氮、磷、钾肥配施对紫花苜蓿产量及营养物质含量的影响

2008年在内蒙古西辽河平原灰色草甸土上,采用"3414"二次回归最优设计试验方案,研究施肥对不同品种紫花苜蓿的产量效应及营养物质含量的影响。研究结果表明,紫花苜蓿产量最高的施肥方案为N 0 kg/hm2、P2O5 63.56 kg/hm2、K2O 110.00 kg/hm2,并筛选出WL-232HQ为适宜通辽地区种植的最佳苜蓿品种。同时分析不同施肥水平对紫花苜蓿营养物质含量的影响,14个处理组合中,处理N0P2K2、N1P1K2、N2P2K0、N2P1K2和N2P2K3是试验条件下获得粗蛋白含量较高的组合。     

不同氮磷肥施用量对城市景观草坪生长与养分吸收的影响

为了给城市景观草坪科学施肥提供理论依据,试验在城市环境条件下研究了不同氮、磷用量对景观草坪生长与养分吸收的影响。结果表明:7、9、10月氮、磷用量为41.90 kg/hm2处理的叶片长度最大,分别高于对照1.58、2.46、2.62 cm,差异显著;7~10月41.90 kg/hm2处理干物质积累量最高,分别比对照提高2.79、1.78、2.32、1.89倍,差异显著,37.71 kg/hm2处理与对照之间无显著差异。41.90 kg/hm2处理的氮吸收量7~10月分别比对照提高3.93、2.50、3.59、2.66倍,差异显著,46.09 kg/hm2处理显著高于对照;41.90 kg/hm2处理的磷吸收量7~10月分别高于对照3.98、2.18、3.07、2.18倍,差异显著,8~10月37.71 kg/hm2处理与对照之间无显著差异;41.90 kg/hm2处理的钾吸收量7~10月分别高于对照4.24、2.16、3.22、2.55倍,差异显著。综合分析认为,城市景观草坪氮、磷施用量以41.90 kg/hm2为宜。     

Calcium and humic acid affect seed germination,growth, and nutrient content of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) seedlings under saline soil conditions

The effects of calcium and humic acid on seed germination, growth and macro- and micro-nutrient contents of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) seedlings in saline soil conditions were evaluated. Different levels of humic acid (0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg kg^?1) and calcium (0, 100, 200 and 400 mg kg^?1) were applied to growth media treated with 50 mg NaCl kg^?1 before sowing seeds. Seed germination, hypocotyl length, cotyledon width and length, root size, shoot length, leaf number, shoot and root fresh weights, and shoot and root dry weights of the plant seedlings were determined. Macro- and micro-nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) contents of shoot and root of seedlings were also measured. Humic acid applied to the plant growth medium at 1000 mg kg^?1 concentration increased seedling growth and nutrient contents of plants. Humic acid not only increased macro-nutrient contents, but also enhanced micro-nutrient contents of plant organs. However, high levels of humic acid arrested plant growth or decreased nutrient contents. Levels of 100 and 200 mg kg^?1 Ca²⁺ application significantly increased N, Ca and S contents of shoot, and N and K contents of root.     

Effect of phosphorus,potassium, and chloride nutrition on cold tolerance of winter canola (Brassica napus L.)

Winter varieties of canola (Brassica napus L.) are susceptible to winterkill. Measurements of photosynthetic efficiency and survival of field-grown canola were used to evaluate the effect of chloride (Cl), potassium (K), and phosphorus (P) nutrition on winter field survival in northwestern USA. In a growth chamber experiment, effects of calcium chloride (CaCl₂), potassium chloride (KCl), ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl), or sodium chloride (NaCl) on the ability to tolerate subfreezing temperatures were evaluated. In the field, overwinter survival was higher, and greater photosynthetic activity continued later into the autumn in plants with increased sap Cl concentrations. In the greenhouse experiment, significantly greater survival occurred in plants with higher sap Cl concentrations, but only in plants that had not been cold acclimated. These results suggested that a greater concentration of chloride ion in the sap of canola plants is related to an increased ability to tolerate subfreezing temperatures, but other processes resulting from cold acclimation may largely obscure this effect.     

Effect of seed phosphorus and soil phosphorus applications on early growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. IR66

Abstract

The vigour and size of rice seedlings in the nursery are generally correlated with final grain yield. The present study examined the possibility that increasing seed phosphorus (P) concentration would stimulate early growth of rice seedlings and therefore would have the potential to increase rice yield. Rice seeds with a uniform size and three levels of P concentration (0.115, 0.173, and 0.240% on a dry weight basis) were sown in pots on a P deficient soil with three levels of P supply (0, 7.75, and 38.8 mg P kg^?1 soil) to investigate their effect on root and shoot dry weight and P accumulation at three harvest times, 10, 20, and 30 d after sowing (DAS). The effect of seed P concentration on plant growth was greatest at a low soil P concentration and it was less pronounced with increasing soil P concentration and with time at all levels of soil P. At 10 DAS, shoot dry weight was 15% higher at a high seed P concentration (0.240%) (p < O.O1) than at a low seed P concentration (0.115%) at each level of soil P supply whereas at subsequent harvests (20 and 30 DAS) the effect of seed P concentration was observed only when the soil P supply was deficient. In contrast with its effects on shoot dry weight, high seed P concentration increased root dry weight only at the latest harvest (30 DAS). The fact that high seed P increased P concentrations in shoot tips, and in roots at 10 DAS suggests that improved P nutrition of seedlings in the first 10 DAS may be the mechanism by which high seed P concentration stimulates early growth, especially in soils with low P concentration. Sowing rice seed with high P concentration may be beneficial for increasing farmer's rice yields, in P deficient soil, and requires further field investigations.     

Effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer on growth,yield and chemical composition of sweet fennel

Abstract

In this study, the effect of different levels of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizers on vegetative fresh bulb yield, quality and biochemical attributes of sweet fennel were investigated in spring 2017 and 2018. Treatments consisted of 0, 50, 100, or 150?kg ha^?1 of N and K in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that, the bulb fresh yield increased with application of N and K in both years, while the higher level of K had significant adverse effect in first year. Results also showed that sweet fennel bulb treated by N and K exhibited higher vitamin C, total phenols and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant capacity, especially in first year. In both years, alone or combined application of N and K increased total soluble solids (TSS) content as compared to control, and this effect was more pronounced in 2017 season. Macronutrient contents of bulb including magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), K, N, and calcium (Ca) were significantly enhanced by NK fertilizer, however an alone application of K decreased Ca and Mg nutrient contents. Therefore, to improve fresh bulb yield, quality and antioxidant capacity in sweet fennel, 150?kg ha^?1 K and 100?kg ha^?1 N is recommended.     

种子引发对盐胁迫下高粱种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以“Tx623A”ד89-363”(Sb1, 耐盐性较弱)和“黑30A”ד大粒早”(Sb2, 耐盐性较强)2 个高粱杂交组合为试验材料, 利用100 mmol·L^-1?NaCl 溶液对种子进行引发处理。采用营养液沙培试验, 设4 个NaCl 浓度(0、50 mmol·L^-1、100 mmol·L^-1和150 mmol·L^-1)模拟盐胁迫, 研究种子引发处理对盐胁迫下高粱种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明: 随着盐胁迫强度增加, 无论经引发处理还是未经引发处理2 个高粱杂交组合种子的出苗时间均明显延迟, 出苗率和成苗率下降, 幼苗生长受到抑制, 物质积累减少。同等盐胁迫强度下,引发处理与未引发处理相比, 种子出苗时间缩短, 出苗率和成苗率提高, 幼苗地上部分干、鲜重和地下部分干、鲜重增加, 光合色素含量升高, Na⁺/K⁺值显著降低。由此得出, 种子引发处理可以不同程度地促进盐胁迫下高粱种子萌发, 减轻盐胁迫对幼苗的伤害, 促进幼苗生长, 提高耐盐性; 耐盐性不同的品种引发效果存在差异, 对耐盐性较弱的品种引发效果更好。     

等养分条件下稻草还田替代双季早稻氮钾肥比例的研究

【目的】研究等量氮磷钾养分投入条件下,长期稻草原位全量还田配施化肥对双季早稻氮 (N)、磷 (P)、钾 (K) 养分吸收累积、转运及养分利用的影响,为南方稻区稻草资源有效利用,维持并提高土壤肥力及水稻合理施肥提供理论依据。【方法】以江西温圳国家级耕地质量监测点长期定位试验为研究对象,陆两优 996 为供试材料,在不施化肥和施用化肥基础上设稻草还田、稻草烧灰还田和稻草不还田共 6 个处理,除空白对照外,所有处理养分投入量相等。于 2015 年在早稻移栽期、分蘖期、幼穗分化期、抽穗期和成熟期取地上部植株样,分析水稻植株不同部位的 N、P、K 含量和累积量以及转运比例,并计算 N、P、K 养分利用效率。【结果】稻草还田提高了水稻产量,施肥条件下稻草还田处理比稻草烧灰还田和稻草不还田处理平均增产 2.9%～ 6.4%,比不施肥区产量增幅高达 23.8%～ 26.0%,且差异达显著水平。无论是施肥区处理,还是无肥区处理,与稻草烧灰还田和稻草不还田处理相比,稻草还田植株中 K 含量及 N、P、K 积累量在整个生育期均较高,而 N、P 含量在生育后期较高,N、P、K 积累量以施肥区处理大于相应的无肥区处理;稻草还田提高水稻 N、P、K 养分农学效率、回收率和养分偏生产力,且 N、K 差异达显著水平,同时显著增加 K 的收获指数;稻草还田还提高了抽穗至成熟期茎鞘中 N、P、K 的转运量、转运率及转移养分对籽粒的贡献率,而叶片各处理间差异不显著。【结论】稻草还田配施化肥能提高水稻产量,同时还可以调节 N、P、K 养分的积累和转运,提高养分的吸收利用效率。本试验条件下,稻草还田可替代化肥氮肥 (N) 29.5%、磷肥 (P₂O₅) 4.0% 和钾肥 (K₂O) 50.0%。综合考虑,稻草还田相比稻草烧灰还田而言是南方稻区土壤养分管理实现高效利用的有效途径之一。     

氮磷钾减量配施硅肥对玉米养分吸收、利用及产量的影响

为研究氮、磷和钾减量条件下,增施硅肥对玉米氮、磷和钾养分吸收、利用及产量的影响,采用2因素裂区设计,主区为3种氮、磷和钾肥用量组合(F_(100)—常规用量,F_(80)—等比例减少20%和F(60)—等比例减少40%),副区为2种硅肥用量(SiO_2施用量分别为37.5和75 kg/hm~2,记为S_3和S_7。),测定玉米植株拔节期和成熟期的干物质积累量,氮、磷和钾的积累量,产量及产量构成。结果表明:与常规用量F100相比,F80和F60植株拔节期和成熟期的干物质、氮、磷和钾积累量显著降低,植株成熟期干物质、氮、钾、硅素在籽粒中的分配比例显著下降,穗粒数、行粒数和穗长均显著下降,秃尖长度增加20.96%~25.33%,减产10.77%~17.77%。F_(100)和F_(80)中,与S_3相比,S_7能显著提高植株拔节期、成熟期干物质积累,增加拔节期和成熟期植株氮、磷、钾和硅素积累量,提高磷素干物质生产效率、磷素籽粒生产效率及磷肥偏生产力以及籽粒产量。在处理F_(100)中,与S_3相比,S_7能提高成熟期籽粒中氮和钾的分配比例,显著降低成熟期茎秆中氮和钾的分配比例;在处理F_(80)中,与S_3相比,S_7能提高成熟期茎秆中磷和硅素的分配比例,降低成熟期籽粒中磷素的分配比例;在处理F_(60)中,与S_3相比,S_7能显著降低成熟期茎秆和籽粒中硅的分配比例。F_(100)和F_(80)中,与S_3相比,S_7能显著提高氮、磷和钾肥偏生产力。综上所述,氮、磷和钾肥减量会降低玉米植株关键生育阶段干物质积累量,以及氮、磷和钾素营养积累量,最终降低籽粒产量;氮、磷和钾常规用量或减施比例≤20%条件下,增施75 kg/hm~2硅肥能促进植株对氮、磷和钾素的吸收,增加干物质生产能力,优化成熟期干物质分配比例,增加籽粒产量,同步提高氮、磷和钾肥利用率。     

Characterization of nutrients uptake and enzymes activity in Khatouni melon (Cucumis melo var. inodorus) seedlings under different concentrations of nitrogen,potassium and phosphorus of nutrient solution

A nutrient solution experiment was done to evaluate effects of different concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) on leaf mineral concentrations and some enzymes activity of melon seedlings (Cucumismelo var. inodorus subvar. Khatouni). Different levels of these nutrients including 0, 53, 105, 158 and 210?mg L^?1 N; 0, 8, 16, 23 and 31?mg L^?1 P; 0, 59, 118, 176 and 235?mg L^?1 K, all corresponding to 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of their concentrations in Hoagland nutrient solution, were applied to plants. The results showed that the highest leaf nitrate reductase (NR) activity was observed at highest N and P levels, whereas the three highest K levels showed the highest NR activity. The highest leaf peroxidase activity was observed at 8?mg L^?1 P, 59?mg L^?1 K and 158?mg L^?1 N. The leaf catalase activity was highest at zero concentration of P, 158?mg L^?1 N and 176?mg L^?1 K; however, catalase activity was decreased by increasing P levels. Leaf protein content showed an increasing trend with increasing N, P and K levels of nutrient solution, while there was no significant difference between 158 and 210?mg L^?1 N. The highest leaf concentrations of N, P, K and Mg were observed at highest nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus levels of nutrient solution, whereas the highest leaf concentration of Ca were obtained at 53 or 105?mg L^?1 N, 176?mg L^?1 K and 23–31?mg L^?1 P. The highest iron concentration of leaves was obtained from 23 to 31?mg L^?1 P, 176?mg L^?1 K and 210?mg L^?1 N.     

磷钾对紫云英(Astragalus sinicas L.)生长和土壤性状的影响

为研究不同区域磷钾养分对紫云英(Astragalus sinicas L.)生长和土壤性状的影响,为紫云英的高产栽培措施提供参考,在安徽合肥和广西南宁分别设置了不同磷钾养分添加的盆栽试验,测定了紫云英产量及养分累积量,并分析了土壤理化性状、胞外酶[α-葡萄糖苷酶(AG)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、磷酸酶(PHO)、乙酰氨...     

Nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium effects on the physiology and biomass yield of baby spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)

Baby spinach is a relatively new crop of commercial significance in South Africa with considerable health attributes. Three parallel trials to investigate its response to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were conducted. N and P (0, 45, 75, 105, and 120 kg·ha^?1) and K (0, 63, 85, 127, and 148 kg·ha^?1) treatments were applied to baby spinach in a randomized block design with four replications. After the parallel trial, NPK combination trial was also done. The biomass yield, chlorophyll content, and leaf area index increased significantly with increase in N and P rates; K had no effect on the yield, chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, and leaf area index. Yield and chlorophyll content peaked at 75 kg·ha^?1 of N/P but growth was best optimized at the NPK combination of 45:45:60 kg·ha^?1.     

Yield enhancement and phosphorus economy in lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) with integrated use of phosphorus,Rhizobium and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria

The study evaluated the effects of phosphorus (0, 20, 30, and 40 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1) and biofertilizers [Rhizobium (Rhizobium leguminosarum bv viciae), plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (Pseudomonas fluorescens), Rhizobium + PGPR, and uninoculated control] in lentil. Application of 40 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 resulted in the highest number of nodules, nodule dry weight, leghemoglobin content in nodules, chlorophyll content, yield attributes, and grain yield. Coinoculated treatment performed better than uninoculated control, and individual inoculations of Rhizobium and PGPR in terms of all above mentioned parameters. Application of 20 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 + Rhizobium inoculation gave statistically similar and 20 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 + Rhizobium + PGPR inoculation gave significantly higher grain yield than that by 40 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 alone. The use of Rhizobium alone and Rhizobium + PGPR consortium can save not only 20 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 but also increase the grain yield of lentil.     

Yield and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat increased with root length and biomass due to nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium interactions

Balanced applications of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are known to increase grain yield of wheat but the impact of the interactions among N, P, and K on root growth and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) have not been proven. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of balanced applications of N, P, and K on the rooting patterns and NUE of wheat. Two glasshouse experiments were conducted. A rhizobox study was used to assess the impact of interactions among N, P, and K fertilisers on total root length, biomass, specific root length, root length density, N use efficiency (NUE), and N uptake efficiency of the shoots (NUpE_shoot) and N nutrition index. In a separate pot study, plants were grown to maturity to confirm the effect of the observed changes in root growth on NUE, NUpE_grain, and grain/biomass yield. In the rhizobox experiment when plants were supplied with N+P+K, total root biomass increased approximately six‐fold relative to plants grown with N alone or with no fertiliser. Plants exposed to N+P+K had NUpE_shoot and NUE values that were five and ten times higher, respectively, than plants that received just fertiliser N. Plants supplied with N+P or N+P+K had N nutrition indices close to one (N‐adequate), while plants that only received N had an index of 0.62 (N‐deficient). The pot study confirmed that the changes in root length and biomass in plants exposed to N+P+K resulted in significant increases in NUE, NUpE_grain, shoot biomass, and grain yield at maturity. Interactions among fertiliser N, P, and K played a critical role in influencing root biomass and length, which was associated with increases in NUE, NUpE_shoot and NUpE_grain.     

钙质紫泥田水稻氮磷钾施肥效应研究

研究了钙质紫泥田水稻氮磷钾的施肥效应,分析了肥料的因素效应及合理施用量。结果表明:(1)在试验施肥量范围内,水稻产量与肥料用量呈二次多项式函数关系;(2)磷和氮的效应高,钾肥效应低;(3)棕紫泥夹砂田水稻合理施肥量为每公顷N 125~130 kg、P2O570 kg、K2O 0~30 kg,下湿紫泥田为N 85~90 kg、P2O555 kg、K2O 0~20 kg;(4)地下水位高、湿害严重,是下湿紫泥田生产水平低、施肥效果差的根本原因,改造途径是深沟排水、脱潜治理。     

Improvement in nitrogen availability, nitrogen uptake and growth of aerobic rice following soil acidification

A yield decline and increase in soil pH under continuous cropping of aerobic rice have been reported in previous studies. However, the underlying mechanisms governing the poor growth and low yield of aerobic rice following an increase in soil pH are unknown. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of soil acidification on the soil nutrient availability, plant nutrition and growth of aerobic rice grown in continuously cropped aerobic soil. Two pot experiments were conducted using soil from a field where aerobic rice had been grown for 13 consecutive seasons. Soil was acidified by adding 50–300 mL of 0.05 mol L^–1 sulfuric acid to 3.0 kg of air-dried soil to achieve a range of soil pH levels. Rice was grown aerobically with N rates of 0–1.2 g per pot using urea or ammonium sulfate. Soil chemical properties were measured as were leaf nutrient concentrations, plant growth parameters, and the above-ground N uptake. A 5.5-fold and 1.5-fold increase in soil ammonium and nitrate were observed, respectively, after adding sulfuric acid. Plant growth and N uptake improved significantly with soil acidification, regardless of N rates or N sources, and were associated with an improvement in plant N nutrition. The application of N had greater positive effects on plant growth and N uptake than soil acidification. The growth response to soil acidification reduced as the rate of N application increased. These results suggest that the yield decline of continuous aerobic rice is probably associated with a reduction in soil N availability and plant N uptake as a result of a gradual increase in soil pH.     

有机钾肥和钾硅钙矿物肥对烤烟生长及烟叶产量质量的影响

为了探讨有机钾肥和矿物钾肥在河南省烤烟上的施用效果,采用大田试验,研究了施用有机钾肥、钾硅钙矿物肥替代15%硫酸钾对烤烟生长及烟叶产量、质量的影响。结果表明,施用有机钾肥、钾硅钙矿物肥替代15%硫酸钾处理比全部施用硫酸钾处理显著提高了圆顶期叶片SPAD值,起到了延缓叶片衰老,保证叶片有足够成熟时间的作用;与全部施用硫酸钾处理相比,用有机钾肥、粒状钾硅钙矿物肥、粉状钾硅钙矿物肥替代15%硫酸钾的3个处理,烟叶产量分别提高16.4%、21.1%和13.0%,产值分别增加5 037.3、10 975.0和3 306.6元/hm2。施用有机钾肥、粉状和粒状钾硅钙矿物肥的3个处理间相比,烟叶产量差异不显著,烟叶产值以施用粒状钾硅钙矿物肥替代15%硫酸钾处理最高,上、中、下部烟叶钾含量显著提高,下部叶和中部叶钾氯比达3.5以上。     

Using Limestone to Improve Soil Fertility and Growth of Mango (Mangifera Indica L.)

Soil acidity is one of the most important factors limiting crop production. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of limestone application on the soil chemical properties, nutrition and yield of mango plants in an orchard under implementation. The design was randomized blocks, with five limestone doses (0; 2; 4; 6 and 8 t ha^?1) and four replications. Soil chemical analyses were performed (at 12, 24, 36 and 48 months after the experiment implementation) in the layers 0–20; 20–40 and 40–60 cm deep. Nutrition status and yield were assessed during the first and second crop seasons. The highest fruit yield was associated with the application of 3.9 and 3.8 t ha^?1 of limestone in the 2008/09 and 2009/10 seasons, respectively, that is, the dose recommended by the literature for raising base saturation to 80%, as a function of the fertility conditions of the soil initially obtained.     

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the concentrations of oil and protein in canola (brassica napus) seed

The oil and protein concentration response of canola (Brassica napus L.) to application of nitrogen (N), applied as urea (46%), was measured in 210 field plots done in 1994 and 1995 in south‐western Australia (WA). The canola was grown on a range of soil types deficient in N for maximum seed production. The sites were sown in late May to early June. The concentration of oil in the canola seed decreased concomitantly with an increase in protein. In all experiments, in both years, there was no relationship between the seed yield and the resultant oil or protein concentration. The addition of the oil plus protein concentration in the canola seed was an approximately constant 62% in the both years.     

氮钾水互作对玉米苗期植株生长及钾素吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验方法探讨了氮钾水互作对玉米苗期植株生长及养分吸收的影响。结果表明,水分适宜能明显增加玉米植株株高和干物重,水分适宜条件下玉米株高和干物重较水分亏缺条件的分别增加7.8%和13.8%。增施氮肥能显著增加玉米植株株高和干物重,水分适宜条件下中氮水平的玉米株高和干物重分别较低氮水平的增加10.4%和8.7%,而水分亏缺条件下株高和干物重均随施氮水平的增加而明显增加;水分亏缺条件下,中高量施钾能显著增加玉米植株干物重。水分适宜条件下增施氮肥能明显促进玉米对钾素的吸收,在水分适宜和亏缺条件下,不同氮水平的玉米钾素吸收均随施钾水平的增加而显著增加。