13种常用室内观赏植物对甲醛净化效果

【研究目的】给人们生活提供有效的降低室内甲醛污染的方法;【方法】选用13种常用室内观赏植物,将盆土与茎叶部分隔开,放入自行研制的甲醛熏蒸箱中,对植物进行熏蒸实验,测得熏蒸前后甲醛的变化量和植物叶面积,以单位叶面积甲醛减少量来比较植物间吸纳甲醛能力的大小并排序。【结果与结论】结果显示,合果芋等吸纳甲醛的能力较强,而芦荟等吸纳甲醛的能力较弱。     

灌水频率与灌水量对南瓜耗水特征与水生产力的影响

为探讨河西地区沟灌条件下南瓜需水规律与产量效应,于2014,2015年以甜栗南瓜为试材,研究不同灌水频率和灌水量对南瓜耗水特征、产量、水分利用效率及其果实形态指标的影响。试验设置5个处理,分别为苗期灌水45 mm(T1),苗期灌水45 mm+伸蔓期灌水30 mm(T2),苗期灌水45 mm+伸蔓期灌水45 mm(T3),苗期灌水45 mm+伸蔓期灌水45 mm+开花坐果期灌水30 mm(T4),苗期灌水45 mm+伸蔓期灌水45 mm+开花坐果期灌水45 mm(CK)。结果表明,随着灌水量的增加,果径大小逐渐增加,而不同灌水频率对南瓜瓜形指数无显著影响。南瓜全生育期耗水量随着灌水频率和灌水量的增加而增加,各处理不同生育期阶段耗水量从大到小依次表现为:开花坐果期伸蔓期苗期发芽期,日耗水强度大小依次表现为:伸蔓期开花坐果期苗期发芽期。2个试验年度中,T2(2014年)和T4(2015年)处理水分利用效率分别最大,较T1和CK处理分别显著增加了14.80%,19.71%(2014年)和25.59%,1.89%(2015年)。T2、T3、T4和CK处理的产量分别较T1处理显著增加了24.59%,29.75%,23.07%,21.20%(2014年)和39.81%,55.22%,71.85%,74.93%(2015年)。通过回归分析,表明在河西绿洲灌溉条件下南瓜产量、水分利用效率与耗水量均呈二次抛物线关系。因此,南瓜伸蔓期和开花坐果期为南瓜需水关键期,在该生育期内适度灌水可显著提高南瓜产量和水分利用效率。     

灌水时期及灌水量对大豆产量及产量因子的影响

为了研究不同时期不同灌水量处理对大豆产量及产量因子的影响,以‘晋豆19’为材料,采用二因素完全随机区组设计的方法,进行一次性灌水试验,设3个不同灌水时期4个不同灌水量处理。结果表明,3个灌水时期中,花荚期灌水对大豆产量的促进效应最佳,其次是鼓粒期、分枝期,但花荚期灌水时随着灌水量的增加,产量呈先增后减的趋势。灌水6000 m~3/hm~2对大豆产量的促进作用最明显。花荚期灌水对大豆株高促进作用最明显,其次是分枝期、鼓粒期。灌水时期和灌水量两因素对大豆株高的互作效应极显著,多重比较表明,花荚期灌水6000 m~3/hm~2对大豆株高影响最大;灌水时期对大豆干物质重的影响顺序为花荚期、鼓粒期、分枝期,花荚期灌水6000 m~3/hm~2对大豆干物质重影响最大。本试验认为在干旱半干旱地区进行一次性灌水时,花荚期灌水6000 m~3/hm~2为宜。     

灌水量和灌水频率对设施小果型西瓜产量和品质的影响

以20 cm蒸发皿水面蒸发量为灌水依据,结合西瓜不同生育阶段需水规律,研究灌水量和灌水频率对设施小果型西瓜生长、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,西瓜植株的茎粗、叶片叶绿素含量、果实产量、品质和灌溉水分利用效率与灌水量、灌水频率存在密切的相关性,其中W₂F₂(灌水量75%Ep,灌溉频率6 d)处理综合表现最佳,该处理西瓜果实的可溶性固形物、葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖和番茄红素含量等品质指标均最高,硝酸盐含量较低,产量达41247 kg/hm²,与产量最高的W₃F₁(灌水量90%Ep,灌溉频率3 d)没有显著差异,灌溉水分利用效率为53.4 kg/m³,与最高的W₁F₁(灌水量60%Ep,灌溉频率3 d)没有显著差异,其他指标均处于中间水平,为最优灌水技术方案。研究结果可为设施小果型西瓜绿色优质生产提供理论和技术支持。     

灌水时期和灌水量对小麦耗水特性和旗叶光合作用及产量的影响

在2004—2005和2005—2006小麦生长季,以济麦20、泰山23和泰山22为试验材料,研究了不灌水(W0)、拔节水60 mm (W1)、拔节水60 mm+开花水60 mm (W2)和拔节水60 mm+开花水60 mm+灌浆水60 mm (W3) 4个灌水处理条件下小麦耗水特性、旗叶光合作用和产量变化。结果表明,2004—2005生长季,济麦20和泰山23均以W2处理籽粒产量最高,耗水量和灌水效率分别高于和低于W1处理;两品种的水分利用效率均以W1和W2处理高于其他处理,其中济麦20的W1和W2处理无显著差异,而泰山23的W1处理高于W2处理。2005—2006生长季,济麦20和泰山22分别以W1和W2处理获得最高籽粒产量,两处理的耗水量(451.3 mm和459.2 mm)无显著差异;两品种的水分利用效率均以W0处理最高,W3处理最低,其中济麦20的W1处理高于W2处理,而泰山22在两处理间无显著差异。随灌水量的增加,土壤供水量和降水量占总耗水量的百分率降低,灌水量占总耗水量的百分率增大。济麦20的W0处理的旗叶光合速率和磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性在灌浆初期与W1和W2和W3处理无显著差异,灌浆中后期显著降低,但W0处理有利于蔗糖向籽粒转移,灌浆后期旗叶中蔗糖滞留较少,这是W0处理的粒重显著高于其他处理的生理原因之一。综合考虑籽粒产量、水分利用效率和灌水效率,在未灌底墒水条件下,济麦20和泰山23以拔节水灌60 mm或拔节水和开花水各灌60 mm为节水高产的模式;在灌底墒水60 mm条件下,济麦20以拔节水灌60 mm、泰山22以拔节水灌60 mm或拔节水和开花水各灌60 mm为节水高产的模式。     

棉花冠层对不同灌水量的反应

讨论了北疆棉区推广棉种新陆早6号与新陆早8号在不同灌水量条件下的冠层结构特征的差异性,得出新陆早6号对限量滴灌反应不敏感,而新陆早8号对限量滴灌反应较敏感。因此在限量滴灌条件下选择新陆早6号种植较适宜。叶面积指数降低,叶片平均倾斜角度大,则群体散射辐射透过系数和群体直射辐射透过系数增加,对光能的截获率降低。由此得出了不同品种对灌水量的反应表现及理想群体冠层结构的合理指标,为增加棉花产量和提高水分利用率提供了理论依据。     

灌水量对耗水量及小麦产量的影响

随着工农业生产的发展 ,华北水资源日趋紧缺。小麦是华北平原的主要粮食作物 ,灌溉用水量大 ,但因本区降水量偏少 ,季节分布不均匀 ,年际变率甚大 ,水资源不足已成为小麦生产的限制因素。目前生产上为追求高产 ,而盲目增加灌水次数 ,加大灌水定额 ,致使水分利用效率降低。因此 ,研究小麦的需水特点 ,灌水时期 ,灌水量对耗水量与小麦产量的影响 ,对节约用水 ,提高水分利用效率 ,保护水资源具有重要意义。本文通过试验资料分析 ,探讨了适应于高产麦田的节水灌溉措施 ,使传统农业向节水农业发展 ,为高产麦田的灌溉提供理论依据。1　材料与方法…     

不同灌水量对加工番茄生长及产量的影响

探讨不同灌水量对加工番茄干物质积累及产量的影响,结果表明,加工番茄干物质积累量随着灌水量的增加表现为先增加后减少的趋势;过量灌溉引起加工番茄落花落果,导致产量下降;灌溉量为5000 m3/hm2处理的产量和水分生产效率最高。     

不同灌水量及畦面覆盖物影响温室甜椒产量的生理机制研究

研究了不同灌水量和覆盖物对温室有机土基质栽培条件下甜椒生长发育和产量的影响,分析了其对土壤地温、含氧量以及植物光合速率和叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明:不同覆盖物对地温和土壤含氧量有不同程度的影响,地膜覆盖增温效果明显,秸秆覆盖效果最差,土壤含氧量在不同灌水量处理中表现出了明显的差异,随着土壤含水量的增加含氧量越来越低;不同覆盖物处理间,覆盖秸秆处理的土壤含氧量较其他处理高5%~10%,其次是覆盖草坪草处理,覆盖地膜的含氧量最低。叶绿素含量和光合速率均以中水量最好,覆盖秸秆和草坪草处理间的差异不显著,最终甜椒产量亦以中水量处理要高于低水量和高水量,以中水量且覆盖草坪草处理的表现最好,显著高于其他处理。     

灌水量对金菠萝果实营养元素含量的影响

探明金菠萝果实各营养元素对旱季不同灌水量的响应特征,为金菠萝旱季水分管理措施的科学制定提供数据支持和理论依据。本研究以金菠萝为研究对象,在监测旱季实际降雨量的基础上,设计4个增加灌水量梯度水平[20 mm(W1)、50 mm(W2)、100 mm(W3)、150 mm(W4)]的试验,并以不灌水为对照(0 mm),分析旱季增加不同灌水量下金菠萝果实N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Mn 8种营养元素含量的变化规律。结果表明,灌水量的增加有利于金菠萝果实鲜重和干物质量的增长,W4处理鲜重(797.42 g)和干物质量(99.14 g)均最大。金菠萝果实营养元素含量的整体表现为K>N>Ca>P>Mg>Mn>Fe>Cu,其中K含量最高,N、Ca含量次之,Cu含量最低。果实K含量随灌水量的增加呈上升趋势,但果实Ca、Mg和Mn含量随灌水量的增加呈降低趋势,而W2水平下果实N、P、Fe、Cu含量达到最大值。灌水量的增加促进果实K的累积,但抑制果实中Mg的累积,而W2处理下果实N、P、Fe、Cu、Ca、Mn累积量均达到最大值。综合考虑果实生长情况及营养元...     

一种魔芋新虫害研究初报

为揭示魔芋叶柄基部被咬食进而导致整个植株感病的原因,以期揭示魔芋虫害与病害的内在关系,为大田魔芋病虫害防治提供理论依据。笔者采用田间调查与室内人工喂养试验进行证实。田间调查结果发现,在安康、汉中、宝鸡等地均发现鼠妇咬食魔芋叶柄基部进而导致魔芋感病的现象,且多发生在潮湿荫蔽的地块;室内试验表明,鼠妇主要咬食魔芋叶柄基部和叶片。此外,鼠妇对魔芋器官的咬食程度因品种不同略有差异。以上结果表明,鼠妇是一种魔芋新"害虫",也是魔芋病害的诱导因素之一。     

魔芋叶片中4种总RNA提取方法的比较

本研究分别利用TRIzol法、异硫氰酸胍法、改良的CTAB法及试剂盒这4种方法提取魔芋叶片的总RNA,并用紫外光谱和琼脂糖凝胶电泳对各个提取效果进行鉴定。反复试验的结果表明:TRIzol法难以提取魔芋叶片总RNA,异硫氰酸胍法提取的总RNA浓度低、杂质较多且有部分降解,这两种方法不适宜用于魔芋叶片总RNA提取;试剂盒方法提取的总RNA产率和纯度较高,但稳定性差、成功率低且成本较高;改良的CTAB法利用PVP和β-巯基乙醇去除酚类物质,水饱和酚-氯仿去除蛋白质,醋酸钾去除多糖,该方法提取得到的总RNA的纯度较高,OD260/OD280值为1.893,而且效果稳定,有良好的可重复性。因此,我们认为改良的CTAB法是一种简便、快速且经济的提取魔芋叶片总RNA的方法。     

Analysis of maize growth for different irrigation strategies in northeastern Spain

Water availability is the key factor determining maize yields in NE Spain. Irrigation is needed to obtain economic yields but it is costly and water supply is sometimes insufficient. The aim of this research was to test a simple simulation model for evaluating different irrigation strategies, especially under water-limited conditions. The LINTUL model was adapted and parameterized using experimental data from the 1995 season. Most parameters were obtained from experiments, although some were taken from the literature. This model is based on the concept of light use efficiency, incorporates a soil water balance and simulates phenology, crop leaf area, biomass accumulation and yield. It was tested on independent data from the 1995 and 1996 seasons under different irrigation treatments. The model predicted the flowering date within ±5 days of the observed values. Leaf area index was predicted satisfactorily, except under extreme water-stress conditions, where it was overestimated. In general, soil moisture content and yield were accurately predicted. In the 1996 experiment measured yields ranged from 6.4 to 13.6 t ha⁻¹ and simulated yields from 6.5 to 12.2 t ha⁻¹. These results show that the LINTUL model can be used as a tool for exploring the consequences on maize yields of different irrigation strategies in NE Spain. Analysis of the model identified a process that strongly affects yield loss due to drought, but for which present understanding is still insufficient: the effects of drought on leaf senescence and canopy architecture.     

栽培技术对健宝草产量的影响

对健宝播期、密度、施肥、灌水进行单因素试验,结果表明：健宝夏播亦可获得较高的生物产量,是等雨晚播和麦后复种较理想的饲料作物;春播健宝的适宜栽培密度为2.0×105株/hm2;追施尿素75kg/hm2草产量及施肥效率均较高;4次灌水较雨养条件下一次性刈割鲜草产量增加53.3%,二次刈割鲜草产量增加66.9%,健宝宜在具备灌溉条件的地区种植。     

规模养殖的环境污染问题及防治措施

规模养殖存在“臭气”等环境污染问题,通过开发应用新型饲料等措施,可有效加以防治。     

A conceptual model of farmers' decision-making process for nitrogen fertilization and irrigation of durum wheat

With a 2 millions of tons production, France is the second country in the European Union to produce durum wheat. Durum wheat production requires high grain nitrogen concentration. Irrigation and nitrogen fertilization must be managed simultaneously to maximize grain yield and also avoid low protein concentration and environmental impacts. To help advisors and farmers to better manage together these two agricultural operations and to develop innovative managements, developing a biodecisional model is an interesting possibility. However, knowledge is still missing on how farmers already managed these operations and how these two operations are linked. We developed the conceptual model for the decision part of this computer model. We performed a survey of 28 farmers conducted over the five French production areas investigating a diversity of growing conditions to identify the set of possible constraints and farmers' decision rules. To analyze the survey, we first used a general inductive approach on individual cases and then built a conceptual model of the decision with a bottom-up approach. We identified four decision sequences for fertilization (N splitting, choice of N fertilizer, rate of application, fertilization triggering) and five for irrigation (irrigation period, anticipated number of irrigation cycles, irrigation cycles organization, irrigation triggering and irrigation cycle specificities). For each operation, the first three decision sequences refer to strategic decisions. The other decision sequences refer to tactical decisions. Coupling this model with a crop model could provide guidelines for managing durum wheat in the current climatic and economic changing context.     

水稻种膜栽培技术研究初报

摘 要：以中作59为供试品种,研究了解膜、黑膜、白膜三种水稻种膜栽培方式与传统水稻栽培比较,对水稻产量、生育性状、光合特性、品质及土壤养分的影响。结果表明,种膜栽培的产量以黑膜和白膜较高,解膜次之,比对照可以提高产量7.7%-24.0%,缩短生育期5－7天,地上部光合积累量增加;种膜栽培对稻米品质影响不显著。水稻种膜栽培可以节水、省工,还具有减少杂草、病虫害、提高肥料利用效率的作用。     

Evaluating irrigation strategies for lettuce by simulation: 2. Nitrogen budget

A mechanistic water-flow, solute transport and crop growth model was used to compare three irrigation strategies for lettuce in French Mediterranean conditions: (1) the current strategy based on the occurrence of rainfall, (2) a strategy based on a simplified modelling of the soil water balance and (3) a strategy based on tensiometer readings. Water and solute instantaneous fluxes versus time were simulated for two growing periods (summer and autumn) over 100 years. The climatic data were provided by a weather generator. Leenhardt et al. (1998) compared the three strategies with regard to their effects on water flows in the soil. The present paper deals with their effects on the nitrogen balance and particularly nitrate leaching.

The three strategies rank similarly for all processes of the N cycle. Strategy 1 generates soil water content conditions favourable to denitrification and nitrate leaching and less favourable to mineralisation and nitrification, leading to a low NO⁻₃ availability for the crop, and thus a low nitrate uptake. Strategy 1 minimizes the water stress but induces the maximum nitrogen stress. At the other extreme is strategy 3, whereas strategy 2 has an intermediate position, but closer, however, to strategy 3 than 1. A direct conclusion would suggest avoiding strategy 1 and choosing strategy 3.     

污泥有机肥应用于中国水仙栽培的研究

摘要 本研究通过污泥田间试验,探讨不同污泥有机肥在中国水仙栽培上的施用效果。试验表明：适量的污泥有机肥能促进中国水仙的营养生长、提高其叶绿素含量,提高中国水仙主鳞茎的围径,提升中国水仙鳞茎球销售的等级和销售价值。其中以处理3（2250 kg /hm2污泥有机肥+ 750 kg /hm2过磷酸钙+ 750kg /hm2复合肥）和处理4（3000 kg /hm2污泥有机肥+750 kg /hm2过磷酸钙+ 750kg /hm2复合肥）的效果最佳,污泥有机肥可作为优良的土壤改良剂及农田肥料。     

Evaluating irrigation strategies for lettuce by simulation: 1. Water flow simulations

Among crop systems, vegetable crops with high inputs of fertilizer and water represent an important threat to the quality of the water. To give guidelines to growers and decision-makers for crop management, numerous fertilization and irrigation practices in various situations should be evaluated with regard to their production and pollution effects.

Here, we used a model of water flow and solute transport (Lafolie, 1991) to compare three irrigation strategies with regard to their effects on the water balance. The model was run for a lettuce crop for two growing periods (summer and autumn) and over 100 years in French Mediterranean conditions. The three strategies were (1) the current strategy based on the occurrence of rainfall, (2) a strategy based on a simplified modelling of the soil water balance and (3) a strategy based on tensiometer readings.

As expected, strategy 1 was very water and time-consuming. Compared with strategy 2, strategy 3 appeared as a good choice, minimizing the waste of water: it involved less irrigation and less drainage loss. The crop was also less stressed by this strategy.