小麦-玉米-大豆轮作下黑土农田土壤呼吸与碳平衡

农田生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,探讨农田生态系统的土壤呼吸与碳平衡对于科学评价陆地生态系统在全球变化下的源汇效应具有重要意义。基于中国科学院海伦农业生态实验站的长期定位试验,对不同施肥处理下黑土小麦-玉米-大豆轮作体系2005—2007年的作物固碳量与土壤CO2排放通量进行了观测,并对该轮作体系下黑土农田生态系统的碳平衡状况进行了估算。结果表明:在小麦-玉米-大豆轮作体系中,作物固碳量的高低表现为:玉米>大豆>小麦,平均值分别为6 513 kg(C).hm-2、4 025 kg(C).hm-2和3 655kg(C).hm-2。从作物生长季土壤CO2排放总量来看,3种作物以大豆农田生态系统的土壤CO2排放总量最高,平均值达4 062 kg(C).hm-2;其次为玉米,为3 813 kg(C).hm-2;而小麦最低,为2 326 kg(C).hm-2。3种作物轮作下NEP(净生态系统生产力)均为正值,表明黑土农田土壤-作物系统为大气CO2的"汇",不同作物系统的碳汇强度表现为玉米>小麦>大豆,三者的平均值分别为3 215 kg(C).hm-2、1 643 kg(C).hm-2和512 kg(C).hm-2。长期均衡施用氮、磷、钾化肥或氮、磷、钾化肥配施有机肥后,小麦、玉米和大豆农田生态系统的固碳量和土壤CO2排放总量均明显增加,并在氮、磷、钾配施有机肥处理下达到最高。不同的施肥管理措施将改变土壤-植物系统作为大气CO2"汇"的程度,总体表现为化肥均衡施用下NEP值较高,而化肥与有机肥配施下农田生态系统的NEP值较低。     

气候变化对黄淮海平原冬小麦与夏玉米生产潜力的影响

本文以黄淮海平原气象数据、土壤理化数据和作物数据为基础,应用WOFOST作物生长模型,估算了黄淮海平原冬小麦、夏玉米的光温生产潜力与气候生产潜力,分析了冬小麦、夏玉米生产潜力年变化率的时空变化规律。结果表明,黄淮海平原近44a冬小麦和夏玉米的光温生产潜力分别为6433.5～10592.67kg.hm-2、7786.17～11185.5kg.hm-2,均值分别为9022.18kg.hm-2、9321.46kg.hm-2,可作为补灌区平均最高产量的上限参考值;气候生产潜力分别为1559.17～6724kg.hm-2、6088.33～9053.17kg.hm-2,均值分别为4083.24kg.hm-2、7528.21kg.hm-2,分别占光温生产潜力的45.3%、80.8%,可作为雨养冬小麦与夏玉米平均最高产量的上限参考值。总的来说,冬小麦光温潜力、气候潜力呈现上升趋势,44a分别增加了541.64kg.hm-2、1061.15kg.hm-2;夏玉米光温潜力、气候潜力均呈现下降趋势,分别减少了840.22kg.hm-2、320.59kg.hm-2。本文揭示了黄淮海平原冬小麦与夏玉米的增产潜力及其空间差异,可为改善管...     

施磷对麦/玉/豆套作体系土壤磷素变化的影响

小麦/玉米/大豆带状套作是四川省丘陵低山区主要旱地作物生产体系,了解该体系磷养分变化对优化磷肥管理和促进可持续生产有重要意义。本研究通过连续3年(2011—2013年)田间定位试验,设置P0、P1、P2、P3和P4共5个磷(P2O5)水平(玉米带分别为0 kg·hm-2、37.5 kg·hm-2、75 kg·hm-2、112.5 kg·hm-2、150 kg·hm-2,小麦-大豆带分别为0 kg·hm-2、45 kg·hm-2、90 kg·hm-2、135 kg·hm-2、180 kg·hm-2),探讨该体系中土壤全磷、速效磷、水溶性磷的变化规律和速效磷的年际变化。结果表明:在麦/玉/豆套作体系中施磷165 kg(P2O5)·hm-2(玉米带75 kg·hm-2,小麦-大豆带90 kg·hm-2),可以满足体系作物对磷的需求,基本达到磷的表观平衡,维持土壤速效磷含量在20 mg·kg-1左右。3年后5个磷水平下体系耕层土壤(0~20 cm)全磷变化量分别为-0.024 g·kg-1·a-1、-0.016 g·kg-1·a-1、0.016 g·kg-1·a-1、0.11 g·kg-1·a-1、0.15 g·kg-1·a-1,速效磷变化量依次为-1.2 mg·kg-1·a-1、-0.9 mg·kg-1·a-1、0.2 mg·kg-1·a-1、2.0 mg·kg-1·a-1和2.7 mg·kg-1·a-1。通过线性平台函数的模拟,该体系中玉米、小麦、大豆产量的土壤速效磷临界值分别为16.5 mg·kg-1、12.6 mg·kg-1和8.8 mg·kg-1。当土壤全磷含量低于0.55 g·kg-1时,土壤全磷每增加0.1 g·kg-1,土壤速效磷增加1.70 mg·kg-1;当土壤全磷大于0.55 g·kg-1,全磷每增加0.1 g·kg-1,土壤速效磷增加6.49 mg·kg-1。当土壤速效磷含量在40 mg·kg-1以下时,速效磷每增加1 mg·kg-1,水溶性磷增加0.017 mg·kg-1。综上,在麦/玉/豆体系磷肥管理中应该维持土壤全磷含量低于0.55 g·kg-1,同时速效磷含量在20 mg·kg-1左右,这样既可以保证作物产量和系统生产力又不会产生较大的环境威胁。     

不同碳氮管理措施对春玉米农田土壤呼吸的影响

基于山西省寿阳旱作试验区长期定位试验,以春玉米农田为研究对象,探讨了不同碳氮管理措施对春玉米农田土壤呼吸的影响及土壤呼吸与土壤温度的关系。结果表明:碳氮处理土壤呼吸高于无肥区,其中施用化肥105 kg·hm-2、秸秆3 000 kg·hm-2、有机肥3 000 kg·hm-2时,土壤呼吸速率最低,为2.24μmol·m-2·s-1,与无肥区差异不显著;施用化肥31 kg·hm-2、秸秆5 121 kg·hm-2、有机肥4 500 kg·hm-2时,土壤呼吸速率最高,达3.51μmol·m-2·s-1,高出无肥区72.0%。化肥、秸秆、牛粪编码值与土壤呼吸速率满足关系式y=2.2-0.1 x1+0.2 x2-0.2 x1x3+0.2 x12+0.1 x22+0.1 x32,当化肥、秸秆、牛粪用量分别为131、1 500、3 750 kg·hm-2时,土壤呼吸速率达到最小值2.075μmol·m-2·s-1,该施肥配方可为当地春玉米生产施肥管理提供参考依据。土壤呼吸与土壤温度间存在y=a Tb显著相关关系,可解释两者间变异的46.9%~81.2%,Q10变化范围为1.86~4.71。综上可知,合理的碳氮管理措施可有效控制CO2的排放,并影响土壤呼吸对土壤温度的敏感性。     

黑龙江省黑土区气候-土壤生产潜力分析

采用机制法、层次分析法通过对光、温、水、土逐级衰减,计算黑龙江省黑土区各县玉米、水稻、大豆的气候生产潜力与气候-土壤生产潜力,分级统计分析空间分布及其变化特点。结果表明：黑土区玉米、水稻、大豆的气候生产潜力分别为6939～14241kg／hm^2,10720～18079kg／hm^2,1947～3989kg／hm^2;气候-土壤生产潜力分别为3513～12346kg／hm^2,4465～15505kg／hm^2,1032～3553kg／hm^2。空间分布与温度和降水一致,由南向北逐渐递减。在过去45a中,气候生产潜力呈逐渐上升趋势。由两次土壤调查结果比较可知,2005年黑土区各县土壤肥力有的升高,有的降低,但总体呈下降趋势,气候-土壤生产潜力也随之变化,总体有所下降。因此,土壤肥力对气候-土壤生产潜力起着重要的作用;并且在气候资源相对较差的地区,土壤肥力对其气候-土壤生产潜力的影响大于气候资源较好的地区。     

气候变化对四川盆地主要粮食作物生产潜力的影响

基于四川盆地1961—2018年63个气象台站的逐日气象资料和1981—2018年46个农业气象观测站的主要粮食作物(水稻、玉米和冬小麦)生育期资料,利用逐级订正的方法计算作物气候生产潜力,分析太阳辐射、气温、降水及气候变化对四川盆地主要粮食作物气候生产潜力的影响,研究旨在为提高区域农业生产力并保障农业可持续发展提供科学依据。结果显示:1961—2018年四川盆地作物多年平均气候生产潜力的分布为水稻由西向东递增,玉米在盆地北部和西南偏高、其他地区偏低,冬小麦南北高、中部低。辐射量减小对3种作物气候生产潜力的影响为负效应;平均气温升高对作物气候生产潜力的影响为正效应;降水量变化是作物气候生产潜力变化出现空间差异的主要原因,降水量增加对作物气候生产潜力的影响为正效应,而降水量减少为负效应。气候变化对水稻气候生产潜力的影响在盆地西南部和北部的部分地区为正效应,其余地区为负效应;气候变化对玉米气候生产潜力的影响在盆地南部和东部的部分地区为正效应,其余地区为负效应;气候变化对冬小麦气候生产潜力的影响在盆地东北部的部分地区为负效应,其余大部地区为正效应。总体来看,气候变化对四川盆地冬小麦气候生产潜力的影响最大,为9.9kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),而对玉米和水稻的影响分别为-1.4 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)和0.5 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。为了适应气候变化,四川盆地应选育光合效率高和抗旱性强的作物品种,并加强农田管理,以提高农业生产水平并保障粮食安全。     

洛阳孟津冬小麦生产潜力长周期定量模拟与评价

以洛阳孟津地区气象数据库、土壤数据库、作物数据库和多年田间试验数据库为基础, 应用DSSAT作物生长模型估算了当地冬小麦光温生产潜力和光温水生产潜力, 并对节水潜力及途径进行了分析.结果表明, 洛阳孟津地区46年冬小麦光温生产潜力为7 571～10 965 kg·hm-2, 平均9 209 kg·hm-2, 此值可作为当地补灌区产量的上限参考值; 光温水生产潜力为3 957～7 450 kg·hm-2, 平均5 510 kg·hm-2, 仅占光温生产潜力的59.8%, 此值可作为雨养冬小麦产量的上限参考值.冬小麦生育期内平均降水量为226.29 mm, 不及需水量的一半, 平均水分亏缺量占生育期降水量比例高达72.5%, 平均水分满足率为66.4%, 生育期水分亏缺成为影响洛阳孟津地区旱作冬小麦生产发展的首要障碍.不同土壤类型及不同降雨年型冬小麦潜在水分利用效率变幅较大, 波动范围为12.06～22.94 kg·hm-2·mm-1, 46年均值为16.94 kg·hm-2·mm-1.近8年旱作冬小麦现实水分利用效率仅占潜在水分利用效率的58.5%, 平均光温水生产潜力开发度为60.5%.结果表明, 洛阳孟津地区冬小麦节水潜力较大, 采用合理的节水农业措施, 加强农田建设, 改善地力, 增强土壤储水蓄水能力, 高效利用降水资源, 提高水分利用效率是今后提高冬小麦产量的重要途径.     

不同氮肥管理方式对华北粮田2排放和作物产量的影响分析

通过华北小麦和玉米田已发表文献分析,明确不同施氮量、氮肥基追比及氮素调控措施对土壤N2O排放和作物产量的影响。结果表明：高氮水平下减少氮肥用量并调整基追比有助于减少土壤N2O排放;添加硝化抑制剂双氰胺（DCD）对小麦和玉米产量的提高和土壤N2O的减排效果均较好。兼顾华北粮田N2O减排和作物产量,小麦季推荐合理施氮量167~174 kg·hm-2,基追比1：1,添加DCD,土壤N2O总排放量为0.31 kg·hm-2,籽粒产量6200 kg·hm-2以上;玉米季推荐合理施氮量177~181 kg·hm-2,基追比2：3~1：2,添加DCD,土壤N2O总排放量1.70 kg·hm-2,籽粒产量9000 kg·hm-2以上。     

华北旱作区夏播单间作种植模式吸氮效果及后茬效应

为筛选能够降低土壤硝态氮残留量并具有显著经济效益的华北旱作区夏播种植模式,在河北省徐水县设置夏播作物的不同单间作模式田间对比试验。结果显示,各处理中,玉米大豆间作的作物总吸氮量最大,使土壤硝态氮残留量明显降低并有较好的经济效益,其土地当量比也大于1,且在提高后茬冬小麦籽粒产量、秸秆产量、作物吸氮量方面效果较好。与玉米单作比较,玉米大豆间作模式0～200 cm土层硝态氮残留量降低56.66 kg.hm-2,作物整体吸氮量提高6.17 kg.hm-2,经济效益增加2054.62元.hm-2;后茬冬小麦的籽粒产量、秸秆产量、作物吸氮量分别提高了197、673 kg.hm-2和5.91 kg.hm-2。     

有机无机肥配施对湖南省晚稻生长、产量及土壤生物学特性的影响

在施肥按照全N 180 kg·hm-2、K2O 120 kg·hm-2、P2O5不低于90 kg·hm-2的条件下,研究了有机与无机肥的不同比例配施对水稻生长、产量、土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响。结果表明,当季有机无机肥中的氮素比例为3∶7(T3)时,其理论产量和实际产量都最大,并显著高于其他处理,相比全施化肥的处理(T1),其理论产量提高了27.71%,实际产量提高了14.67%;其微生物(细菌、真菌和放线菌)数量除了分蘖期的细菌和真菌外都显著高于其他处理;其水稻成熟期的土壤过氧化氢酶活性、脲酶活性和蔗糖酶活性最大,并显著高于其他处理。因此,在一定的施肥条件下,有机无机肥的合理配施,可以显著增加水稻的产量,增加土壤微生物数量,提高土壤酶活性,达到培肥的目的。     

Oxalate in grain amaranth

Grain amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) is a widely adaptable C4 pseudo-cereal crop that has interesting nutritional characteristics including high protein and calcium concentrations and a lack of gluten. To date, no antinutrient has been found at problematic levels in grain amaranth; however, oxalate has not been thoroughly studied. Dietary oxalate is a potential risk factor for kidney stone development, and its presence in food lowers calcium and magnesium availability. Oxalate concentration and forms and calcium and magnesium concentrations were determined in 30 field-grown grain amaranth genotypes from the species A. cruentus, A. hybrid, and A. hypochondriacus. The effects of seeding date and fertilization with calcium ammonium nitrate were evaluated in field experiments conducted in multiple environments; the effects of cooking were also evaluated. Mean total oxalate concentration in the 30 genotypes analyzed was 229 mg/100 g, with values ranging between 178 and 278 mg/100 g, the greatest proportion being insoluble (average of 80%). Calcium concentration averaged 186 mg/100 g and ranged between 134 and 370 mg/100 g, whereas magnesium averaged 280 mg/100 g and ranged between 230 and 387 mg/100 g. Fertilization only marginally increased total oxalate concentration and had no effects on other variables. Seeding date had no effects on any of the variables studied. Boiling increased the proportion of soluble oxalate but did not affect total oxalate concentration. Grain amaranth can be considered a high oxalate source, however, as most is in insoluble form, and due to its high calcium and magnesium concentrations, oxalate absorbability could be low. This should be confirmed by bioavailability studies.     

Nitrogen efficiency in grain sorghum

Grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (1.) Moench has not been fully evaluated for its variability in nitrogen efficiency. A 2‐year study using 12 hybrids was conducted and nitrogen efficiency was calculated as: 1. total dry matter (DM) per unit N uptake (NE₁), 2. total grain yield per unit N uptake (NE₂), and 3. the product of NE₂ and the grain N:stover N ratio (NE₃). NE₁ values increased with plant age and were significantly different among hybrids at all stages of growth. A 20% difference in NE₁ was found between the least and most efficient hybrids at maturity. A significant hybrid x year interaction showed that the environment strongly influenced hybrid ranking. Hybrids which ranked high in one year often did poorly the other year and visa versa for NE₁, NE₂, or NE₃. Each N efficiency criterion ranked the hybrids differently, although NE₁ and NE₂ appeared to be the most closely related. Hybrids generally maintained satisfactory values for NE₃ if one parent (either male or female) had a high NE₃ value in hybrid combination. Differences were more dramatic for partitioning of N between grain and stover than for NE values among hybrids. Due to environmental influences, it appears that at least 3 or more years of data may be needed in order to establish consistent trends for N efficiency in grain sorghum.     

内衬塑料地下粮食筒仓粮堆温度场研究

为了研究地下仓储粮期间粮堆的温度变化,该研究以湿基含水率为23%的高水分玉米为研究对象,首先采用试验方法对内径3 m,高5 m的地下筒仓在静态储藏条件下的仓内温度场的变化进行了分析。然后基于多孔介质传热理论,使用多物理场数值模拟软件COMSOL对试验仓进行了模拟研究。数值模拟基于实际堆粮高度,充分考虑了仓内谷物颗粒呼吸作用对粮堆内温度场分布的影响,研究了不同初始粮温、粮食种类和装粮季节对仓内温度场的影响。结果表明：静态储藏阶段,粮食的呼吸作用较强,粮堆首先在底部开始升温,并逐渐形成高温热芯,随后热芯位置逐渐向粮堆中上部移动,并最终稳定于距装粮线1 m处。初始粮温为35 ℃时,仓内粮堆温升最高,为6.1 ℃,温度达到峰值后出现下降趋势;在5种不同种类（玉米、油菜籽、大豆、小麦和稻谷）粮堆中,油菜籽堆平均温升最高,为1.6 ℃,玉米堆平均温升最低,为1.2 ℃;不同季节外部环境温度的变化对仓内粮堆温度变化影响很小,仓内粮堆温度在不同季节条件下表现出一致的变化趋势。该研究对地下仓高水分粮储藏期间的温度变化进行了研究,并拓展了数值模拟,可为实际工程提供参考。     

Zinc fertilization of lentil for grain yield and grain zinc concentration in ten Saskatchewan soils

Fertilization of grain legumes with zinc (Zn) can affect both marketable yield and Zn content of the grain, which is important in addressing human nutritional deficiencies in certain regions of the world. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the response of three different market classes of lentil to Zn fertilization using ten surface soils from Saskatchewan (Canada). The distribution of Zn among labile and stable fractions chemically separated from the soil was also determined in the ten prairie soils and related to the lentil responses observed. The three market classes of lentils (large and small green, small red) were grown without Zn (control), and with 2.5 and 5 kg Zn ha^?1 added as zinc sulfate to each soil prior to planting. Zinc fertilizer application significantly influenced grain yield and was soil dependent. A significant increase in grain yield over the control was observed from application of Zn on some low organic matter, high pH Brown Chernozem soils whereas a decrease in grain yield over control was observed in other soils such as a Black Chernozem of high organic matter content and low (<7) pH. Lack of positive yield response to addition of Zn were related to measured high diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) extractable and plant root simulator (PRS) resin membrane probe Zn, and large amounts of native Zn in exchangeable and iron/manganese (Fe/Mn) oxide bound fractions. Application of Zn fertilizer generally increased the grain concentration of Zn. For example, an increase of ～20% in Zn concentration over control was observed when 5 kg Zn ha^?1 was added to a loamy textured low organic matter Brown Chernozem soil. Overall, small green lentil was more consistent in producing a positive response to Zn fertilizer application on soils with low plant available Zn compared to large green lentil and small red lentil.     

Using fault tree analysis to identify contributing factors to engulfment in flowing grain in on-farm grain bins

Findings reported by researchers at Illinois State University and Purdue University indicated that since 1980, an average of eight individuals per year have become engulfed and died in farm grain bins in the U.S. and Canada and that all these deaths are significant because they are believed to be preventable. During a recent effort to develop intervention strategies and recommendations for an ASAE farm grain bin safety standard, fault tree analysis (FTA) was utilized to identify contributing factors to engulfments in grain stored in on-farm grain bins. FTA diagrams provided a spatial perspective of the circumstances that occurred prior to engulfment incidents, a perspective never before presented in other hazard analyses. The FTA also demonstrated relationships and interrelationships of the contributing factors. FTA is a useful tool that should be applied more often in agricultural incident investigations to assist in the more complete understanding of the problem studied.     

基于粮食湿热平衡模型的吉林省粮食储藏生态区划

为了达到粮食安全储藏的目的,该文以玉米为研究对象,通过粮食湿热平衡理论与模型融合了温度和相对湿度对粮食储藏的影响,计算出粮食平衡水分(equilibrium moisture content,EMC),采用聚类分析方法和GIS空间数据分析手段,划定了吉林省粮食储藏生态区域,克服了单因素划分存在的弊端,为粮食储藏安全提供可靠的科学依据。结果表明,吉林省粮食储藏区域可划分为3个区:Ⅰ区为中西部平原区,包括白城、长春、四平等地区;Ⅱ区为中东部半山区,包括吉林、辽源、梅河口、通化、白山部分地区等;Ⅲ区为东部山区,包括延边地区、长白等地区。该文分析了各区域年平均空气相对湿度、年平均温度、年平均风速、年平均降水量以及年平均日照时数的变化特点,对采用适宜粮食储藏方法提出建议。通过粮食储藏区域划分,提出了不同的生态储粮模式。该研究为加强相应的储粮措施提供参考。     

Copper stress affects grain filling in rice

Abstract

Rice (Oryza sattva L.) cv. Jaya was grown in refined sand at graded levels of copper (Cu) viz. 0.00065, 0.0065, 0.013, 0.065, 0.13, 0.65, and 6.5 mg L^‐1. In acute Cu deficiency (0.0065, 0.00065 mg L^‐1), the visible foliar symptoms appeared on young leaves as chlorosis changing to necrosis, later affected leaves appeared papery and withered. The biomass and grain yield were highest at 0.065 mg L^‐1 and compared to this, the decrease in both parameters was significant at low and high Cu supply. The concentration of Cu in grains increased from 0.4 in acute deficiency to 47.4 ppm at excess Cu. In rice leaves, concentration of sugars and activities of polyphenol oxidase and ascorbic acid oxidase were decreased both by low and excess Cu. Both low and high Cu also retarded the grain formation as well as their quality by decreasing the grain yield and the concentration of starch, sugars and proteins in grains and activities of amylase, invertase and starch phosphorylase at the time of grain filling in seeds. In young leaves, 3.9, 6.8, 32, and 48 μg Cu g^‐1dry weight were indicative of deficiency, threshold of deficiency, threshold of toxicity, and toxicity values of Cu, respectively, in rice.     

Metabolites of lesser grain borer in grains

Many volatile alcohol and ester metabolites of the lesser grain borer (LGB, Rhyzopertha dominica) cultured on wheat grain were identified. Volatiles from infested samples at 80 degrees C were collected on Tenax absorbent, thermally desorbed, and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) using infrared (IR) and mass (MS) detectors for component identification. A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique was used to analyze selected samples with a GC-MS system set up for obtaining chemical ionization mass spectra. SPME was also used in a synthesis process required to identify ester metabolites. Predominant compounds in LGB-infested grains were 2-pentanol and its esters of 2-methyl-2-pentenoic (A) and 2,4-dimethyl-2-pentenoic (B) acids, which are known aggregation pheromones, dominicalures 1 and 2. 2-Pentanol esters of saturated A, beta-keto- and beta-hydroxy derivatives of A and B, homologues of A and B, and acid moieties lacking the 2-methyl substitution were found. Other straight- and branched-chain secondary alcohols and their esters were also observed. Reexamination of GC-MS-IR data acquired in previous investigations of LGB cultured on sorghum grain and commercial samples in a grain odor study showed the presence of many LGB metabolites in addition to the known dominicalures.     

Inheritance of grain fill rate in barley

Grain fill rate is an important characteristic influencing productivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in northern areas of production. This study was conducted to determine the inheritance of grain fill rate and its relationship to other agronomic traits. Thirty‐three doubled haploid lines and parents from two crosses were evaluated for three years at Palmer, Alaska. The distribution of lines for grain fill rate in the progenies was approximately normal. Heritability of grain fill rate was 89.6% in one cross and 90.0% in the other. Rapid grain fill rate was associated with shorter effective grain fill period, longer time to heading, and higher grain yield, but not with time to maturity. Rapid grain fill rate appears to provide a means of improving grain yield without increasing time to maturity.