The magnon pairing mechanism of superconductivity in cuprate ceramics

The magnon pairing mechanism is derived to explain the high-temperature superconductivity of both the La2-xSrxCu(1)O(4) and Y(1)Ba(2)Cu(3)O(7) systems. Critical features include (i) a one- or two-dimensional lattice of linear Cu-O-Cu bonds that contribute to large antiferromagnetic (superexchange) coupling of the Cu(II)(d(9)) orbitals; (ii) holes in the oxygen ppi bands [rather than Cu(III)(d(8))] leading to high mobility hole conduction; and (iii) strong ferromagnetic coupling between oxygen ppi holes and adjacent Cu(II)(d(9)) electrons. The ferromagnetic coupling of the conduction electrons with copper d spins induces the attractive interaction responsible for the superconductivity, leading to triplet-coupled pairs called "tripgems." The disordered Heisenberg lattice of antiferromagnetically coupled copper d spins serves a role analogous to the phonons in a conventional system. This leads to a maximum transition temperature of about 200 K. For La(1.85)Sr(0.15)Cu(1)O(4), the energy gap is in excellent agreement with experiment. For Y(1)Ba(2)Cu(3)O(7), we find that both the CuO sheets and the CuO chains can contribute to the supercurrent.     

Electron-induced oxygen desorption from the TiO2(011)-2x1 surface leads to self-organized vacancies

When low-energy electrons strike a titanium dioxide surface, they may cause the desorption of surface oxygen. Oxygen vacancies that result from irradiating a TiO2(011)-2x1 surface with electrons with an energy of 300 electron volts were analyzed by scanning tunneling microscopy. The cross section for desorbing oxygen from the pristine surface was found to be 9 (+/-6) x 10(-17) square centimeters, which means that the initial electronic excitation was converted into atomic motion with a probability near unity. Once an O vacancy had formed, the desorption cross sections for its nearest and next-nearest oxygen neighbors were reduced by factors of 100 and 10, respectively. This site-specific desorption probability resulted in one-dimensional arrays of oxygen vacancies.     

Low-Energy Hot Plasma and Particles in Saturn's Magnetosphere

The low-energy charged particle instrument on Voyager 2 measured low-energy electrons and ions (energies greater, similar 22 and greater, similar 28 kiloelectron volts, respectively) in Saturn's magnetosphere. The magnetosphere structure and particle population were modified from those observed during the Voyager 1 encounter in November 1980 but in a manner consistent with the same global morphology. Major results include the following. (i) A region containing an extremely hot ( approximately 30 to 50 kiloelectron volts) plasma was identified and extends from the orbit of Tethys outward past the orbit of Rhea. (ii) The low-energy ion mantle found by Voyager 1 to extend approximately 7 Saturn radii inside the dayside magnetosphere was again observed on Voyager 2, but it was considerably hotter ( approximately 30 kiloelectron volts), and there was an indication of a cooler ( < 20 kiloelectron volts) ion mantle on the nightside. (iii) At energies greater, similar 200 kiloelectron volts per nucleon, H(1), H(2), and H(3) (molecular hydrogen), helium, carbon, and oxygen are important constituents in the Saturnian magnetosphere. The presence of both H(2) and H(3) suggests that the Saturnian ionosphere feeds plasma into the magnetosphere, but relative abundances of the energetic helium, carbon, and oxygen ions are consistent with a solar wind origin. (iv) Low-energy ( approximately 22 to approximately 60 kiloelectron volts) electron flux enhancements observed between the L shells of Rhea and Tethys by Voyager 2 on the dayside were absent during the Voyager 1 encounter. (v) Persistent asymmetric pitch-angle distributions of electrons of 60 to 200 kiloelectron volts occur in the outer magnetosphere in conjunction with the hot ion plasma torus. (vi) The spacecraft passed within approximately 1.1 degrees in longitude of the Tethys flux tube outbound and observed it to be empty of energetic ions and electrons; the microsignature of Enceladus inbound was also observed. (vii) There are large fluxes of electrons of approximately 1.5 million electron volts and smaller fluxes of electrons of approximately 10 million electron volts and of protons greater, similar 54 million electron volts inside the orbits of Enceladus and Mimas; all were sharply peaked perpendicular to the local magnetic field. (viii) In general, observed satellite absorption signatures were not located at positions predicted on the basis of dipole magnetic field models.     

青海省三江源黄河源区地表水水质状况

为了解三江源黄河源区地表水水质状况,于2005-2009年在黄河源设7～13个断面,对黄河源地表水中18项水质指标进行了连续监测和分析。结果表明,高锰酸盐指数、氨氮和总磷含量偏高,略超过GB3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅰ类标准,超标主要是由黄河源特殊的自然条件引起,不属于外源人为污染;5日生化需氧量(BOD5)、化学需氧量(COD)、氟化物、铜、锌、六价铬、镉、汞、硫化物、挥发酚、氰化物、阴离子表面活性剂、石油类和粪大肠菌群符合GB3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅰ类标准浓度限值。总体而言,三江源黄河源区地表水水质良好,未受到人类活动的明显影响。     

Confinement of electrons to quantum corrals on a metal surface

A method for confining electrons to artificial structures at the nanometer lengthscale is presented. Surface state electrons on a copper(111) surface were confined to closed structures (corrals) defined by barriers built from iron adatoms. The barriers were assembled by individually positioning iron adatoms with the tip of a 4-kelvin scanning tunneling microscope (STM). A circular corral of radius 71.3 A was constructed in this way out of 48 iron adatoms. Tunneling spectroscopy performed inside of the corral revealed a series of discrete resonances, providing evidence for size quantization. STM images show that the corral's interior local density of states is dominated by the eigenstate density expected for an electron trapped in a round two-dimensional box.     

Femtosecond dynamics of electron localization at interfaces

The dynamics of two-dimensional small-polaron formation at ultrathin alkane layers on a silver(111) surface have been studied with femtosecond time- and angle-resolved two-photon photoemission spectroscopy. Optical excitation creates interfacial electrons in quasi-free states for motion parallel to the interface. These initially delocalized electrons self-trap as small polarons in a localized state within a few hundred femtoseconds. The localized electrons then decay back to the metal within picoseconds by tunneling through the adlayer potential barrier. The energy dependence of the self-trapping rate has been measured and modeled with a theory analogous to electron transfer theory. This analysis determines the inter- and intramolecular vibrational modes of the overlayer responsible for self-trapping as well as the relaxation energy of the overlayer molecular lattice. These results for a model interface contribute to the fundamental picture of electron behavior in weakly bonded solids and can lead to better understanding of carrier dynamics in many different systems, including organic light-emitting diodes.     

Observation of atomic diffusion at twin-modified grain boundaries in copper

Grain boundaries affect the migration of atoms and electrons in polycrystalline solids, thus influencing many of the mechanical and electrical properties. By introducing nanometer-scale twin defects into copper grains, we show that we can change the grain-boundary structure and atomic-diffusion behavior along the boundary. Using in situ ultrahigh-vacuum and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, we observed electromigration-induced atomic diffusion in the twin-modified grain boundaries. The triple point where a twin boundary meets a grain boundary was found to slow down grain-boundary and surface electromigration by one order of magnitude. We propose that this occurs because of the incubation time of nucleation of a new step at the triple points. The long incubation time slows down the overall rate of atomic transport.     

凤尾菇贮藏时乙烯、酚类物质以及主要氧化酶活性的变化

从生理生化角度探讨了凤尾菇（Pleurotus sajor-caju)不同方法贮藏时，其生理活性物质乙烯和酚类物质含量，以及主要氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明：乙烯释放速率与POD和褐变度呈正相关；酚类物质与PPO和褐变度呈负相关；CAT和SOD呈无规律的变化。贮藏时，乙烯、酚类物质和褐变度是与主要氧化酶活性密度相关。     

生物降解对黑碳及土壤上苯酚脱附行为的影响

农业土壤和黑碳(BC)两种不同的吸附剂吸附苯酚平衡后分离,每组一部分不做处理,另一部分通过加入无酚灭菌溶液脱附平衡后分离,制备得到在不同吸附位点上吸附有苯酚的两类不同类型的4种吸附苯酚的吸附剂,研究了在不同Pseudomonasputida ATCC 11172菌密度条件下吸附在这4种吸附剂上的苯酚的脱附行为.结果表明,土壤及BC对苯酚的吸附均呈现明显的非线性,可用Freundlich模型描述.吸附态的苯酚能否被微生物利用取决于微生物及吸附剂的性质,BC具有发达的微孔结构,微孔小于假单胞菌细胞尺寸,导致假单胞菌无法直接利用吸附在BC上的苯酚;土壤基本无微孔结构,微生物较易与吸附的苯酚发生表面接触,直接利用吸附态苯酚.BC和土壤上的吸附态苯酚的脱附行为能用三元位点模型很好地描述,模型计算结果表明BC上的苯酚脱附主要受慢速脱附和极慢速脱附控制,微生物降解速率受脱附控制,降解可加速BC上的慢速脱附和极慢速脱附;土壤上的苯酚脱附主要受快速脱附控制,微生物降解不受脱附速率限制,对土壤上的脱附行为基本无影响.     

Electronic structure and valence-bond band structure of cuprate superconducting materials

From ab initio calculations on various clusters representing the La2-xSrxCu(1)O(4) and Y(1)Ba(2)Cu(3)O(7) classes of high-temperature superconductors, it is shown that (i) all copper sites have a Cu(II)(d(9))oxidation state with one unpaired spin that is coupled antiferromagnetically to the spins of adjacent Cu(II) sites; (ii) oxidation beyond the cupric (Cu(II)) state leads not to Cu(III) but rather to oxidized oxygen atoms, with an oxygen ppi hole bridging two Cu(II) sites; (iii) the oxygen ppihole at these oxidized sites is ferromagnetically coupled to the adjacent Cu(II)d electrons despite the fact that this is opposed by the direct dd exchange; and (iv) the hopping of these oxygen ppi holes (in CuO sheets or chains) from site to site is responsible for the conductivity in these systems (N-electron band structures are reported for the migration of these localized charges).     

Low-energy charged particle environment at jupiter: a first look

The low-energy charged particle instrument on Voyager was designed to measure the hot plasma (electron and ion energies greater, similar 15 and greater, similar 30 kiloelectron volts, respectively) component of the Jovian magnetosphere. Protons, heavier ions, and electrons at these energies were detected nearly a third of an astronomical unit before encounter with the planet. The hot plasma near the magnetosphere boundary is predominantly composed of protons, oxygen, and sulfur in comparable proportions and a nonthermal power-law tail; its temperature is about 3 x 10(8) K, density about 5 x 10(-3) per cubic centimeter, and energy density comparable to that of the magnetic field. The plasma appears to be corotating throughout the magnetosphere; no hot plasma outflow, as suggested by planetary wind theories, is observed. The main constituents of the energetic particle population ( greater, similar200 kiloelectron volts per nucleon) are protons, helium, oxygen, sulfur, and some sodium observed throughout the outer magnetosphere; it is probable that the sulfur, sodium, and possibly oxygen originate at 1o. Fluxes in the outbound trajectory appear to be enhancedfrom approximately 90 degrees to approximately 130 degrees longitude (System III). Consistent low-energy particle flux periodicities were not observed on the inbound trajectory; both 5-and 10-hour periodicities were observed on the outbound trajectory. Partial absorption of > 10 million electron volts electrons is observed in the vicinity of the Io flux tube.     

Electron transfer-induced dynamics of oxygen molecules on the TiO2(110) surface

Diffusion of oxygen molecules on transition metal oxide surfaces plays a vital role for the understanding of catalysis and photocatalysis on these materials. By means of time-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy, we provide evidence for a charge transfer-induced diffusion mechanism for O2 molecules adsorbed on a rutile TiO2(110) surface. The O2 hopping rate depended on the number of surface donors (oxygen vacancies), which determines the density of conduction band electrons. These results may have implications for the understanding of oxidation processes on metal oxides in general.     

Electrides: ionic salts with electrons as the anions

Electrides are ionic compounds that have alkali metal cations complexed by a crown ether or cryptand, with trapped electrons as counterions. The crystal structures and properties of two electrides illustrate the diversity that is encountered. One Cs(+) (18-crown-6)(z)e(-), has relatively isolated, trapped electrons apparently centered at each anionic site. It has a low conductivity consistent with electron localization, with an activation energy for conductivity of at least 0.45 electron volt. The other, K(+) (cryptand[2.2.2])e(-), has electron pairs trapped in an elongated cavity in a singlet ground state, but there is also a thermally accessible paramagnetic state available. This electride is much more conducting, with an activation energy of only 0.02 electron volt.     

类Fenton试剂处理苯酚废水的影响因素及动力学研究

采用一种类Fenton试剂法,即Fe3+和H2O2的组合代替Fe2+和H2O2的组合法,对氧化降解苯酚的影响因素及反应动力学进行研究。结果表明:当Fe3+、H2O2的加入量分别为1.3×10-3和1.3×10-2mol·L-1,且初始pH值约为4时,苯酚的降解率最大,几乎达到100%。同时分别用一级动力学、二级动力学及复合一级动力学方程对该条件下的反应进行拟合,复合一级动力学方程能最佳拟合相应的动力学过程,但2个平行反应的速率系数k1≈9.24k2,因此可近似认为是一级动力学过程。     

Io-accelerated electrons: predictions for pioneer 10 and pioneer 11

Based on a model in which electrons are accelerated to energies of 100 kiloelectron volts through sheaths associated with Io, predictions are made about energetic electrons to be observed by Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 in the Jovian magnetosphere. This energetic electron source may be distinguishable from the solar wind diffusion source by the radial flux profile and by the characteristic electron energies.     

High-density electron anions in a nanoporous single crystal: [Ca24Al28O64]4+(4e-)

We removed approximately 100% of clathrated oxygen ions from the crystallographic cages in a single crystal of 12CaO.7Al2O3, leading to the formation of high-density (approximately 2 x 10(21) cm-3) electrons highly localized in the cages. The resulting electron forms a structure that we interpret as an F+ center and migrates throughout the crystal by hopping to a neighboring cage with conductivity approximately 100 siemens per centimeter, demonstrating that the encaged electron behaves as an anion. The electron anions couple antiferromagnetically with each other, forming a diamagnetic pair or singlet bipolaron. The resulting [Ca24Al28O64]4+(4e-) may be regarded as a thermally and chemically stable single crystalline "electride."     

铜对葡萄酒酿酒酵母的氧化胁迫机制

【目的】研究铜离子对葡萄酒酿酒酵母的氧化胁迫作用,为葡萄酒酿造过程的铜离子控制提供依据。【方法】以模拟葡萄汁为酵母培养基,添加CuSO4分别设置0、0.05、0.10、0.20、0.50和1.00 mmol?L-1Cu2+浓度。另外设置0.50 mmol?L-1 H2O2的处理作为氧化胁迫的对比。【结果】铜胁迫下酿酒酵母细胞内超氧阴离子的产生速率和过氧化氢的含量增加。酿酒酵母膜脂过氧化程度加剧,细胞内丙二醛含量随着铜处理浓度的增加而增加。酿酒酵母细胞内超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性在铜胁迫下有不同程度的升高。铜胁迫下谷胱甘肽和甘油在酿酒酵母细胞内大量积累。【结论】铜胁迫刺激酿酒酵母细胞内活性氧的形成,产生与过氧化氢类似的氧化胁迫,而且酵母细胞的抗氧化酶体系和非酶抗氧化系统可协同作用减少细胞受到的伤害。     

Dioxygen binds end-on to mononuclear copper in a precatalytic enzyme complex

Copper active sites play a major role in enzymatic activation of dioxygen. We trapped the copper-dioxygen complex in the enzyme peptidylglycine-alphahydroxylating monooxygenase (PHM) by freezing protein crystals that had been soaked with a slow substrate and ascorbate in the presence of oxygen. The x-ray crystal structure of this precatalytic complex, determined to 1.85-angstrom resolution, shows that oxygen binds to one of the coppers in the enzyme with an end-on geometry. Given this structure, it is likely that dioxygen is directly involved in the electron transfer and hydrogen abstraction steps of the PHM reaction. These insights may apply to other copper oxygen-activating enzymes, such as dopamine beta-monooxygenase, and to the design of biomimetic complexes.     

Voyager 2: energetic ions and electrons in the jovian magnetosphere

The Voyager 2 encounter has enhanced our understanding of earlier results and provided measurements beyond 160 Jupiter radii (R(J)) in the magnetotail. Significant fluxes of energetic sulfur and oxygen nuclei (4 to 15 million electron volts per nucleon) of Jovian origin were observed inside 25 R(J), and the gradient in phase space density at 12 R(J) indicates that the ions are diffusing inward. A substantially longer time delay versus distance was found for proton flux maxima in the active hemisphere in the magnetotail at Jovicentric longitudes lambda(III), = 260 degrees to 320 degrees than in the inactive hemisphere at lambda(III), = 85 degrees to l10 degrees . These delays can be related to the radial motion of plasma expanding into the magnetotail, and differences in the expansion speeds between the active and inactive hemispheres can produce rarefaction regions in trapped particles. It is suggested that the 10-hour modulation of interplanetary Jovian electrons may be associated with the arrival at the dawn magnetopause of a rarefaction region each planetary rotation.     

连续施用生物炭对花生不同生育时期叶绿素荧光特性的影响

【目的】通过测定花生不同生育时期功能叶片的叶绿素荧光特性,探讨连续9年施用不同用量生物炭对花生叶片光系统Ⅱ的电子传递、光能吸收和氧化还原性能影响规律,同时观测叶片放氧复合体（OEC）受损程度变化趋势,为指导花生施肥提供理论支撑。【方法】于2011年建立的田间定位试验,设3个处理：CK（不施肥）;C15（生物炭225 kg·hm^-2）;C50（生物炭750 kg·hm^-2）。2019年分别采集不同生育时期花生功能叶,利用M-PEA-2仪器测定暗处理后的叶片光合指标。 【结果】通过分析不同生育时期花生功能叶叶绿素荧光参数发现,连续施用不同用量生物炭对快速叶绿素荧光动力学曲线（OJIP曲线）有显著影响。C15处理的K点的相对可变荧光强度差（ΔV_T）在花生苗期和开花下针期分别为-0.002和-0.020,在结荚期和成熟期分别为-0.024和-0.053,与CK处理相比花生各生育时期功能叶K点的相对可变荧光强度显著降低;随着生物炭用量的增加,开花下针期与成熟期K点降低幅度有不同程度增大。花生功能叶叶绿素荧光参数在开花下针期和成熟期对生物炭的连续施用有积极响应,其具体表现为：在开花下针期,与CK处理相比C15处理的J点相对可变荧光强度（V_J）降低23.9%,初级醌受体（Q_A）被还原速率（M_O）降低32.1%,捕获的激电子将电子传递到电子传递链中Q_A下游的其他电子受体的速率（Ψ_O）增加25.0%,以吸收光能为基础的光化学性能指数（PI_ABS）增加154.6%。缓解了花生功能叶片的放氧复合体（OEC）受损程度,提高电子由初级醌受体（Q_A）向电子传递链下游的其他电子受体传递的能力,随着生物炭用量的增加,效果越明显。在成熟期,施用不同量生物炭对花生叶片叶绿素荧光特性指标的影响与开花下针期基本一致,具体表现为：C15处理较CK处理J点相对可变荧光强度（V_J）和初级醌受体（Q_A）被还原速率（M_O）显著降低,分别减少12.5%和16.0%,捕获的激电子将电子传递到电子传递链中Q_A下游的其他电子受体的速率（Ψ_O）增加7.8%,以吸收光能为基础的光化学性能指数（PI_ABS）增加73.7%;C50处理与CK处理相比J点相对可变荧光强度（V_J）减少13.2%,初级醌受体（Q_A）被还原速率（M_O）减少19.4%,捕获的激电子将电子传递到电子传递链中Q_A游的其他电子受体的速率（Ψ_O）增加8.2%,以吸收光能为基础的光化学性能指数（PI_ABS）增加79.7%。【结论】连续施用生物炭能显著提高花生功能叶片在开花下针期和成熟期光系统Ⅱ电子传递效率,缓解OEC损伤程度,从而提高花生功能叶的光合性能。