番茄溃疡病鉴定研究

1985年7月在北京市发现番茄溃疡病,其病原细菌为Clavibacter michiganense subsp.michiganense,这个病害在国内未曾正式报道。寄主植物除番茄外,尚可侵染其它茄属植物。该病害为害严重,随种子传播蔓延,我国已列为危险性检疫病害。从病株和病果实上分离到病原细菌,其培养和生化性状与标准菌株完全一致。蘸根法接种番茄幼苗,7天后出现典型萎蔫症状。有较强的致病力。     

淮南市番茄溃疡病的发生与综合防治对策

安徽省淮南市于2003年6月在本市田家庵区蔬菜基地发现番茄溃疡病,发病面积26.7 hm2,田间病株率达45%～55%,病果率20%～30%。这是安徽省首次鉴定发现此病害。番茄溃疡病是番茄上重要的危险性病害,其传播速度快、为害严重,已被我国列为国内检疫对象。经过几年的综合防治,目前已基本控制了该病的蔓延、为害。1为害情况番茄溃疡病是一种由病原细菌棒杆菌属密执安棒杆菌密执安亚种(Clavibecter michiganensesubsp.michiganense)通过种子传播的维管束系统病害。该病从幼苗至坐果期都可以发生。幼苗期发病,低位叶片小叶或植株一侧部分小叶出现萎蔫…     

上海地区种植的21个番茄品种抗细菌性溃疡病的鉴定

番茄溃疡病是由密执安棒形杆菌密执安亚种引起的番茄最具毁灭性病害之一,选育和种植抗耐病品种是防治该病最经济有效的防治手段。本研究收集上海种植的21个番茄品种进行温室育苗,在苗期和成株期分别采用打顶法接种进行抗病性测定。分级调查病情,根据病情指数划分反应型,确定供试品种的抗感类型。在供试的21个番茄品种中,只有欧宝318、粉丽、浙粉202和世纪粉冠王表现为中度感病,其余全为高感品种,没有免疫、抗病或耐病品种。     

番茄细菌性斑点病病原菌鉴定

 1998~1999年在吉林省、辽宁省、黑龙江省等地的大棚番茄上发现一种番茄病害,并从其病叶、病茎杆上分离得到了23个细菌菌株。接种番茄幼苗上,发病症状与自然发病症状完全一致,并从接种病株上重新分离到此病原细菌。各菌株致病力无明显的差异。经革兰氏染色反应、菌体形态、培养性状、生理生化反应、G+C mol%等鉴定,确认该病原菌为丁香假单胞杆菌番茄致病变种(Pseudomonas syringae pv.tomato(Okabe)Young,Dye&Wilkie)。该病菌引起番茄细菌性斑点病(又称叶斑病)。病菌除侵染番茄外,尚能侵染茄子、辣椒、龙葵、白花曼陀罗和毛曼陀罗。该病害尚属我国大陆首次报道。     

哈密瓜细菌性果斑病病原菌鉴定

 2000年在内蒙古和新疆的哈密瓜上发现一种新细菌病害-哈密瓜细菌性果斑病,从病叶和病果上分离到33个细菌菌株,接种哈密瓜、西瓜和甜瓜后,发病症状与自然发病症状完全一致,而且从接种病株上又重新分离到了此病原细菌,这33个细菌菌株经柯赫法则证明均为该病的致病菌。各菌株致病力无明显差异。经革兰氏染色反应、菌体形态、培养性状、生理生化反应、细胞化学成分分析(糖、蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪酸、mol% G+C)、DNA-DNA杂交,确认该病原菌为燕麦食酸菌西瓜亚种(Acidovorax avenae subsp.citrulli Willems et al.1992)=类产碱假单胞菌西瓜亚种(Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes subsp.citrulli Schaad et al.1978)。该病菌除侵染哈密瓜外,人工接种尚能侵染多种葫芦科及番茄、茄子等作物。     

新疆发生番茄溃疡病

番茄溃疡病(Clavibacter michiganen subsp. michiganense)是一种危险性的细菌病害。自1909年在美国首次报道以来,已广泛地分布于美国各个番茄种植区。我国据俞大绂和方中达1956年报道,1954年在大连市场上看到2个番茄果实症状颇似溃疡病,但分离培养未能证实。刘泮华和张乐于1981年在北京郊区首次发现此病以后,山西、内蒙古、辽宁、黑龙江也相继报道发现此病,且发病率高。为害严重。因此,新疆也将该病列为植检对象。 1991年7月,在新疆玛纳斯县加工番茄上发现有很像溃疡病的症状,但面积小,为害轻,未引起重视。1993年6月,在玛纳斯县、石河子地区相继发现。其中兰州湾乡少数地块发病株率已达56.4％,病果率高达90％。在田间多在座果期发病,首先是下部口十片凋萎下垂,叶片卷缩,顶部枝叶仍正常;有些情况下,植株一侧或     

番茄细菌性髓部坏死病病原的鉴定

2015年,在广东省广州市番茄种植区发生番茄髓部坏死病,从番茄病样中分离到一种细菌。随机选取5株细菌进行致病性测定,结果显示,这5株细菌均可侵染番茄植株产生典型的髓部坏死症状,与田间病株的症状相同。5株细菌的16S rDNA序列间同源性为99.9%~100%,且与菊苣假单胞菌(Pseudomonas cichori)MAFF211996、TIs01和IP1-05菌株的16S rDNA序列同源性最高,为99%。利用菊苣假单胞菌hrcR基因的特异引物Hrp1a/Hrp2a进行PCR,从这5株细菌的DNA中均能扩增出大小约897 bp的特异片段;这些片段序列间同源性为99%~99.9%,且与P.cichori 83-1菌株hrcR基因的序列同源性为99.9%。这些结果表明,引起广东番茄髓部坏死病的病原为菊苣假单胞菌(P.cichorii)。生理生化试验显示,该病原菌与文献报道的菊苣假单胞菌的生理生化特征均相吻合,进一步证实引起广东番茄髓部坏死病的病原为菊苣假单胞菌。     

甘薯细菌性枯萎(甘薯瘟)病原细菌的鉴定

在1959—1960年期间作者曾对广东信宜县的1个甘薯细菌性枯萎菌株,广州郊区的2个甘薯细菌性枯萎菌株和广西岑溪县的一个甘薯细菌性枯萎菌株进行了鉴定工作。根据这些菌株在形态、培养性状,生理生化特性、血清反应及致病性等方面的表现,作者认为它们是相同的,但和黄亮等在广西所报导的两种甘薯细菌性枯萎病菌及国外报导的能侵染甘薯或甘薯同一属植物的病原细菌不同,也和花生和番茄青枯病菌不同。因此作者认为它们是一种新的病原细菌,暂鉴定为 Pseudomonas batatae n.sp.     

姜瘟病病原细菌的鉴定

 我国栽培的姜上发现有几种细菌为害,分别引起叶枯、软腐和蔫萎等症状,而一般所谓"姜瘟"是指为害最严重的萎蔫型细菌病害。根据江苏和山东两地姜瘟病细菌的形态、染色反应、生长适温、培养性状、生理生化反应、血清反应和致病性等性状的测定,并与番茄的青枯病细菌进行比较,证明引起姜瘟的细菌是青枯病假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas soIanacearum(Smith) Smith)。初步交互接种试验证明,姜瘟菌株与番茄青枯菌株的致病性有一定的差异,姜瘟菌株对番茄的致病性很弱;而番茄青枯菌株则不能为害姜。     

常温大气压等离子体对番茄种带细菌的灭菌效果

为了明确常温大气压等离子体(atmospheric pressure room-temperature plasma,APRTP)在番茄种子消毒中的应用效果,以‘中杂302’种子为材料,采用平板培养计数和16S rRNA拷贝数分析法,测定了APRTP处理对种子表面和内部细菌的灭菌效果。结果表明,APRTP处理对种带细菌的灭菌效果显著,在5～30 min处理时间内,灭菌率随处理时间延长逐渐升高,处理25 min对种子表面和内部细菌的灭菌率达99%以上;番茄种子接种细菌性溃疡病致病菌—密执安棒杆菌密执安亚种(Cmm)后,采用APRTP处理25 min可有效杀灭99.84%的种带Cmm菌;种子活力检测表明,APRTP处理可提高番茄种子活力,加快种子萌发速率,APRTP处理过的种子播种后,对幼苗早期生长不会造成伤害。综上,APRTP处理可显著杀灭番茄种带细菌,提高种子活力、促进种子萌发,是一种安全、高效的番茄种子处理方法。     

The use of a tomato cotyledon test to identify Corynebacterium michiganense pv. michiganense

When cotyledons of 4-day-old tomato seedlings (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Sonato) were inoculated with Corynebacterium michiganense pv. michiganense and kept at 25°C with a 16 h light period per day, white raised blisters were produced which coalesced to give white, scurfy, cracked areas after 3 days. This symptom did not develop when Gram-positive coryneform bacteria isolated from, and near, tomato crops were used as inoculum. Pre-inoculation abrasion of cotyledons, an inoculum concentration of at least 10⁵ bacteria/ml, and high humidity after inoculation were important factors in the expression of this host reaction. The cotyledon test may be of value in laboratories where more detailed tests for C. michiganense pv. michiganense are not possible.     

Pathogenicity of plant and soil isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora parasitica</Emphasis> on tomato and pepper

Crown and root rot of tomato and sweet pepper can be caused by Phytophthora parasitica. In this work, 23 P. parasitica isolates from diseased pepper or tomato plants as well as 54 isolates from 23 monocrop tomato soils (from Spain and Chile) and one from a pepper soil were studied for their host–pathogen response. Results show significant host specificity for the isolates from tomato plants and tomato soils (63 of 64 isolates were unable to cause disease in pepper). None of the pepper plant/soil isolates showed pathogenicity on tomato, and only four of 14 reproduced their pathogenicity on pepper. Only one tomato isolate was pathogenic to both Solanaceae species. Two different inoculation protocols were evaluated (substrate irrigation and stem cutting). All isolates which expressed pathogenicity when stem inoculated also did it when root inoculated, but not vice-versa. Therefore, the recommended test protocol for tomato and pepper breeding programmes is that based on root inoculation by irrigation.     

番茄枯萎抗病性室内鉴定方法研究

 明确番茄枯萎病苗期抗病性鉴定方法中浸根接种的最佳苗龄为两片真叶期,此龄期根系发育多,拔苗后须根自然伤断,浸根接种率高。浸根接种随即移栽的与浸根2、5、10min的,它们之间发病差异不大。包括接种液浓度10⁷孢子/ml和土温28℃~30℃在内的苗期人工接种方法,仅14天便可准确鉴定番茄品种(材料)对枯萎病的抗病性。     

新疆加工型辣椒细菌性斑点病的发生和病原鉴定

 新疆加工型辣椒主要产区巴音郭楞蒙古自治州发生了一种严重危害辣椒的细菌性病害。从发病辣椒叶片中分离细菌,通过烟草过敏性反应、马铃薯软腐试验和接种辣椒等致病性测定,确定了13个致病菌株,各菌株之间致病力无明显差异。通过菌体形态、培养性状观察、生理生化反应、寄主范围测定,结合16S rDNA和rpoD基因扩增、序列测定和系统发育分析,将病原菌鉴定为丁香假单胞菌丁香致病变种(Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae)。病原菌人工接种还能侵染番茄、茄子、马铃薯及黄瓜、四季豆、白菜、萝卜、芹菜等植物。P. syringae pv. syringae引起加工型辣椒细菌性斑点病在国内属首次报道。     

Host Specificity of Phytophthora infestans on Tomato and Potato in Ecuador

ABSTRACT Sixty Ecuadorian isolates of Phytophthora infestans from potato and 60 isolates from tomato were compared for dilocus allozyme genotype, mitochondrial DNA haplotype, mating type, and specific virulence on 11 potato R-gene differential plants and four tomato cultivars, two of which contained different Ph genes. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) fingerprints of subsamples of isolates from each host were compared by using RG57 as the probe. All potato isolates had the allozyme genotype, haplotype, and mating type of the clonal lineage EC-1, which had been previously described in Ecuador. With the same markers, only one isolate from tomato was classified as EC-1; all others belonged to the globally distributed US-1 clonal lineage. RFLP fingerprints of isolate subsets corroborated this clonal lineage classification. Specific virulence on potato differentials was broadest among potato isolates, while specific virulence on tomato cultivars was broadest among tomato isolates. Some tomato isolates infected all tomato differentials but no potato differentials, indicating that specific virulence for the two hosts is probably controlled by different avirulence genes in P. infestans. In two separate experiments, the diameters of lesions caused by nine isolates from potato and 10 from tomato were compared on three tomato and three potato cultivars. All isolates produced larger lesions on the host from which they were isolated. No isolates were found that were highly aggressive on both tomato and potato. We conclude that there are two different populations of P. infestans in Ecuador and that they are separated by host.     

Characterization of phenotypic variants of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis isolated from Capsicum annuum

Phenotypic variants of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) were isolated from pepper fields and from pepper seeds during quarantine inspections. All strains isolated from pepper (pepper isolates) produced orange-coloured colonies with lower mucoidy than typical Cmm strains isolated from tomato (tomato isolates). However, the results of ELISA, fatty acid analysis, 16S rDNA sequencing, and PCR analysis showed that all pepper isolates were similar enough to be identified as Cmm. In addition to phenotypic variations, the pepper isolates showed different pathogenic and genetic characteristics from tomato isolates from the USA, Europe, or other countries. They could be clearly distinguished in terms of pathogenicity, as they showed increased pathogenicity to pepper but reduced pathogenicity to tomato. Tomato isolates caused strong wilting and canker in tomato, but caused only canker and no wilting in pepper and bell pepper. However, pepper isolates caused no wilting, even in tomato, and only caused canker in the three host plants. In addition, compared to tomato isolates, pepper isolates showed increased colonization efficiency and caused a greater reduction in shoot dry weight in pepper. Pepper and tomato isolates could be separated into two groups according to host origin on the basis of 16S rDNA and ITS sequence analysis. They also showed different rep-PCR genomic fingerprints. All pepper isolates showed higher cellulase activity than tomato isolates on M9CMC plates. However, two plasmid-borne virulence genes of Cmm, pat-1, and celA, were not detected in any pepper isolates by PCR. Furthermore, PCR for pathogenicity-related genes located on a pathogenicity island (PAI) revealed that all tomato isolates were positive for these genes, whereas the pepper isolates did not show any PCR products for the chpC, chpG, ppaA, or tomA genes. Therefore, we suggest that the pepper isolates may represent a separate Cmm population that has evolved within the limits of this host.     

A method for detection of seedborne bacterial diseases in tomato seeds

A method for detection and quantitative estimation of tomato seedborne pathogenic bacteria has been developed. It enables detection in a 7 g tomato seed sample of as few as ten colony-forming units per gram tomato seeds of the following seedborne pathogens of tomato:Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato,Pseudomonas corrugata, Xanthomonas campestris pv.vesicatoria, andClavibacter michiganense subsp.michiganense. With representative seed samples, the method employs dry grinding, weighing, bacterial extraction and quantitative calculation on selective or semi-selective medium. The efficiency of this method was tested by diluting pathogen-free seed lots with naturally or artificially infested tomato seeds. This procedure enables one to determine the minimal threshold of pathogen which can be detected by this method on media, in comparison with the percentage of diseased seedlings developed from the same seed lots in the growth chamber or in the greenhouse.     

Aggressiveness of Verticillium dahliae isolates from different vegetative compatibility groups to potato and tomato

Aggressiveness of Verticillium dahliae isolates from three vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) was tested on potato and tomato. VCG4B was the most aggressive to potato and VCG2A was the most aggressive to tomato; VCG2B was the least aggressive to both potato and tomato. In potato, disease incidence, symptom severity and colonization index of stem segments were significantly higher in plants inoculated with VCG4B isolates than in those inoculated with VCG2B and VCG2A isolates. Inoculation with VCG4B and VCG2A decreased plant height and fresh weight more than inoculation with VCG2B. In tomato, VCG2A caused significantly more severe symptoms than either VCG4B or VCG2B. The colonization index in tomato plants inoculated with VCG2A was also significantly higher than in those inoculated with VCG4B and VCG2B. Similar patterns of relative aggressiveness were observed in potato and tomato when the pathogenicity of isolates of various VCGs, each originating from a specific host (cotton, potato or eggplant), was compared.     

几种不同来源的苎麻疫霉菌在棉花上的致病力测定

用菌丝块创伤接种测定分离自棉苗、棉铃、苎麻和构树上的苎麻疫霉菌对棉花致病力，结果表明来源于不同寄主的苎麻疫霉菌对棉苗和棉铃的致病力存在明显的分化。来自棉花（棉苗和棉铃）的菌株致病力较强，来自苎麻和构树的菌株对棉苗和棉铃的致病力较弱。来自棉花上的不同苎麻疫霉菌株对棉苗的致病力存在一定的差异，但对棉铃的致病力差异不明显。     

番茄白粉病苗期抗病性鉴定方法及抗病种质资源筛选

采用不同接种方法、不同接种苗龄、不同接种浓度三因素三水平正交试验设计对番茄白粉病苗期抗性鉴定方法进行筛选。结果表明,番茄苗期接种白粉病最好的方法是喷雾法,接种苗龄为四叶期,接种的最适浓度为106孢子/mL。在此基础上,对东北农业大学番茄研究所提供的54份番茄材料进行白粉病苗期接种鉴定,结果表明,54份材料中,有抗病品种4份、中抗品种16份、感病品种17份、极感病品种17份。