Changes in phosphorus fractions in three tropical soils amended with corn cob and rice husk biochars

ABSTRACT

The formation of phosphorus (P) compounds including iron-P, aluminum-P and calcium-P in highly weathered tropical soils can be altered upon biochar addition. We investigated the effect of corn cob biochar (CC) and rice husk biochar (RH) pyrolyzed at three temperatures (300°C, 450°C and 650°C) on phosphorus (P) fractions of three contrasting soils. A 90d incubation study was conducted by mixing biochar with soil at a rate of 1% w/w and at 70% field capacity. Sequential P fraction was performed on biochar, soil and soil-biochar mixtures. Increase in most labile P (resin-P_i, NaHCO₃-P_i) and organic P fraction (NaHCO₃-P_o + NaOH-P_o) in CC and RH biochars were inversely related to increasing temperature. HCl-P_i and residual P increased with increasing temperature. Interaction of CC and RH with soils resulted in an increase in most labile P as well as moderately labile P (NaOH-P_i) fractions in the soils. CC increased most labile P in the soils more than RH. The increase in most labile P fraction in soils was more significant at relatively lower temperatures (300°C and 450°C) than 650°C. However, the increase in HCl-P_i and residual P of the soils was more predominant at high temperature (650°C). The study suggested that biochar pyrolyzed at 300–450°C could be used to increase P bioavailability in tropical soils.     

稻壳炭提取SiO2及制备活性炭联产工艺

为了利用气化发电的固体产物稻壳炭,通过单因素试验,研究了稻壳炭同时提取二氧化硅及制备活性炭工艺技术,得出优化的工艺条件:质量分数20%的K2CO3溶液与稻壳炭原料的液固比为15mL/g,煮溶温度100℃,煮溶时间3.5h;稻壳炭的炭化温度是450℃,活化温度850℃,活化时间2h;SiO2的陈化温度为3℃、陈化时间3h。此条件下制备的稻壳基活性炭得率39.34%、碘吸附值978.35mg/g、亚甲基兰吸附值12mL/0.1g;二氧化硅得率25.77%、白度89.91%。试验表明该工艺制备出的稻壳基活性炭及二氧化硅产品的质量均达到了国家标准的要求,同时为稻壳炭的高效、无公害及资源化利用提供了一条可循的途径。     

Increase in soil carbon sequestration using rice husk charcoal without stimulating CH4 and N2O emissions in an Andosol paddy field in Japan

Abstract

Biochar application has been recognized as an effective option for promoting carbon (C) sequestration, but it may also affect the production and consumption of methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) in soil. A 1-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of rice husk charcoal application on rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity and the balance of greenhouse gas exchanges in an Andosol paddy field. The experiment compared the treatments of rice husk charcoal applied at 10, 20 and 40 Mg ha^?1 (RC10, RC20 and RC40, respectively), rice husk applied at 20 Mg ha^?1 (RH20), and the control (CONT). Rice straw and grain yields did not significantly differ among the treatments. The seasonal cumulative CH₄ emissions were 38–47% higher from RC10, RC20 and RC40 than from the CONT. However, the increases were not in proportion to the application rates of rice husk charcoal, and their values did not significantly differ from the CONT. On the contrary, the RH20 treatment significantly increased the cumulative CH₄ emission by 227% compared to the CONT. The N₂O emissions during the measurement were not affected by the treatments. As a result, the combined global warming potential (GWP) of CH₄ and N₂O emissions was significantly higher in RH20 than in the other treatments. There was a positive linear correlation between C storage in the top 10 cm of soil and the application rate of rice husk charcoal. The increases in soil C contents compared to the CONT corresponded to 98–149% of the C amounts added as rice husk charcoal and 41% of the C added as rice husk. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes in the off season were not significantly different among RC10, RC20, RC40 and CONT, indicating that C added as rice husk charcoal remained in the soil during the fallow period. The CO₂ equivalent balance between soil C sequestration and the combined GWP indicates that the rice husk charcoal treatments stored more C in soil than the CONT, whereas the RH20 emitted more C than the CONT. These results suggest that rice husk charcoal application will contribute to mitigating global warming without sacrificing rice yields.     

稻壳基生物炭对生菜Cd吸收及土壤养分的影响

探讨稻壳基生物炭对Cd污染土壤上叶菜吸收Cd和土壤Cd形态的影响作用,明确稻壳基生物炭对土壤Cd污染的调控效应,可为合理利用稻壳基生物炭降低叶菜Cd含量提供参考。采用盆栽试验,研究了稻壳基生物炭在不同用量水平下对2茬生菜地上部Cd含量、土壤养分含量及Cd赋存形态的影响。结果表明,在5~25 g-kg-1用量范围内,稻壳基生物炭显著降低了2茬生菜地上部和根系Cd含量,且在最大用量25 g-kg-1时效果最好,地上部Cd含量分别比未施稻壳基生物炭的对照处理降低了19.6%和45.8%,根系Cd含量分别降低了36.8%和28.0%。在25 g-kg-1用量水平下,稻壳基生物炭对土壤p H、有效磷、速效钾及有机质含量提升效果明显,但显著降低了土壤碱解氮含量。施加稻壳基生物炭对土壤有效态Cd含量及Cd化学形态也有不同影响。随着稻壳基生物炭用量的增加,土壤NH4OAc提取态Cd含量和弱酸提取态Cd含量显著降低,在用量为25 g-kg-1时,分别比对照降低17.9%和10.4%,可还原态Cd含量无显著变化,可氧化态Cd含量呈减低趋势,残渣态Cd含量增加17.6%。因此推测,提升土壤p H、降低土壤有效态Cd含量、增加残渣态Cd含量可能是稻壳基生物炭降低生菜体内Cd含量的主要原因。稻壳基生物炭可以作为土壤改良剂,抑制Cd污染土壤上叶菜对Cd的吸收,改善土壤养分状况。     

稻壳热解模型建立与应用

生物质连续热解工艺是适合工业化生产的高效、合理的处理方式,该文基于稻壳在升温速率为20～40?℃/min,反应终温为800℃的热分析试验数据,建立了稻壳热解过程的分段反应模型并获得了反应动力学参数,其中失水预热解阶段满足N阶反应,主热解阶段满足J-M-A方程。对所建模型在建模升温速率范围内、外进行了检验,发现模型计算结果与试验数据相近,模型计算误差不大于2.35%,说明模型具有较广泛的适用性,为热解反应器的设计提供了理论依据。根据稻壳常规热解下失水预热解和主热解反应过程的模型计算结果,设计了变螺距生物质连续热解反应器,并以稻壳粉末为原料进行了参数试验,结果表明,该反应装置能实现连续、稳定热解,但由于实际升温不是理论上的线性升温过程,导致连续热解试验结果与模型计算结果和热重试验结果间存在一定差异。     

稻壳与煤混合燃烧特性试验

采用非等温热重法对稻壳、煤及其混合燃料进行燃烧试验,使用Flynn-Wall-Ozawa（FWO）和Kissinger- Akahira-Sunose（KAS）2种方法分析了样品的燃烧反应动力学参数,分析了掺混比、升温速率对燃烧特性参数的影响,探讨了燃烧过程中混合燃料成分间的协同效应。结果表明：混合燃料的点火温度与纯煤相比有明显降低,燃烧特性有明显改善,随着稻壳掺混比由10%升至70%,燃尽温度从730℃降低至650℃,燃尽程度也逐渐变大,失质量从86.1%增至91.5%,综合燃烧特性指数从2.153×10-8增加到1.183×10-7;随着升温速率的增加,混合燃料的燃尽温度和综合燃烧指数均会增大,但点火温度和燃尽程度几乎不变;稻壳与煤混合燃烧时组分间会发生协同作用,且随着稻壳掺混比的增加,协同效应参数逐渐增大,协同效应越来越明显;FWO和KAS法得到的煤的活化能分别为37.66和31.00 kJ/mol,稻壳的活化能分别为20.96和16.30 kJ/mol;混合燃烧过程中,活化能随着温度和转化比而改变,随着稻壳掺混比的增加呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。     

麦秸、稻壳及菌渣还田对设施菜地的青椒品质及产量的影响

针对设施菜地长期连作带来的土壤退化问题,研究不同种类农业废弃物(麦秸、稻壳及菌渣)还田对设施青椒光合色素含量、产量及品质的影响,以了解农业废弃物利用的可行性。结果表明:麦秸、稻壳及菌渣还田可以有效提高光合色素含量和抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶)活性,降低丙二醛含量,其中叶绿素含量以菌渣处理(T3)最高,为1.045 3 mg/g FW;类胡萝卜素含量以稻壳+麦秸处理(T4)最高,为0.257 8 mg/g FW;Chl.a/Chl.b值、Chl.(a+b)/Car.值均以菌渣处理(T3)最大,分别为3.22、4.12。此外,农业废弃物还田可以有效抑制青椒果实中类黄酮和花青素色素的形成。菌渣处理(T3)下的果实可溶性糖与Vc含量最高,分别较对照处理(T7)增加81.20%、15.84%,可溶性蛋白质和游离氨基酸蛋白质含量分别以稻壳+麦秸处理(T4)、稻壳处理(T1)最高。结果还显示,多种农业废弃物配施的青椒产量低于单一施入;菌渣单施处理(T3)产量最高,达48 255.75 kg/hm~2。     

稻壳发电残余物稻壳灰对有机物的吸附作用

为解决稻壳发电残余物——稻壳灰的利用问题,该文研究了稻壳灰在不同条件下对有机污染物的吸附作用。结果表明,稻壳灰在经过碱洗处理后,其对有机污染物的吸附性能明显提高。当溶液pH值小于7.0时,稻壳灰对有机污染物的吸附效果要好于pH值大于7.0时的吸附效果。该研究表明,稻壳灰经过碱洗处理后,可以用作吸附剂,吸附污水中的有机污染物,实现废物的再次利用。     

磁化水灌溉促进水稻生长发育提高产量和品质

为明确磁化水灌溉对水稻生长发育、产量形成和品质的影响及其机理,该研究以杂交籼稻中浙优1号和杂交粳稻甬优9号为试验品种,于2012-2013年进行了磁化水(F型变频磁化水处理器的磁场强度为0.2 T)和普通水(CK)灌溉大田试验。结果表明,与CK相比,磁化水灌溉显著增加水稻的有效穗(增幅4.0%~7.9%)、结实率(3.9%~8.7%)和产量(增幅5.2%~9.3%)。2013年,磁化水灌溉提高了水稻的低位分蘖发生率(增幅9.4%~21.5%),增加了孕穗期、灌浆期倒三叶的SPAD值(增幅2.4%~7.8%)和干物质积累量(增幅8.7%~18.8%);磁化水灌溉显著改善稻米品质,中浙优1号和甬优9号的的垩白粒率分别降低了13.3%和12.0%,垩白度分别降低了11.4%和7.7%,胶稠度分别提高了6.0和4.0 mm,碱消值提高了4.3%和4.8%。该结果为磁化水在水稻生产上的大面积应用提供了科学依据。     

气化过程中谷壳焦颗粒孔隙结构及分形特性的演化

为了深入揭示生物质焦在气化反应中的行为变化及反应机理,该文利用氮气物理吸附法和扫描电镜等技术研究了气化过程中谷壳焦颗粒孔隙结构和表面形态的演化,并用分形维数描述了焦颗粒内部孔隙表面形态的复杂程度。结果表明,谷壳气化焦的吸附特性曲线在整体上均呈现出II型等温线特征,表明焦颗粒具有较为连续和完整的孔分布系统。随着气化反应的进行,谷壳焦的BET比表面积和微孔比表面积均呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势,并在气化转化率为48.6%时取得最大值210.45和147.14m2/g。孔容积的变化规律与比表面积相近。随着气化转化率的增大,焦颗粒的平均孔径迅速减小,在转化率为35.4%时达到最小值2.94nm,之后稍有增大。分形FHH(Frenkel-Halsey-Hill)模型适用于生物质气化焦颗粒孔隙表面分形特征的研究。气化过程中焦颗粒孔隙表面分形维数的变化趋势与平均孔径的变化趋势相反,两者呈现出较好的线性关系。研究结果可为实际生物质气化过程的数值模拟和运行参数的优化等提供参考。     

生物炭和其他有机土壤改良剂对Ustoxic Quartzipsamment土壤上植物养分有效性的影响

A sandy soil, Nampong soil(classified as Ustoxic Quartzipsamment), was incubated under controlled condition i) to compare the mineralization of major plant nutrients derived from different types of biochars and other organic soil amendments; ii) to examine their effects on soil properties and plant nutrient availability; and iii) to evaluate the plant nutrient losses in leachate from the rooting zone of soil incorporated with the different amendments. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with 3 replications.Five treatments of soil amendments used were cassava stem base biochar(CSB), rice husk biochar(RHB), chicken manure(CM),compost(CP), and no amendment application(control). The RHB treatment released the highest amounts of mineralized NO-3-N,available P and K(2.30–17.26, 5.50–42.90 and 43.00–187.63 mg kg-1, respectively) while the CM treatment releasing the highest NH+4-N in the range of 1.86–53.67 mg kg-1. The CSB and RHB treatments showed better continuity of mineralization of nutrients than the treatments of CM and CP, particularly in the case of the CSB treatment. In the soil column incubation experiment, the amounts of NH+4-N and NO-3-N in all treatments barely changed on Day 1 to Day 30 of incubation and then the amounts increased markedly on Day 60. On Day 60, the RHB treatment contained a very high amount of NO-3-N( 250 mg kg-1). This suggests that N would become more available 30 d after the incorporation. The CM treatment gave the highest amounts of organic matter and available P in the ranges of 4.64–8.94 g kg-1and 14.41–36.33 mg kg-1, respectively, during the 60-d column incubation. The CSB treatment tended to have higher available K throughout the measuring period. The NO-3-N was leached from the soil column quite quickly on Day 1 of incubation while the loss of NH+4-N decreased slightly from Day 1 until the end of the measurement. The amounts of P and K losses varied with the type of soil amendments, and the pattern of the loss was irregular.     

稻壳与稻秆灼烧灰颗粒的微观形态特征及其能谱分析

应用扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)和能谱(energy disperse X-ray microanalysis,EDX)结合联用技术对稻壳和稻秆在600和815℃下灼烧产生的灰渣的微观形态特征及其元素组成进行了全面地研究,并考察了不同灰化温度对生物质灰的粒度分布、微观形态、颗粒表面、内部结构及元素组成等方面产生的影响。结果表明:灰化温度升高,灰粒的粒度减小,且分布较均匀,稻壳灰中多为团状颗粒,而稻秆灰以棒状颗粒居多;对于600℃稻壳灰,部分灰粒仍保留着稻壳的原始纤维结构,且灰中存在许多松散状的密实小颗粒,但并未出现粘结团聚,而600℃稻秆灰表面存在大量粘连着小颗粒的絮状物,表明此时灰中已经出现低熔点成分熔融而产生的弱粘结;815℃时2种生物质灰粒表面都出现熔融态的碱金属物质和以玻璃体突起形式存在的石英结构,而且都存在明显的团聚结渣现象;稻壳灰与稻秆灰的主要组成元素是C、O、Si、K和Ca,较少的Mg、Al、Fe、P等也被检出,而S只在稻秆灰中检出,稻壳灰中未检出S元素;灰化温度升高,稻壳灰的K含量明显下降,而稻秆灰中K、Na、Ca的含量变化较小,但是Cl、Fe、Al的含量均明显下降;稻秆灰的K、Na、Ca和Cl含量都远高于稻壳灰,稻秆灰比稻壳灰更易造成设备腐蚀、结渣等危害。     

稻壳灰制备聚硅酸硫酸铝絮凝剂及其结构性能

为了进一步充分利用稻壳灰中的硅和碳,该文提出由稻壳灰制备水玻璃并进一步制备聚硅酸硫酸铝(poly aluminum silicate sulfate,PASS)絮凝剂,对PASS进行结构表征,并考察了PASS处理有机废水的絮凝效果。结果表明,由稻壳灰制备水玻璃,可通过碱处理稻壳灰获得模数为3.3的水玻璃并联产活性炭;再由上述水玻璃制备PASS。通过考察二氧化硅质量分数、铝硅摩尔比、p H值对其絮凝性能的影响,得到较佳工艺条件:二氧化硅质量分数7%,铝硅摩尔比1∶2,p H值为2.0,此条件下投量(以Al2O3计)60 mg/L时有机废水(油墨废水)的除浊率和脱色率分别为97.29%、94.26%,相同投量下处理有机废水(油墨废水和油脂废水),PASS的除浊率和脱色率高于聚合氯化铝(poly aluminum chloride)10%~20%左右;X射线衍射(x-ray diffraction)、傅里叶红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectrometer)的结构分析表明PASS是由硅和铝组成的无定型聚合物。研究结果为稻壳灰资源的应用开辟一条新途径,为絮凝剂的原料来源提供参考。     

Microbial activity and metabolic quotient of microbes in soils amended with biochar and contaminated with atrazine and paraquat

The study was conducted to determine how biochar as a soil amendment maintained the microbial community in pesticide contaminated soils. Alfisol (Adenta series – Typic Kandiustalf) and Vertisol (Akuse series – Typic Calciustert) were amended with biochar (0 t/ha biochar, 10 t/ha cocoa husk biochar (CHB), 10 t/ha rice husk biochar (RHB)) and pesticides (atrazine and paraquat at two rates each namely 0 kg/ha pesticide and 10 times the normal recommended rate of pesticide) were applied. The CHB-amended soils stimulated microbial activities such as ammonia and nitrate release more than the RHB-amended soils. Basal respiration was significantly higher in the atrazine polluted soils than in paraquat polluted soil. Significant interaction occurred between soil type and biochar and high microbial biomass carbon was recorded for vertisol amended with CHB. Metabolic quotient was lower in soils amended with biochar and polluted with atrazine than in the un-amended soil. The use of CHB in soil of high clay content (47.5%, i.e. the vertisol) was a more effective management tool in maintaining the microbial community in a pesticide-polluted environment than in soil of lower clay content (22.5%). Soils of high clay content amended with biochar can sustain the soil microbial community even in a disturbed environment.     

添加木炭改善猪粪稻壳好氧堆肥工艺及质量

为促进农业废弃物的资源化利用,试验以猪粪和稻壳为原料,用化学分析和仪器分析相结合的方法,研究了添加不同质量分数（0、2.5%、5.0%、7.5% 和10.0%）的木炭对60 d猪粪好氧堆肥过程的影响。结果表明：在堆肥有机质的降解过程中,含-OH、-CH3和-CH2基团的化合物的质量分数逐渐减少,含-C=O、C-O-C、-COO基团和含芳香环类物质的质量分数逐渐增加。添加木炭能促使堆肥物料的降解,随着木炭添加量的增加,在60 d的堆肥过程中,各处理有机碳的质量分数分别降低了12.23%、13.77%、14.88%、15.36%和15.86%,碳氮比分别下降了47.80%、54.98%、56.97%、60.03%和65.73%。与对照相比,添加木炭可延长堆肥高温期的停留时间3～ 5 d,增加堆肥物料的持水能力并降低堆肥产品的电导率;同时,添加木炭还能减少堆肥初期氨气的挥发,提高铵态氮的质量分数,促使堆肥后期硝态氮的转化。堆肥结束时,添加木炭可使硝态氮的质量分数提高55.86%～89.32%,总氮的质量分数提高20.55%～53.07%,雪里蕻种子发芽率提高17.6%～41.2%,萌发指数达1.02～1.44。研究表明,添加木炭能促进堆肥有机物料的降解,加快堆肥腐熟脱毒,增加堆肥产品总氮的质量分数,提高产品质量。木炭作为一种潜在的猪粪堆肥添加剂,在促进农业废弃物资源化利用方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

稻壳和木粉在内循环流化床气化炉中气化实验研究

本文主要以稻壳和木粉为原料在内循环流化床气化炉中进行气化实验的研究,测试了温度对当量比的反影响,及对气体成分、气体热值等的影响,并比较内循环流化床气化炉中气化效率与碳转化率的影响。结果表明:在一定温度范围内,温度与当量比呈一定的线性关系,且床温中密相区温度对当量比的影响最大,是其它两温度的斜率的2倍;一旦内循环流化床结构固定,同一高度温度将在一定范围内变化,而不随着当量比的变化而变化;床层密相区温度影响着一氧化碳、氢气、甲烷等气体的组成,同时影响着气体的热值。稻壳与木粉在内循环流化床气化炉中的气化效率最大值相近,接近60%,但木粉的相对稳定。     

稻谷壳制备石墨烯纳米片及结构表征

为了充分利用南方丰富的稻谷壳资源,制备附加值较高的石墨烯纳米材料。该文采用稻谷壳可再生资源经高温炭化、过筛、透析等工艺等制备活性炭,将其在高纯氩保护下高温催化石墨化后制备的石墨微晶作为石墨烯的新型碳源。应用具有较大离子半径的硫酸根离子(0.295 nm)为插层剂预处理该石墨微晶,经水热及微波工艺制备石墨烯纳米片。采用透射电镜、扫描电镜、原子力显微镜、红外光谱、拉曼光谱及X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction spectroscopy,XRD)等技术对样品进行了形貌、结构和谱学等表征。原子力图表明,该石墨烯纳米片厚度范围为0.8~1.75 nm,为单层或双层石墨烯;由红外光谱可以观察到1 550 cm-1左右的石墨烯特征碳碳双键骨架振动峰。但未观察到传统Hummers氧化及水合肼法常出现,与石墨烯氧化后缺陷度有关的3 000~3 600 cm-1之间峰及1 250 cm-1左右振动峰。XRD数据显示所制备材料在24.7°亦具有石墨烯特征峰。拉曼光谱分析则显示,该方法所制备材料的与石墨烯层数相关的2D峰峰高接近G带的2倍,而与石墨烯缺陷度有关的D带峰峰高较小。该方法可成功制备单层或双层石墨烯纳米片,研究结果为高效制备基于稻谷壳可再生资源的石墨烯开辟了一条新路。     

稻壳粉添加剂提高污泥的脱水效果研究

利用农业废弃物稻壳粉能有效提高污泥的脱水性能。该文研究了稻壳粉投加量对污泥脱水性能的影响及调理机理,同时分析稻壳粉调理对污泥滤液和脱水后污泥主要性质的影响,并进行技术经济分析。试验结果表明,稻壳粉的最佳投加量为70%污泥干质量(DS);在最佳调理条件下,与单独投加三氯化铁(FeCl_3,138.09g/kg)相比,污泥比阻降低了59.73%,污泥净产率提高了45.27%,污泥泥饼的含固率从13.99%提高到23.97%;扫描电镜结果表明,稻壳粉调理后的污泥泥饼具有不可压缩性和可渗透性,有利于污泥中水分的脱出;同时,稻壳粉的投加可有效降低滤液浊度和溶解性化学需氧量。因此,利用稻壳粉来调理污泥具有较大的潜力。     

碳化稻壳吸附严寒地区村镇地下水Fe2+与Mn2+的性能分析

为低温同步净化铁锰地下水,保障严寒村镇饮用水安全,优选600℃碳化稻壳CRH600,基于X射线衍射分析(Xray diffraction,XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)、比表面积及孔结构分析(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller nitrogen sorption,BET-N2)、傅立叶红外线光谱分析(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)、Boehm测定法等表征剖析CRH600吸附Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)机理,通过单因素试验确定最佳投加量与溶液p H值,采用吸附等温线-动力学-热力学理论揭示CRH600低温吸附性能,考察CRH600低温再生能力。结果表明:CRH600比表面积大,稻壳碳化后表面官能团含量增多,其中-OH凭借离子交换与表面络合作用对Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)去除贡献最大。10℃时CRH600对溶液中混合的铁锰不存在竞争吸附;最佳溶液p H值分别为5、6,最佳投加量分别为6、10 g/L。吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型与Langmuir模型,受膜扩散与颗粒内扩散控制,饱和吸附量分别为5.85、2.83 mg/g。吸附自发放热、熵减,低温效果佳,物理与化学作用并存。H2SO4为吸附饱和CRH600的最优解吸剂,最佳吸附-解吸循环次数分别为5、3,再生CRH600对Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)的平衡吸附量可达解吸前的80%、90%。研究结果为改性稻壳颗粒低温去除地下水铁锰的应用提供了充分的基础数据与理论支撑。     

稻壳深施改良苏打碱土理化性质长期效应

盐渍土是中国重要耕地土壤,由于土壤中盐基离子含量高,影响植物生育,为此改良盐渍土意义重大。该研究以黑龙江省苏打碱土为供试土壤,采用土层置换犁将稻壳埋于20~30cm土层中,以单独的机械耕作不埋稻壳为对照,田间作业8 a后再次调查土壤理化性质,研究结果:土壤有机碳、速效氮、磷、钾含量与对照比有增加趋势,各层土壤pH值降低0.37~0.41,Na~+降低40.68~212.35 mg/kg;土壤固相率约40%,与对照比下降了3.68%~8.86%,土壤总孔隙度增加到57.38%~60.58%之间,有效孔隙比例大,占总孔隙的22.7%~26.8%,对照有效孔隙占总孔隙的19.0%~23.7%;土壤通气、透水性分别是对照的10~121 5倍和118~173 5倍,0~30 cm土层水库容量高于对照18.58 mm;速效水库容高于对照10.71 mm;稻壳深施持续后效长,改善苏打碱土比单一机械耕作有效,是适合盐渍土改良的一项技术,而且可以通过机械手段得以实现。