鸭PRLR基因拷贝数的变异

本研究以台湾褐色菜鸭为试验动物,采用荧光定量PCR技术,使用2-ΔΔCt换算法对PRLR基因拷贝数进行定量,分析了其多态性与台湾褐色菜鸭生产性能的相关性.结果表明,PRLR和Ldh-B标准曲线的R2分别为0.991和0.990,扩增效率分别为111.68%和108.429%,斜率分别为-3.070和-3.135,PRLR和Ldh-B的扩增效率近似一致,可通过2-ΔΔCt方法对PRLR基因进行定量分析.在94羽台湾褐色菜鸭的样品中共检测到5种拷贝数(1、2、3、4、5)变异类型,拷贝数变异与台湾褐色菜鸭的蛋壳厚度和蛋形指数显著相关(P0.05),拷贝数为2的个体蛋壳厚度显著高于拷贝数为1和5的个体;拷贝数为3的个体蛋形指数显著低于拷贝数为1、2和4的个体;其余性状均无显著相关(P0.05).因此,PRLR基因拷贝变异区域可能影响蛋壳厚度和蛋形指数.     

Diversity of human copy number variation and multicopy genes

Copy number variants affect both disease and normal phenotypic variation, but those lying within heavily duplicated, highly identical sequence have been difficult to assay. By analyzing short-read mapping depth for 159 human genomes, we demonstrated accurate estimation of absolute copy number for duplications as small as 1.9 kilobase pairs, ranging from 0 to 48 copies. We identified 4.1 million "singly unique nucleotide" positions informative in distinguishing specific copies and used them to genotype the copy and content of specific paralogs within highly duplicated gene families. These data identify human-specific expansions in genes associated with brain development, reveal extensive population genetic diversity, and detect signatures consistent with gene conversion in the human species. Our approach makes ~1000 genes accessible to genetic studies of disease association.     

畜禽基因组拷贝数变异的研究进展

拷贝数变异(Copy number variation,CNV)是一种重要的基因组结构变异,主要指从几kb到数个Mb范围内DNA的多态,包括片段插入、缺失、重复等,它是研究基因组进化和表型差异的重要因素。CNV最早在人类基因组上发现,近几年,在鼠、猪、牛等动物基因组上的研究也取得了明显成效。文章阐述了生物遗传变异的2种方式CNV和单核苷酸多态性,对CNV的形成机制和检测方法进行了分析,重点介绍了畜禽基因组CNV的研究现状,并就CNV未来的研究重点和需要解决的问题进行了展望。     

Plant Chimeras Used to Establish de novo Origin of Shoots

When African violet leaf explants are cultured in vitro, buds and shoots develop directly from the upper leaf surfaces. Three developmentally different African violet chimeras were cultured, and in each case adventitious shoots that developed into plants had the parent chimera pattern. A multicellular origin of the adventitious buds accounts for these results.     

Reversible compartmentalization of de novo purine biosynthetic complexes in living cells

Purines are synthesized de novo in 10 chemical steps that are catalyzed by six enzymes in eukaryotes. Studies in vitro have provided little evidence of anticipated protein-protein interactions that would enable substrate channeling and regulation of the metabolic flux. We applied fluorescence microscopy to HeLa cells and discovered that all six enzymes colocalize to form clusters in the cellular cytoplasm. The association and dissociation of these enzyme clusters can be regulated dynamically, by either changing the purine levels of or adding exogenous agents to the culture media. Collectively, the data provide strong evidence for the formation of a multi-enzyme complex, the "purinosome," to carry out de novo purine biosynthesis in cells.     

Nuclear pores form de novo from both sides of the nuclear envelope

Nuclear pore complexes are multiprotein channels that span the double lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope. How new pores are inserted into the intact nuclear envelope of proliferating and differentiating eukaryotic cells is unknown. We found that the Nup107-160 complex was incorporated into assembly sites in the nuclear envelope from both the nucleoplasmic and the cytoplasmic sides. Nuclear pore insertion required the generation of Ran guanosine triphosphate in the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. Newly formed nuclear pore complexes did not contain structural components of preexisting pores, suggesting that they can form de novo.     

Role of the glutathione redox cycle in acquired and de novo multidrug resistance

Drug resistance represents a major obstacle to successful cancer chemotherapy. However, the specific biochemical mechanisms responsible for clinical drug resistance are unknown. In these studies resistance to the antitumor agent adriamycin was found to involve two mechanisms, one that decreased drug accumulation by the P170 mechanism and another that altered the glutathione redox cycle, an important pathway in the detoxification of reactive oxygen. This dual mechanism of drug resistance was demonstrated in cell lines that had acquired the multidrug-resistant phenotype and in human colorectal cancer cells with de novo resistance. These studies support a model of acquired and de novo multidrug resistance that includes alterations in both drug accumulation and the glutathione redox cycle.     

马铃薯T-DNA插入拷贝数的检测及对农艺性状的影响研究

以转基因马铃薯株系为材料,采用Real-time PCR方法,以SYBR Green I为荧光染料,以马铃薯块茎贮藏蛋白基因(Patatin)作为内参基因,以植物表达载体上的潮霉素抗性基因(HPT)为筛选标记基因,建立目的基因CT值与起始模版的相关性标准曲线,通过实时荧光定量PCR分别获得每个样品中内参基因和外源基因的CT值,根据Pfaffl法计算获得了T-DNA在转基因马铃薯中的拷贝数,且与Southern blot方法进行了比较,并结合田间农艺性状,分析了外源基因拷贝数马铃薯株高及薯块产量的影响。结果表明,内参基因和外源基因标准曲线的相关系数分别为R2=0.996、R2=0.995和R2=0.990。在所测的23株转基因株系中,12株为单拷贝插入,6株为双拷贝,5株为多拷贝。Real-time PCR比Southern blot方法结果更准确、操作更简便快捷、成本更低。且插入拷贝数的多少与马铃薯田间农艺性状变化有一定的关系,发现2拷贝以上的T-DNA插入较容易引起部分性状的改变。     

SYBR Green实时定量PCR检测转基因大豆中外源基因拷贝数

采用SYBR Green I real-time PCR方法检测转基因大豆中外源基因35S边界基因的拷贝数,以大豆凝集素基因(Lectin)作为内参照基因,以转基因大豆基因组DNA为内参照基因标准品,初始浓度为0.43μg·μL-1,进行5倍梯度稀释得到内参照基因CT值与起始模板量的相关性标准曲线:y=-2.9915x...     

猪MMP20基因变异筛选及其与母猪繁殖性状的关联分析

试验鉴定获得了猪MMP20基因第3内含子中的2个突变位点g.14334bpC>G和g.14369bpC>T,采用PCR产物直接测序法在大白猪群体中进行基因分型,并对母猪性状进行关联分析,结果发现这两个突变完全连锁,所组成的单倍型显著影响产仔数、产活仔数、21日龄活仔数、出生窝重和出生个体重性状(P<0.05)。GG/CC基因型个体产仔数最低,其次是GC/CT基因型个体,而CC/TT基因型个体产仔数最高。     

Strong association between west african rainfall and u.s. Landfall of intense hurricanes

Intense hurricanes occurred much more frequently during the period spanning the late 1940s through the late 1960s than during the 1970s and 1980s, except for 1988 and 1989. Seasonal and multidecadal variations of intense hurricane activity are closely linked to seasonal and multidecadal variations of summer rainfall amounts in the Western Sahel region of West Africa. The multidecadal nature of West African precipitation variations and their association with variations of intense Atlantic hurricane activity can be observed in data going back nearly a century. The apparent recent breaking of the 18-year Sahel drought during 1988 and 1989 suggests that the incidence of intense hurricanes making landfall on the U.S. coast and in the Caribbean basin will likely increase during the 1990s and early years of the 21st century to levels of activity notably greater than were observed during the 1970s and 1980s.     

Chromatin structure and de novo methylation of sperm DNA: implications for activation of the paternal genome

The chromatin structure characteristic of constitutively expressed genes, tissue-specific genes, and inactive genes is absent in chicken sperm chromatin. However, point sites of undermethylation in sperm DNA within constitutively expressed genes, but not within globin genes or an inactive gene, correspond to the location of regions of altered chromatin structure (hypersensitive sites) in somatic tissue and spermatogonial cells. A de novo methylation process whereby regions within and flanking these genes become methylated, but which excludes the methylation of sequences within hypersensitive sites, occurs between the spermatogonial stage and the first meiotic prophase. These undermethylated regions may play a role in the activation of the paternal genome during embryogenesis.     

Role for piRNAs and noncoding RNA in de novo DNA methylation of the imprinted mouse Rasgrf1 locus

Genomic imprinting causes parental origin-specific monoallelic gene expression through differential DNA methylation established in the parental germ line. However, the mechanisms underlying how specific sequences are selectively methylated are not fully understood. We have found that the components of the PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway are required for de novo methylation of the differentially methylated region (DMR) of the imprinted mouse Rasgrf1 locus, but not other paternally imprinted loci. A retrotransposon sequence within a noncoding RNA spanning the DMR was targeted by piRNAs generated from a different locus. A direct repeat in the DMR, which is required for the methylation and imprinting of Rasgrf1, served as a promoter for this RNA. We propose a model in which piRNAs and a target RNA direct the sequence-specific methylation of Rasgrf1.     

TaqMan探针与SYBR Green实时定量PCR法检测 转基因植物外源基因拷贝数的差异分析

探讨TaqMan探针与SYBR Green实时定量PCR 2种方法检测转基因植物外源基因的拷贝数方法的差异。以12株T0转基因水稻为材料,分别用TaqMan与SYBR Green实时定量PCR法检测其拷贝数,然后用SAS 9.1软件对2种方法的结果进行t检验分析。通过SAS对2组数据的t检验分析,在内参基因扩增效率与目的基因扩增效率接近时,SYBR Green与TaqMan探针法的结果接近,差异不显著;当内参基因与目的基因扩增效率差异明显时,SYBR Green与TaqMan探针法差异显著。在内参基因扩增效率与目的基因扩增效率接近时,SYBR Green法测定转基因植物外源基因的拷贝数时结果接近TaqMan探针法。     

肌苷酸合成酶系2个基因对苏禽乌骨鸡胸肌肌苷酸含量的遗传效应

采用PCR-SSCP方法检测苏禽乌骨鸡ADSL基因外显子2和GARS-AIRS-GART基因5′侧翼区多态性,分析多态位点不同基因型及聚合基因型与90日龄胸肌肌苷酸(IMP)含量的关联.结果表明,ADSL基因外显子2和GARS-AIRS-GART基因5′侧翼区的多态位点C3484T、C-179T与IMP含量显著相关(P0.05),TT为2种有利单基因型,其对IMP含量的加性效应分别为0.108和0.067 mg.g-1,显性效应分别为-0.065和-0.136 mg.g-1.2种有利单基因型聚合个体TTTT的IMP含量显著高于其他基因型聚合个体(除TTCC型),且在聚合基因型中2种有利单基因型TT对IMP含量的影响均达到显著水平(P0.05),但两者间的互作效应并不显著(P0.05).     

非自射非扩张映象迭代算法的强收敛性

在严格凸的自反巴拿赫空间中引进并研究了涉及无穷多个非自射非扩张映象的迭代算法,得到了新的强收敛性结果,并将其运用到Cesàro均值迭代过程中,又获得了一些强收敛性结果.     

强优势杂交小麦选配规律分析

利用Nair单性状水平分组法将36个杂交组合分为4组,按产量分组结果对强优势杂交组合的产量结构进行回归和综合选择指数分析.结果表明,在公顷产量7 500～9000 kg水平下,产量结构模式为:每公顷504.0 万～607.5 万穗,每穗33.6～41.3粒,千粒重35.7～42.3 g;在公顷产量9 000～10 500 kg水平下,产量结构模式为每公顷525.0万～645.0万穗,每穗36.0～50.0粒,千粒重37.0～45.0 g;并得到综合选择指数Ⅰ值,对Ⅰ值排序与强优势杂交组合的产量进行比较,其拟合度为80%,证明综合选择指数分析方法在强优势杂交小麦组合的选育中具有较强的实用性.     

大肠杆菌单拷贝rRNA操纵元菌株的构建及其生长特性研究

以1株染色体上的5个rRNA操纵元（rrnA、rrnD、rrnE、rrnG和rrnH）被敲除的大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）菌株SQ88为出发菌,运用入Red同源重组系统和卡那霉素抗性基因筛选重组子,并利用抗性基因两端的FRT位点通过位点专一性重组将抗性基因去除,最终成功构建了1株仅具有单拷贝rRNA操纵元（rrnB）的E．coli菌株——SQ88C。试验结果发现,此菌株并未出现明显的生长障碍,其生长速率和rRNA／蛋白值与出发菌株SQS8相比有所下降,但并不显著。从而证明了单拷贝rRNA操纵元在一定条件下能够满足大肠杆菌正常生长的需要,也为在大肠杆菌及其他菌株中快速精确地构建多rRNA基因缺失菌株提供了有益的参考,并可望在16SrRNA基因突变研究等方面发挥一定的作用。