水提法制备20味中药的提取物,通过试管二倍稀释法测定20味中药水提取物对大肠杆菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC);再将20味中药组成药对,进行联合抑菌,测定药对的MIC和MBC,计算其部分抑菌浓度指数(FIC)。结果表明,20味中药中,黄连、苏木抑菌效果最佳,MIC均为6.250 mg/mL,茯苓、山楂、火麻仁抑菌效果最差,其MIC和MBC均大于400.000 mg/mL。联合抑菌的28组药对中,苏木与石榴皮、石榴皮与黄柏、石榴皮与黄芩、地榆与苏木、地榆与乌梅、地榆与花椒、地榆与黄柏、火麻仁与旋覆花、旋覆花与山楂等9组药对均呈现协同作用,石榴皮与黄连、石榴皮与乌梅均呈现拮抗作用,其他药对呈现相加或无关作用。说明对大肠杆菌抑菌作用强的单味中药与其他中药联合,其抑菌效果未必会增强。     

6种中药醇和水提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抗菌效果评价

本文针对甘草、黄连、板蓝根、黄芩、黄芪、大青叶6种中药醇和水提取物,研究其对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抗菌作用效果。采用醇提法和水提法获得6种中药醇和水提取物;通过药敏试验,筛选对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌有抑菌效果的中药提取物;通过试管2倍稀释法探明该中药提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌或大肠杆菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC);进而探明该中药提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌或大肠杆菌的最低杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果表明,6种中药醇水提取物中仅黄连醇提物和水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌表现较强的抑菌效果,浓度在0.5 mg/mL时,黄连醇提物和水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌分别达高敏和极敏。黄连醇提物和水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC分别为0.08 mg/mL和0.04 mg/mL,MBC结果显示,黄连醇和水提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌均表现杀菌作用,MBC分别为0.16 mg/mL和0.08 mg/mL。表明黄连醇提物和水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌具有抑制作用,且黄连水提物的抑菌效果优于黄连醇提物。     

中草药水提物对罗非鱼无乳链球菌的体外抑菌效果

研究中草药单药及复方联合用药对罗非鱼源无乳链球菌的体外抑菌效果。采用试管二倍稀释法分别测定10种中草药水提物对临床分离的罗非鱼源无乳链球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),筛选出抑菌作用较好的7味中草药,并采用棋盘稀释法测定这7味中草药不同组合联用后对罗非鱼源无乳链球菌的部分抑菌浓度(FIC index)。结果表明,10味中草药水提物中,黄连和五倍子水提物抑菌效果最好,MIC值均为3.9 mg/mL,其次为石榴皮,MIC为15.6 mg/mL,连翘、诃子、鸡血藤及黄芩MIC均为62.5 mg/mL。金银花、板蓝根以及蒲公英抑菌效果较差。在复方联合用药试验中,黄连分别与诃子和黄芩联合,连翘分别与鸡血藤和黄芩联合,诃子分别与石榴皮、鸡血藤和黄芩联合均呈现协同作用;其余药物联用组合均呈现无关或拮抗作用。     

9种中草药对沙门菌和金黄色葡萄球菌体外抑制作用

研究石榴皮、花椒、大青叶等9种中草药对沙门菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抑菌作用。采用水煎煮法分别提取9种不同中草药的有效成分;采用二倍稀释法、平板培养法分别检测中草药对沙门菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC),筛选出抑菌功效良好的5味中草药,再分别对2种细菌进行联合用药,测定中草药联用的体外抑菌功效。结果表明,花椒、黄连、石榴皮、诃子、龙胆草等单味药具有较好的体外抑菌功效,在9种中草药中抑菌作用最佳的是黄连,其对沙门菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC值分别为1.625 mg/mL和3.125 mg/mL,MBC值分别为100.000 mg/mL和200.000 mg/mL。对金黄色葡萄球菌,中草药间有拮抗作用的组合有黄连+花椒、黄连+诃子、石榴皮+龙胆草,其他中草药联合时均为无关作用;对沙门菌,中草药间有拮抗作用的组合有黄连+花椒、诃子+龙胆草、石榴皮+诃子、黄连+诃子、石榴皮+龙胆草,中草药间有相加作用的组合是花椒+石榴皮,其MIC值为3.125 mg/mL,FIC值为0.75,其他中草药联合时均为无关作用。结果提示,单独用药对细菌具有良好抑菌功效的中草药,联合用药...     

白头翁散对不同细菌的体外抑菌效果观察

为了探讨白头翁散对不同细菌的体外抑菌效果,本试验采用水提法分别提取白头翁散组方中4味中药白头翁、秦皮、黄柏、黄连的有效成分,通过试管二倍稀释法测定4味中药、自配白头翁散方剂及两种市售白头翁散水提物对7种不同细菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)与最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果表明,单味中药中黄连对大肠杆菌、沙门菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、蜡状芽胞杆菌、无乳链球菌、副溶血弧菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌均呈现较好的抑菌效果和杀菌效果,MIC为1.563～50.000 mg/mL,MBC为6.25～400.00 mg/mL。自配白头翁散方剂抑菌和杀菌效果更好,MIC为0.781～25.000 mg/mL,市售白头翁散的抑菌效果和杀菌效果均不及自配白头翁散。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …