多不饱和脂肪酸调控基因表达分子机制的研究进展

本文综述了多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA），尤其是n-3系的PUFA，可降低脂肪酸以甘油三酯形式的沉积，同时促进脂酸氧化和葡萄糖合成糖原，其具体机制是PUFA通过激活性氧化物酶体活化增生因子受体α（PPARα）来控制氧化过程中的基因表达，而其对脂肪合成途径中有关基因的抑制则是通过降低能传递胰岛素和碳水化合物信息的转录因子与DNA的亲和力和转录因子的核内丰度。尤其是PUFA抑制了类固醇调控单元结合蛋白－1（SREBP－1）的核内丰度和表达，降低了核因子Y（NF－Y）、Sp1和肝核因子－4（HNF－4）与DNA的亲和力。     

乙酸和β-羟丁酸对体外培养牛肝细胞脂代谢部分关键酶表达的影响

以体外原代培养的奶牛肝细胞为模型,添加不同浓度的乙酸（Aceticacid,AcOH）和β-羟丁酸（β-hydroxybu—tyrate,BHBA）共培养24h后,提取细胞总RNA。应用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测脂代谢关键酶长链脂酰辅酶A合成酶1（Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase-1,ACSL1）、柠檬酸合成酶（Citrate synthase,CS）和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶α（Acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase α,ACCα）mRNA丰度的变化。结果显示,适当浓度的AcOH能够促进肝细胞脂肪酸活化及氧化途径关键酶ACSL1和CS的转录,而高浓度AcOH能够抑制脂肪酸从头合成途径关键酶ACCa的转录;高浓度BHBA能够抑制肝细胞ACSL1、CS和AcCα的转录。结果表明,血液中适当浓度的AcOH能够促进肝脏脂肪酸氧化并抑制脂肪酸从头合成,高浓度BHBA能够抑制肝脏脂氧化和合成,影响乳脂前体物的供应,进而影响乳脂合成。     

乙酸和β－羟丁酸对体外培养牛肝细胞脂代谢部分关键酶表达的影响

本研究以体外原代培养的奶牛肝细胞为模型,添加不同浓度的乙酸（AcOH）和p羟丁酸（BHBA）,探讨其对奶牛肝细胞脂肪酸代谢关键酶基因表达的影响。添加不同浓度乙酸和β－羟丁酸,培养24h后,提取细胞总RNA。应用实时荧光定量PCR方法,检测脂代谢关键酶长链脂酰辅酶A合成酶1（ACSLl）、柠檬酸合成酶（CS）和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶α（ACCα）mRNA丰度的变化。结果显示,适当浓度的AcOH能够促进肝细胞脂肪酸活化及氧化途径关键酶ACSLl和CS的转录,而高浓度AcOH能够抑制脂肪酸从头合成途径关键酶ACCα的转录;高浓度BHBA能够抑制肝细胞ACSLl、CS和ACCα的转录。说明血液中适当浓度的AcOH能够促进肝脏脂肪酸氧化并抑制脂肪酸从头合成,高浓度BHBA能够抑制肝脏脂氧化和合成,影响乳脂前体物的供应,进而影响乳脂合成。     

脂肪细胞定向和分化因子1(ADD1)基因研究概述

脂肪细胞定向和分化因子1(Adipocyte Determination and Differentiation factor-1,ADD1),又称固醇调节元件结合蛋白1-c(Sterol Regulatory Element-binging Proteins-1c,SREBP1-c),是一种重要的核转录因子,作为固醇调节元件结合蛋白家族成员与SREBP-1α和SREBP-2一起调控脂肪酸和胆固醇的合成,并通过对葡糖激酶(GK)转录调控介导胰岛素,参与肝脏的碳水化合物和脂质代谢动态平衡.研究表明,ADD1基因多态性与猪肌内脂肪、皮脂率和屠宰率显著相关,ADD1基因很可能是影响猪肉质、胴体性状的候选基因.     

共激活因子PGC-1α的研究进展

共调节因子通过与特定转录因子结合进而调节下游靶基因的表达。该文综述了共激活因子PGC-1α的分子结构特征及表达模式,介绍了该因子在适应性产热、线粒体生物合成、肌肉类型转换、肝脏糖异生和脂肪酸氧化等生理调控方面的研究进展。     

胰岛素、胰高血糖素对体外培养犊牛肝细胞脂合成作用的影响

为确定胰岛素(insulin,INS)和胰高血糖素(glucagon,GLN)对奶牛肝细胞脂合成作用的影响,本试验体外培养犊牛原代肝细胞,分别用不同浓度的INS和GLN处理肝细胞:对照组(0nmol/L)、浓度梯度组(1,10,100,1 000nmol/L)。培养1h后分别用免疫印迹(Western blot,WB)方法、荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)方法以及细胞免疫荧光(immunofluorescence,IF)方法检测INS和GLN处理体外培养肝细胞对关键转录因子固醇调节元件结合蛋白-1c(SREBP-1c)mRNA表达水平,SREBP-1c核质分布以及下游靶基因脂代谢关键酶乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)和脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)mRNA表达水平的影响。结果显示:INS处理使SREBP-1c的表达水平和转录活性显著升高,入核量显著增加,其下游的脂合成关键酶ACC和FAS的基因表达水平也显著升高。而与之相反,GLN处理使SREBP-1c的表达水平和转录活性显著降低,入核量显著减少,其下游的脂合成关键酶ACC和FAS的基因表达水平也显著降低。以上结果说明,INS可通过增强SREBP-1c的活性从而促进肝细胞脂合成,增加肝脂沉积;而GLN则通过抑制SREBP-1c的活性从而降低肝细胞脂合成。     

PI3K-Akt-mTORC1信号途径在脂质代谢中的作用

PI3K-AKT-mTORC1信号途径在脂质代谢中起重要调控作用。PI3K-Akt-mTOR1信号途径能够调节转录因子SREBP-1及其脂肪合成相关基因的表达来调控脂质合成;同时,PI3K-Akt-mTOR1信号途径也能够通过调节极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)分泌和脂肪酸的氧化及糖异生作用来调控脂质代谢;有研究表明FoxO1能够通过PI3K-Akt-mTOR1信号途径实现对脂质代谢的调控。就PI3K-AKT-mTORC1信号途径在脂质代谢中的作用进行综述。     

共轭亚油酸的生物学功能及其在动物生产中的应用

共轭亚油酸（CLA）作为一种天然的新型功能性脂肪酸,具有抗高血压、抗癌、抗糖尿病等生物学特性,其发挥不同作用的主要活性异构体不同。近年来,随着CLA人工合成成本的降低及动物营养领域研究的深入,发现CLA既可抑制促炎因子的表达和产生,促进抑炎因子的产生,达到抗炎的效果;又可调控淋巴细胞的增殖和分化、巨噬细胞的活性、促进抗体合成,调节机体体液免疫和细胞免疫,进而增强动物免疫力;CLA还可调节多种核转录因子的表达,影响脂肪酸的摄取和氧化及脂质的合成代谢,从而降低体脂沉积,提高肌内脂肪含量,改变脂肪酸组成,改善肉品质等。因此CLA在畜牧业生产中具有潜在的应用价值和广阔的市场前景。作者主要介绍了CLA在抗炎、免疫功能、脂质代谢和抗氧化等方面的作用,综述了CLA的生物学功能及其在动物生产上的应用研究进展。此外,还探讨了CLA作为饲料添加剂,其合成纯度,在不同种类动物、不同年龄阶段的最适添加量、饲喂方式等问题,旨在为其在动物生产中的合理应用提供理论参考。     

日粮ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸对猪骨骼肌的营养调控研究进展

为了使猪肉的营养特性更符合人类的膳食需要,富含ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸(ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid,ω-3 PUFA)的原料被添加到猪的日粮中,以期生产出富含ω-3 PUFA的猪肉产品。研究发现日粮中添加动物性来源的鱼油或植物性来源的亚麻籽,均可以提高骨骼肌中ω-3 PUFA含量,降低ω-6/ω-3比。然而,在生产ω-3PUFA富集的猪肉时,必须注意对肉品质的不利影响,应将猪背膘中PUFA的沉积量控制在22%以下。在改变肌肉脂肪酸组成的同时,适量的日粮ω-3 PUFA还有改善猪生长性能的作用。这可能是因为其抑制了促炎性细胞因子的过度产生和炎性反应,使更多的营养物质用于机体生长而不是免疫应答。研究表明ω-3PUFA可以通过多种途径发挥抗炎效果,包括对类二十烷酸代谢的影响以及对转录因子过氧化物酶体增生物激活受体家族(peroxisome proliferatopactivated receptors,PPARs)以及核因子-κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)的调控。最近的研究发现,日粮ω-3 PUFA有促进猪骨骼肌生长的作用,在疾病及恶性体质模型中均证实...     

Nrf2/Keap1-ARE通路的生物学功能及其信号调控

氧化应激是机体内一种有害的氧化还原失衡状态,是导致组织损伤和疾病发生的重要因素之一。当前畜牧业生产中出现的畜禽繁殖障碍、抗病力下降、生产性能与畜产品品质降低等都与氧化应激有关。核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor, Nrf2)/Kelch样ECH相关蛋白1(Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1,Keap1)-抗氧化应答元件(antioxidant response element, ARE)信号通路是机体对抗氧化应激的最重要防御机制之一,通过调控下游多个细胞保护基因的转录,维持胞内氧化还原平衡及代谢和蛋白质稳态,发挥抗炎、抗癌和抗衰老等生物学功能。Nrf2是一种对氧化应激高度敏感的转录因子,在正常生理状态下,与其负调控蛋白Keap1结合,通过泛素-蛋白酶体系统被泛素化和降解。氧化应激导致Nrf2与Keap1解离,Nrf2转位到细胞核内,与小Maf(sMaf)蛋白形成异二聚体并识别ARE序列,启动下游目标基因的转录。由于Nrf2处于复杂调控网络的中心,其活性受到多个水平的严格调控,包括转...     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.