秸秆还田对热带土壤-水稻种植系统N2O排放的影响

为研究秸秆还田对热带地区稻田N2 O排放的影响,以不同管理措施下耕作4 a的稻田土壤为基础,通过盆栽试验观察种植水稻后N2 O排放动态变化.试验设置了不施氮对照(CK)、常规施氮(CT)、单施秸秆(ST)和常规施氮+秸秆(CTST)处理.结果表明,各处理N2O排放通量在-0.23～6.64 mg/(m2·h),主要集中在水稻生育前中期,CTST处理相比于CT处理显著降低了分蘖肥期田面水无机氮浓度(P<0.05),同时减少了N2O排峰的维持时间;各处理全生育期N2O累积排放量为0.13～2.85 g/m2,施氮处理显著高于不施氮处理(P<0.05),ST处理与CK处理差异不显著(P>0.05),CTST处理相比于CT处理可减排49.11％(P<0.05).因此,施用氮肥是N2O排放增加的主要原因,秸秆还田可显著减少热带土壤-水稻种植系统N2 O排放.     

秸秆还田及添加生物炭对黑土玉米生长季N2O排放的影响

为比较秸秆还田与添加生物炭对黑土氧化亚氮(N₂O)排放的影响,基于中国科学院海伦农业生态实验站建立的定位田间试验,设单施化肥(NPK)、秸秆还田配施化肥(NPK+SR)、生物炭配施化肥(NPK+BC) 3个处理,采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定黑土区玉米生长季N₂O排放通量。在试验进行的第3年,采集生长季土壤排放的气体,测定N₂O排放通量。结果表明：较单施化肥相比,NPK+SR处理N₂O累积排放量增加了83.1%,而NPK+BC处理降低了32.4%。尽管土壤N₂O排放通量与土壤温度的相关系数因不同处理而存在差异,但各处理均表现出显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。而土壤含水量与N₂O排放通量未呈现相关关系(P>0.05)。与单施化肥处理相比,秸秆还田和添加生物炭后玉米总产量增加了12.0%和34.3%。由此可见,玉米秸秆制成生物炭还田既增加玉米产量,又达到N₂O减排的目的,在本试验条件下,生物炭是玉米秸秆还田的有效方式。     

水稻田土壤N2O和CO2排放日变化规律及最佳观测时间的确定

采用静态箱（暗箱）-气相色谱法,对水稻田土壤中温室气体的排放进行了连续观测,以探索水稻田土壤N2O和CO2排放日变化规律,确定最佳观测时间。结果表明：氮肥的施用对N2O和CO2的排放具有显著的促进作用,各处理水稻田土壤N2O排放日变化规律有明显差异,而CO2排放的日变化规律差异不显著。在整个观测时期内（120 h）,对照处理水稻田土壤N2O的排放变化不大,且排放通量较低。施氮处理在施肥前24 h和施肥后24 h N2O的排放通量变化不明显,而在施氮肥后48~96 h内排放通量增大较显著,在96~120 h内,N2O的排放逐渐减少。各处理水稻田土壤CO2排放的日变化规律较相似,在施氮肥前,各处理水稻田土壤CO2排放无显著差异。在施氮肥后24~48 h、48~72 h、72~96 h和96~120 h观测时间段内,自当日15：00至次日9：00,各处理CO2的排放通量均呈现先减小后增大的趋势,且施氮处理CO2的排放通量显著高于对照处理。通过对120 h内水稻土壤N2O和CO2排放通量进行矫正分析,在9：00—11：00进行观测时,CO2和N2O的排放通量与一天的平均值最接近,能够代表一天温室气体排放通量。     

大豆和玉米生长对土壤N2O排放的影响

测定了盆栽试验条件下大豆和玉米生长期间的土壤N₂O排放。种大豆土壤的N₂O排放总量是相同条件下裸土排放总量的5.9倍，在大豆出苗后89 d里，种豆土壤的N₂O排放平均速率显著低于裸土，此后种豆土壤的N₂O排放速率显著高于裸土，种豆土壤N₂O排放总量的93%发生在只占全生育期24%的成熟衰老期。种玉米土壤的N₂O排放峰值出现在玉米出苗后13 d，而裸土的N₂O排放峰值出现在玉米出苗后81 d，裸土的N2O排放总量是种玉米土壤N₂O排放总量的13.5倍；种玉米土壤N₂O排放主要发生在前一半时期里，而裸土的N₂O排放主要发生在后一半时期里。无论在大豆还是玉米生长期间，裸土的N₂O排放速率均与气温呈极显著的正指数相关，而种豆土壤的N₂O排放速率与气温呈极显著的负相关，种玉米土壤的N₂O排放速率与气温没有显著相关性。由此可见，植物生长和植物类型不仅影响土壤N₂O排放的数量，也影响土壤N₂O排放与温度之间关系。     

双季稻区冬季覆盖作物残茬还田对稻田甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响

研究冬季不同覆盖作物还田后稻田的甲烷(CH₄)和氧化亚氮(N₂O)排放特征,对合理利用冬闲稻田,发展冬季覆盖作物,以及科学评价不同种植模式具有重要意义。本研究采用静态箱-气相色谱法,对冬季不同覆盖作物处理(免耕直播黑麦草-双季稻、免耕直播紫云英-双季稻、翻耕移栽油菜-双季稻、翻耕稻草覆盖马铃薯-双季稻和冬闲-双季稻)的稻田进行监测,以分析不同覆盖作物残茬还田对稻田CH₄和N₂O排放的影响。结果表明,冬季覆盖作物还田后,各处理早、晚稻田CH₄排放量均明显高于冬闲-双季稻(对照)。早稻田CH₄排放量最高的为翻耕稻草覆盖马铃薯-双季稻和免耕直播黑麦草-双季稻,分别达20.713 g m^-2和16.068 g m^-2;晚稻田CH₄排放量最高的为翻耕稻草覆盖马铃薯-双季稻和翻耕移栽油菜-双季稻,分别为60.421 g m^-2和48.666 g m^-2。各处理早、晚稻田N₂O总排放量均显著高于冬闲-双季稻,免耕直播黑麦草-双季稻、免耕直播紫云英-双季稻、翻耕移栽油菜-双季稻和翻耕稻草覆盖马铃薯-双季稻处理的早稻田N₂O总排放量分别比对照增加265.00%、320.00%、275.00%和65.00%,晚稻田分别比对照增加157.89%、113.16%、134.21%和42.11%。稻田CH₄和N₂O综合温室效应总和表现为翻耕稻草覆盖马铃薯-双季稻>翻耕移栽油菜-双季稻>免耕直播黑麦草-双季稻>免耕直播紫云英-双季稻>冬闲-双季稻,冬季覆盖作物还田明显提高稻田CH₄和N₂O排放。     

光照和施氮量对水稻根、叶际N2O排放的影响

旨在探讨光照和施氮量对水稻根、叶际N_2O排放的作用机制。采用水培方法,在小型光控培养箱内进行,将水稻(品种为培杂泰丰)地上部和地下部严格分隔在试验装置内室和外室条件下,用气相色谱法测定水稻根、叶际排放的N_2O量。首先进行了室内弱光(8:00-18:00, 4 000 lx)、NH_4NO_3为氮源条件下,不同生育期(如分蘖期、开花结实期、成熟衰老期)的水稻在不同施氮量(低氮,30 mg/L;中氮,60 mg/L;高氮,90 mg/L))情况下的试验。在此基础上,进行了弱光(4 000 lx)、强光(8 000 lx)和自然光的不同光照条件下的脱氮(0 mg/L)、低氮(30 mg/L)、高氮(90 mg/L)试验。弱光试验条件下,低氮(30 mg/L)、中氮(60 mg/L)、高氮(90 mg/L)处理的水稻分蘖期叶际及根际N_2O排放通量分别为34.9,42.4,98.3μg/(m~2·h)和29.6,79.6,246.1μg/(m~2·h),随着施氮量增加,水稻根、叶际N_2O排放显著增强(P0.05),且开花结实期及成熟衰老期试验亦获得相似的结果。在弱光(4 000 lx)、强光(8 000 lx)和自然光的不同条件下,脱氮(0 mg/L)、低氮(30 mg/L)、高氮(90 mg/L)处理的水稻开花结实期叶际平均N_2O排放通量分别为2.9,29.1,116.3μg/(m~2·h),23.6,40.1,120. 1μg/(m~2·h)和10.9,26.2,131.3μg/(m~2·h),强光、自然光照下脱氮与低氮处理间水稻叶际N_2O排放差异不显著(P0.05)。弱、强光及自然光条件下,脱氮、低氮、高氮处理的水稻根际N_2O排放通量分别为3.3,77.1,308.4μg/(m~2·h),14.1,45.6,182.4μg/(m~2·h)和19.3,44.9,224.6μg/(m~2·h),强光、自然光照下脱氮与低氮处理间水稻根际N_2O排放差异亦不显著(P0.05)。弱光条件下,供氮范围内随着施氮量的增加,水稻根、叶界面N_2O排放通量随之增强;但对比弱光试验,相同供氮(1N、3N)水平条件下强光、自然光有抑制水稻根际N_2O排放作用,且强光、低氮(1N)的协同作用限制水稻根、叶际N_2O排放的效果显著。     

生物炭对红壤茶园溶磷细菌数量和土壤有效磷含量的影响

为检测施用生物炭对酸性红壤土壤磷转化和土壤溶磷细菌数量的影响,用茶园土进了8周的接种溶磷细菌的微缩土壤培养实验,设置了0%、1%、3%(重量比)3种添加生物炭处理。结果表明:接种后土壤溶磷细菌数量迅速下降,而施用生物炭显著增加了茶园溶磷细菌的数量,为不施用生物炭的对照处理的10.5~15.25倍。此外,添加生物炭显著提高了土壤p H值、土壤有效磷(Bray-P)含量与土壤碱性磷酸酶活性。相关性分析结果表明:红壤茶园土壤溶磷细菌数量与土壤有机碳、总氮、总磷、有效磷、p H值、碱性磷酸酶活性之间均呈显著正相关关系,与土壤酸性磷酸酶活性呈负相关关系。总之,与对照处理相比较,添加生物炭可以增加红壤茶园土壤溶磷细菌的数量,并对土壤磷素起到活化作用。     

生物炭对红壤茶园溶磷细菌数量数量及和土壤磷形态转化有效磷含量的影响

为检测施用生物炭对酸性红壤土壤磷转化和土壤溶磷细菌数量的影响,用茶园土进了8周的接种溶磷细菌的微缩土壤培养实验,设置了0%、1%、3%（重量比）3种添加生物炭处理。结果表明：接种后土壤溶磷细菌数量迅速下降,而施用生物炭显著增加了茶园溶磷细菌的数量,为不施用生物炭的对照处理的10.5~15.25倍。此外,添加生物炭显著提高了土壤pH值、土壤有效磷(Bray-P)含量与土壤碱性磷酸酶活性。相关性分析结果表明：红壤茶园土壤溶磷细菌数量与土壤有机碳、总氮、总磷、有效磷、pH值、碱性磷酸酶活性之间均呈显著正相关关系,与土壤酸性磷酸酶活性呈负相关关系。总之,与对照处理相比较,添加生物炭可以增加红壤茶园土壤溶磷细菌的数量,并对土壤磷素起到活化作用。 关键词：生物炭;溶磷细菌;土壤有效磷;土壤碱性磷酸酶;红壤茶园     

长期施肥下红壤旱地CO2、N2O排放特征

摘 要：基于中国农业科学院红壤实验站长期定位试验,采用静态箱/气相色谱法,研究红壤旱地小麦生长季节不同施肥处理(CK、NP、NPK、NPKM、1.5NPKM)下土壤CO2、N2O排放差异。结果表明,长期不同施肥处理形成不同的土壤肥力以及作物生长的差异是影响土壤呼吸CO2、N2O排放的重要因素,红壤旱地小麦季土壤呼吸CO2、N2O排放具有明显的季节变化特征;在小麦生长季,不同施肥处理之间土壤呼吸CO2、N2O排放通量差异显著,土壤呼吸CO2年累积排放量在8284.02 kg?ha-1～15863.48 kg?ha-1之间,N2O年累积排放量在0.37 kg?ha-1～2.04 kg?ha-1之间。各处理土壤呼吸CO2排放通量的大小变化：1.5NPKM>NPKM>NPK>CK>NP;土壤呼吸N2O平均排放通量大小顺序为1.5NPKM>NPKM>NPK>NP>CK;有机肥的施用显著增加了土壤呼吸CO2和N2O的排放(P<0.05)。土壤呼吸CO2与N2O排放分别与土壤温度和土壤水分显著相关性。     

施肥对油菜田土壤CO2排放的影响

为了评价不同施肥方式对油菜田温室气体CO2排放影响,从而更好地引导农民改善施肥方式,减少温室气体排放。本研究以巢湖油菜田优化施肥（YH）、秸秆施肥（JG）、习惯性施肥（CG）和不施肥（CK）4种施肥类型为研究对象,利用静态箱-气相色谱法测定油菜生长期间的CO2的排放通量,同时对土温、土壤含水量和空气湿度进行测定。通过对数据进行相关性分析,结果表明：不同的施肥处理对CO2的排放有较大影响,其中CK处理的CO2排放通量最小;不同施肥方式对CO2的排放有影响,但差异不显著。10 cm以下深度的土壤温度对进行JG的油菜的CO2排放有极显著正相关关系。土壤含水量对温室气体CO2的影响只有与秸秆施肥（JG）的处理呈显著负相关性。并认为在这4种处理中YH施肥是最值得推广的施肥方式。     

氮肥对甘蓝产量、硝酸盐含量及土壤硝态氮含量的影响

通过田间小区试验为研究不同氮肥用量对北京地区甘蓝产量、品质以及土壤硝态氮含量的影响。试验结果表明:(1)0~60 cm土层中3个采样周期土壤硝态氮含量随氮肥量级增加而升高,并且随着作物的生长,0~30 cm土层中土壤中硝态氮含量呈现下降的趋势,30~60 cm土层中基本呈现上升的趋势;60~90 cm土层中变化较小;(2)随着氮肥投入增加,甘蓝产量呈现先增加后降低的趋势,当氮肥的添加量为240 kg/hm2时产量最高;(3)随着氮肥施用量的升高,甘蓝对氮素的吸收量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,添加氮肥处理的甘蓝对氮素的吸收量均显著高于不添加氮肥处理,并且施用氮肥的处理中甘蓝叶片硝酸盐含量显著高于不施氮肥处理,并且不同供氮水平叶片硝酸盐含量变化各不相同。综合以上试验结果可知,氮肥的添加对0~60 cm土层中硝态氮含量的影响较大,并且适量的氮肥添加量(240 kg/hm2)能够有效提高北京地区甘蓝的产量以及甘蓝对氮素的吸收量等。     

N2O-Freisetzung auf gemähtem Dauergrünland in Abhängigkeit von Standort und N-Düngung

N₂O Emissions from True Meadows Dependent on Location and N Fertilization Agricultural production is thought to be a main anthropogenic emitter of nitrous oxide (N₂O), which contributes to global warming and the destruction of the ozone layer. There is still considerable uncertainty about the amount of N₂O emission, and the site‐specific parameters that affect N₂O emission. From October 1995 until March 1998 experiments were conducted at established field plots (true meadows) at three different sites, i.e. low mountain range (Eifel), lowland (Niederrhein), and moist meadows (Münsterland). Plots were fertilized with calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) at nitrogen equivalents ranging from 0 to 360 kg N ha^–1. N₂O fluxes were measured throughout the whole year using the closed‐chamber method. In addition, data on temperature, water‐filled pore space and precipitation were collected. N₂O emission rates (mg N₂O‐N ha^–1 h^–1) were highest either after fertilizer application or in winter during frost, depending on the experimental site and N dosage. The annual amount of N losses due to N₂O emission was dependent on the experimental site and the type and dosage of fertilizer. Disregarding the 360 kg N ha^–1 level of the CAN treatments, the N losses in this experiment were less than 1.5 kg N₂O‐N ha^–1 yr^–1. At low fertilizer dosage there was no reliable correlation between the amount of N that was applied and the amount of N₂O that was emitted. However, with high fertilizer levels the N₂O emissions increased gradually. Finally, N₂O emissions were more influenced by the amount of CAN than by the site.     

Application of DNDC model to estimate N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O emissions from green tea fields in Japan

Heavy doses of N fertilizers are commonly applied to green tea fields in Japan, and cause large amount of nitrate leaching in ground water and emission of ammonia and nitrous oxide (N₂O) to the atmosphere. The Denitrification and Decomposition (DNDC) model was tested against experimental data on N₂O emissions from the tea field in Nishio, Aichi, Japan. There were reasonable agreements between the simulated and measured values of N₂O emissions for this site. The model was then applied for estimating the environmental impacts as affected by farm management practices, climate change, and soil properties. The model results were assessed with respect to major indicators of agro-ecosystems including crop yield, soil organic carbon sequestration, nitrate leaching loss, and N₂O emission. The results indicated that use of compost significantly reduced nitrate leaching and N₂O emissions in comparison with N fertilizer. When soil pH and texture shifted to non-acidic and coarser soil, N₂O emission increased; and a change in temperature and precipitation affected N₂O emission, nitrate leaching, and SOC sequestration. This study thus revealed the biogeochemistry model as a powerful tool in addressing the complex efficacy of the alternative farm management practices in tea fields across various climate and soil conditions.     

典型草原CO2通量变化特征对环境因子的响应

为准确估算评价草原生态系统碳源/汇和合理利用草地资源提供科学依据。采用涡度相关法对锡林浩特典型草原生态系统CO₂通量的日变化、牧草不同生育期CO₂通量变化规律以及与环境因子的关系进行分析。结果表明,草原生态系统CO₂通量具有明显的日变化特征,白天以吸收CO₂为主,夜间表现为呼吸排放CO₂,夜间较白天变化相对稳定;CO₂通量晴天与阴天日变化趋势一致,但阴天变幅大于晴天;在牧草不同生育期和不同天气背景下,CO₂通量的日变化特征不同。CO₂通量波动晴天大于阴天,但无论晴天还是阴天,返青期、黄枯期为大气CO₂的源;开花期为大气CO₂的汇,且开花期CO₂净吸收通量明显高于生长初期和黄枯期,而黄枯期CO₂呼吸排放通量明显高于生长初期和开花期。牧草在不同生育期的CO₂通量与光合有效辐射强度、平均气温、地表平均温度、5 cm平均地温和平均风速等环境因子密切相关。

     

Time Course of Nitrogen in Soil Solution and Nitrogen Uptake in Maize Plants as affected by Form and Application Time of Fertilizer Nitrogen

Field experiments with silage maize were conducted in 1987 and 1988 on a loess-derived Luvisol in southwest Germany. Four nitrogen fertilizer treatments were compared: application of preplanting NH₄ N (plus a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide as Didin) and preplanting NO₃-N, split application of NO₃-N (preplanting and side dressed 45 days after planting) and a control without nitrogen fertilizer in 1987 and with 64 kg N ha^?1 as calcium ammonium nitrate in 1988. The total amounts of soil mineral nitrogen (N_min+ fertilizer N) were 200 kg N ha^?1 in 1987 and 240 kg N ha^?1 in 1988. Suction cups and tensiometer were installed at five depths and samples were taken in regular intervals. Nitrate concentrations in the suction solution steeply increased at 15 cm and 45 cm soil depth 3-4 weeks after fertilizer application (1987 up to 160mgNl^?1; 1988 up to 170mgN l^?1) and steeply decreased up to 75 cm depth with the onset of intensive N uptake at shooting. Ammonium concentrations in the suction solution were very low (0-0.16 mg N l^?1). Compared to preplanting NCyN application, preplanting NH₄-N and split NO₃-N application decreased nitrate concentrations in the suction solution in spring 1987. In 1988, however, nitrate concentrations in the suction solution of preplanting NH₄-N and split NO₃-N application plots did not fall below 50mgNl^?1 at 15 cm depth during the growing season. Nitrate concentrations of split NO₃-N application increased again in autumn 1988 and hence doubled the calculated N losses by leaching during the winter months compared to preplanting N applications. At shooting, plants of the preplanting NH₄-N treatment had lower nitrate concentrations in leaf sheaths compared to plants of preplanting NO₃-N application. Total N uptake of maize between shooting and early grain filling of preplanting NH₄-N and split NO₃ -N application tended to be higher compared to preplanting NO₃-N application, reflecting the higher N availability in the soil later in the season. However, final dry matter yields and N uptake were not significantly affected by N form or time of N application. Since N losses by nitrate leaching between N application and onset of N uptake by plants were negligible on the experimental site, preplanting NH₄-N application and split NO₃-N application showed no agronomic advantages. High amounts of side dressed NO₃-N may increase nitrate leaching during the winter months, especially in years with delayed rainfall after application.     

模拟大气温度和CO_2浓度升高对双季稻氮素利用的影响

未来气候主要表现为大气温度和CO2浓度升高的变化趋势,升温2℃和CO2浓度达到450μL L–1(同比增加60μL L–1)情景是哥本哈根共识下的安全阈值。本研究采用自主研制的开顶式气室(open-top chamber,OTC)进行双季稻大田原位模拟试验,以早稻两优287和晚稻湘丰优9号为试验材料,设置了大田(UC)、对照(CK)、增温2℃(CT)、增CO2 60μL L–1(CC)和同时增温2℃增CO2 60μL L–1(CTC)5个处理,研究温度和CO2浓度升高对双季稻产量和氮素利用的影响。结果表明,早稻CT的籽粒产量和氮素积累量均低于CK,CC和CTC比CK提高籽粒产量19.7%和2.0%,提高氮素积累量15.7%和5.1%;晚稻CT、CC和CTC籽粒产量和氮素积累量比CK分别提高9.2%、14.4%和18.8%,及7.3%、10.2%和15%。茎叶氮素转运率和贡献率早稻CC和CTC略低于CK,晚稻CC、CTC均高于CK。氮素吸收利用率早稻以CC最高(45.7%),晚稻以CTC最高(48.5%),分别比CK提高了35.5%和33.1%。氮素农学利用率与之一致,早稻和晚稻的CC和CTC均最高(23.1 kg kg–1和26.9 kg kg–1),比CK提高了56.3%和46.2%。氮素生理利用率早稻和晚稻均以CC最高,相比CK提高了12.7%和10.5%,但差异不显著。CK与UC之间各项指标差异不大,这表明OTC覆盖对水稻生长造成的影响在可接受误差之内。综上所述,本研究认为温度升高2℃对早稻产量和氮素利用倾向于不利影响,对晚稻则相反;CO2浓度增加60μL L–1对早稻和晚稻产量和氮素利用倾向于有利影响;同时增温和增CO2对早稻表现抵消作用,对晚稻表现协同作用。     

施氮量对晋南旱地冬小麦光合特性、产量及氮素利用的影响

在自然降水条件下,通过2年大田试验研究了施氮量对晋南旱地冬小麦光合特性、产量、氮素利用效率以及0~200 cm土层NO₃-N残留的影响。结果表明,在0~270 kg hm^-2施氮量范围内,随施氮量的增加,旗叶的净光合速率和叶绿素含量增加,气孔导度增大,胞间二氧化碳浓度降低,旗叶蒸腾速率显著提高; 但施氮量超过180 kg hm^-2时,除蒸腾速率外其他光合指标均无显著变化。N180处理的氮素当季回收率及氮素农学效率均最高,且显著高于N90处理。生物产量以N270处理最高,且与其他处理差异显著; 但施氮量超过180 kg hm^-2时,氮素营养对籽粒产量不再有显著贡献。从产量构成因素来看,提高穗数和穗粒数是增加当地旱作小麦籽粒产量的关键。施氮量90~270 kg hm^-2会造成土壤NO₃-N的残留,残留量占施氮量的35%左右,其中20~40 cm和40~60 cm土层出现NO₃-N积累峰值,NO₃-N残留会导致氮素淋失风险增加及产量对氮肥反应不明显。综合考虑光合特性、产量、氮素利用率和NO₃-N残留量,当地旱作冬小麦施氮量以180 kg hm^-2左右为宜。     

Effects of reduced nitrogen input on productivity and N2O emissions in a sugarcane/soybean intercropping system

A seven-year (2009–2015) continuous field experiment was established at the South China Agricultural University in order to identify the effects of sugarcane/soybean intercropping and reduced N rate on ecosystem productivity, yield stability, soil fertility, and N₂O emissions. The randomized block experiment was designed with four cropping patterns (sugarcane monocropping (MS), soybean monocropping (MB), sugarcane/soybean (1:1) intercropping (SB1), and sugarcane/soybean (1:2) intercropping (SB2)) and two rates of N fertilization (300 kg hm⁻² (N1, reduced rate) and 525 kg hm⁻² (N2, conventional rate)). The results showed that the land equivalent ratio (LER) of all intercropping systems was greater than 1 (between 1.10 and 1.84), and the SB2-N1 optimally improved the land utilization rate among all treatments. The cropping patterns and N applied rates had no significant effect on sugarcane yield. The soybean yield was influenced by different cropping patterns because of different planting densities (4, 8 and 16 rows of soybean were plant under SB1, SB2, and MB, respectively) and was adopted in this experiment. In addition, under the SB2 cropping pattern, the soybean yield at the reduced N application rate was higher than that at the conventional N application rate. Wricke’s ecovalence (W_i²), the sustainable yield index (SYI) and the coefficient of variation (CV) were used to evaluate yield stability. Different treatments had no significant effects on sugarcane yield stability, as demonstrated by three indicators (W_i², SYI and CV), which indicated that intercropping with soybean and reduced N rate had no effect on sugarcane yield. For soybeans, the value of W_i² demonstrated that the stability of the intercropping system was higher than its counterpart monocropping system, as SYI and CV values indicated that SB2 had higher stability than SB1. During seven years of experiments, there was no significant difference in the soil fertility between MS and SB patterns. The soybean monocropping had a higher available K, pH and lower available P content than sugarcane inter- and mono-cropping. Different cropping patterns had a slight impact on N₂O emissions and the greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) value. Higher N input promoted N₂O emissions and increased GHGI values. In conclusion, the present study observed that a 40% reduced nitrogen input combined with intercropping soybeans could maintain sugarcane yield and soil sustainable utilization, and that higher N fertilizer additions induced negative impacts on greenhouse gases emissions. Sugarcane intercropping with soybeans can reduce chemical fertilizer input and simultaneously maintain crop productivity; thus, it can be considered to be a reasonable practice for field management.     

干旱地区农田生态系统土壤温室气体排放机制

CO2、CH4和N2O是目前几种最主要的温室气体,在对全球气候变暖贡献中,农业作为重要的温室气体排放源对其有不可低估的作用。一般而言,旱地农田生态系统是大气CO2和N2O的排放源,黄土高原等旱地是CH4的吸收汇。CO2排放主要包括植物呼吸作用和土壤呼吸作用;CH4排放包括有机物的还原和氧化吸收两个过程;N2O排放包括硝化作用和反硝化作用两个过程。土壤微生物、土壤水分、土壤温度、土壤质地、施肥等均从不同角度影响着温室气体的释放与吸收。近些年,免耕、秸秆还田、地膜等保护性耕作技术在干旱地区农田生态系统中得到广泛应用。其中免耕可以减少CO2和N2O的排放量,增加土壤对CH4的吸收量;秸秆还田和覆膜对N2O排放的影响结果尚未统一,但秸秆还田促进CO2排 放抑制CH4吸收,而覆膜促进CH4吸收抑制CO2排放。加强且更深入更全面的研究旱地农田生态系统温室气体排放应该作为今后重点研究领域,为全球气候变暖提供更为准确的理论基础。